Nighttime drop in body temperature: A physiological trigger for sleep onset?
Abstract
Relationships between changes in the slope of the body temperature (BT) and the initiation of sleep were examined in 44 subjects ranging from 19 to 82 years of age. Following an adaptation night, subjects remained in the laboratory for a baseline night and 72 hours in temporal and social isolation, with strictly limited behavioral options ("disentrainment") during which continuous electroencephalograph (EEG) and BT were recorded. Polysomnographic sleep variables (e.g. sleep onset, percentage of each sleep stage) were determined for nighttime sleep periods at baseline and during the disentrainment period. Periods of the BT curve surrounding these sleep bouts were examined for minute to minute changes, and the time at which the maximum rate of decline (MROD) in temperature occurred was compared with the time of sleep onset (SO) and sleep quality parameters. On the baseline night, the MROD occurred, on average, 60 minutes prior to SO. During disentrainment, the MROD occurred, on average, 44 minutes prior to SO. The proximity of MROD to SO did not affect subsequent sleep quality on the baseline night, but during disentrainment, there were significant correlations between the interval from MROD to sleep onset and the amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS) obtained during the sleep bout. There were no significant age differences on variables related to MROD on baseline night, but the timing of both MROD and SO were significantly advanced in older, relative to younger, subjects during the disentrainment period. It is suggested that a rapid decline in core body temperature increases the likelihood of sleep initiation and may facilitate an entry into the deeper stages of sleep.
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Several mechanisms provide a rationale for the improvement in insomnia symptoms from exercise, including reducing core body temperature for sleep onset, increasing melatonin and serotonin secretion, reducing depression and anxiety, and improving autonomic regulation which may reduce hyperarousal associated with insomnia.
“Several mechanisms that provide a rationale for the improvement in insomnia symptoms from exercise have been suggested [133,136,137,138,139]; these include but are not limited to reducing core body temperature for sleep onset [140,141,142,143], increasing melatonin and serotonin secretion [131,144], reducing depression and anxiety, and improving autonomic regulation which may reduce hyperarousal”
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Rogers, N. L., Bowes, J., Lushington, K., & Dawson, D. E. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.11.018 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Circadian rhythm of peripheral perfusion during 10-day hypoxic confinement and bed rest
McDonnell, A. C., Eiken, O., Mekjavič, P. J., & Mekjavić, I. B. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-2923-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Core body temperature changes before sleep are associated with nocturnal heart rate variability
Bigalke, J. A., Cleveland, E. L., Barkstrom, E., Gonzalez, J. E., & Carter, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00020.2023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lok, R., Woelders, T., van Koningsveld, M. J., Oberman, K., Fuhler, S., Beersma, D. G. M., & Hut, R. A. (2022) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304221096945 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Since body temperature, that is known to influence sleep timing (Murphy and Campbell, 1997), fluctuates more in female (Driver et al., 1996; Kolka and Stephenson, 1989) than male participants, this study only uses male participants.”
BackgroundMechanisms and physiological function of daily haemoglobin oxidation rhythms in red blood cells
Beale, A. D., Hayter, E. A., Crosby, P., Valekunja, U. K., Edgar, R. S., Chesham, J. E., Maywood, E. S., Labeed, F. H., Reddy, A. B., Wright, K. P., et al. (2023) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.15252/embj.2023114164 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ngarambe, J., Yun, G. Y., Lee, K., & Hwang, Y. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11051417 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Are children just small adults? The differences between paediatric and adult sleep medicine
Robinson, P. D., & Waters, K. A. (2008) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1445-5994.2008.01719.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Attenuated Thermoregulatory Response to Mild Thermal Challenge in Subjects With Sleep-Onset Insomnia
van den Heuvel, C. J., Ferguson, S. A., & Dawson, D. E. (2006) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.9.1174 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Heat Loss, Sleepiness, and Impaired Performance after Diazepam Administration in Humans
Echizenya, M., Mishima, K., Satoh, K., Kusanagi, H., Sekine, A., Ohkubo, T., Shimizu, T., & Hishikawa, Y. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300160 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“There is growing evidence that the sleep-producing action in humans is commonly preceded by an increase in heat loss (Campbell and Broughton, 1994; Gilbert et al, 1999; Krauchi et al, 1999; Murphy and Campbell, 1997; Van den Heuvel et al, 1998).”
BackgroundEdgley, K., Chun, H.-Y. Y., Whiteley, W. N., & Tsanas, A. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23031069 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cuenca‐Martínez, F., Suso‐Martí, L., Fernández‐Carnero, J., Muñoz-Alarcos, V., & Sempere‐Rubio, N. (2023) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152216 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ekhart, D., Wicht, H., Kersken, T., Ackermann, H., Kaczmarczyk, M., Pretzsch, G., Alexander, H., & Korf, H. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1375942 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Yamadera, H., Suzuki, H., Nakamura, S., & Endo, S. (1999) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.1999.00531.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Path to Sleep Is through the Eye
Morin, L. P. (2015) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0069-14.2015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The decline in Tc is of importance because of the widely held view that lower Tc facilitates sleep (Murphy and Campbell, 1997; McGinty and Szymusiak, 2003; for discussion, see Studholme et al., 2013).”
Background
- Authors
- Murphy, P. J., & Campbell, S. S.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Murphy, Patricia J.
- ORCID
- Murphy, Patricia J.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-07
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 505-511
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W40362193
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 0.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2k02mh001099-06, 5r01mh045067-14)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG012112, R01 AG-12112)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K02 MH-01099, R01-MH45067)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep onset, core body temperature, circadian rhythm, social isolation, slow-wave sleep, sleep quality, aging, age differences in sleep
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Body Temperature, Electroencephalography, Electrooculography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep Stages, Sleep, REM, Time Factors, Wakefulness
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