Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep
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The distal-proximal gradient (DPG) is associated with subjective sleepiness and sleep onset latency.
“the distal-proximal gradient (DPG, i.e., difference between skin temperature at distal and proximal locations), which has also been shown to be associated with subjective sleepiness [31] and sleep onset latency [32].”
From Preliminary Results: The Impact of Smartphone Use and Short-Wavelength Light during the Evening on Circadian Rhythm, Sleep and Alertness (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Several mechanisms provide a rationale for the improvement in insomnia symptoms from exercise, including reducing core body temperature for sleep onset, increasing melatonin and serotonin secretion, reducing depression and anxiety, and improving autonomic regulation which may reduce hyperarousal associated with insomnia.
“Several mechanisms that provide a rationale for the improvement in insomnia symptoms from exercise have been suggested [133,136,137,138,139]; these include but are not limited to reducing core body temperature for sleep onset [140,141,142,143], increasing melatonin and serotonin secretion [131,144], reducing depression and anxiety, and improving autonomic regulation which may reduce hyperarousal”
From The Cyclical Battle of Insomnia and Mental Health Impairment in Firefighters: A Narrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [141]
Healthy people fall asleep more easily if their skin temperature or bed temperature is higher.
“Healthy people fall asleep more easily if their skin temperature or bed temperature is higher [47, 48, 93].”
From Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity (2012) · cites this paper as [47]
It has been proposed that the gradient between temperatures measured at a distal and a proximal site correlates most strongly with measures of vigilance.
“Based on these controlled studies, it has been proposed that it may especially be the gradient between the temperatures measured at a distal and a proximal site that correlates most strongly with measures of vigilance [46–49].”
From Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity (2012) · cites this paper as [47]
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“, difference between skin temperature at distal and proximal locations), which has also been shown to be associated with subjective sleepiness [31] and sleep onset latency [32].”
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Self-citationMean skin temperature estimated from 3 measuring points can predict sleeping thermal sensation
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Melatonin agonists and insomnia
Ferguson, S. A., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., & Dawson, D. E. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Skin temperature, sleep, and vigilance
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White Light During Daytime Does Not Improve Alertness in Well-rested Individuals
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Manipulation of skin temperature improves nocturnal sleep in narcolepsy
Fronczek, R., Raymann, R. J. E. M., Overeem, S., Romeijn, N., van Dijk, J. G., Lammers, G. J., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2008) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2008.143610 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Acute finger temperature changes preceding sleep onsets over a 45‐h period
Lack, L. C., & Gradisar, M. (2002) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00312.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ko, Y., & Lee, J. (2018) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.1186/s40101-018-0172-z · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Effect of a Slowly Rocking Bed on Sleep
Omlin, X., Crivelli, F., Naef, M., Heinicke, L., Skoručak, J., Malafeev, A., Guerrero, A. F., Riener, R., & Achermann, P. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-19880-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Werth, E., & Wirz-Justice, A.
- Affiliations
- Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kräuchi, Kurt
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 401
- Issue
- 6748
- Pages
- 36-37
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W1559653492
- Cited by
- 398
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep onset, sleep initiation, skin blood flow, peripheral vasodilation, thermoregulation
- MeSH terms
- Body Temperature, Foot, Hand, Humans, Male, Regional Blood Flow, Skin, Skin Temperature, Sleep, Vasodilation
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