The DOI matches its Crossref record; 404 of the 404 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 342 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Pharmacokinetic Herb-Drug Interactions (Part 2): Drug Interactions Involving Popular Botanical Dietary Supplements and Their Clinical Relevance
Open accessAbstract
In Part 2 of this review, a critical examination of the pertinent scientific literature is undertaken in order to assess the interaction risk that popular dietary supplements may pose when taken concomitantly with conventional medications. Botanicals most likely to produce clinically important herb-drug interactions are those whose phytochemicals act as mechanism-based inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity (e.g., Hydrastis canadensis, Piper nigrum, Schisandra chinensis ) or function as ligands for orphan nuclear receptors (e.g., Hypericum perforatum ). In addition, several external factors unrelated to phytochemical pharmacology can augment the drug interaction potential of botanical supplements. Key Words herb-drug interaction - plant secondary metabolites - cytochrome P450 enzymes - transferases - ATP-binding cassette transporters - solute carrier membrane transport proteins - botanical dietary supplements - black cohosh - Echinacea - garlic - Ginkgo biloba - ginseng - goldenseal - kava - black pepper - piperine - Schisandra - milk thistle - St. John's wort - methylenedioxyphenyl-containing compounds
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review critically assesses clinical evidence for herb-drug interactions of popular botanical supplements, concluding most pose low risk at recommended doses while goldenseal, black pepper/piperine, Schisandra, and St. John’s wort pose high risk. Risk is driven mainly by mechanism-based CYP inhibition from methylenedioxyphenyl phytochemicals or nuclear receptor activation by hyperforin/PXR.
Key findings
- Black cohosh, Echinacea, garlic, ginkgo at ≤240 mg/day, ginseng, kava, and milk thistle were rated low interaction risk; goldenseal, black pepper/piperine, Schisandra, and St. John’s wort were rated high risk.
- Goldenseal: 14 days of supplementation (~209 mg isoquinoline alkaloids daily) significantly increased midazolam AUC, Cmax, and elimination half-life, with effects proportional to clarithromycin 1000 mg daily; hydrastine inhibited CYP3A4 with IC50 = 25 µM versus berberine IC50 = 400 µM.
- Black pepper/piperine: every prospective human trial showed improved oral bioavailability, with mean AUC increases of phenytoin 16–133%, rifampicin 69%, propranolol 103%, theophylline 96%, and nevirapine 170%; concern is greatest with CYP3A and/or ABCB1 substrates and piperine/piperamides >10 mg.
- St. John’s wort: hyperforin is a potent PXR activator with EC50 = 23 nM, below usual human plasma concentrations of ~100–300 nM; >70% of prescription medications are susceptible, and extracts with <1% hyperforin are less likely to produce clinically relevant interactions.
- Schisandra: clinical AUC increases were 1.5-fold for talinolol, 2.1-fold for tacrolimus, and 2.0-fold for midazolam; gomisins B, C, and G inhibited human CYP3A4 with IC50 values <1.5 µM.
- Ginkgo: among 29 prospective clinical trials, 23 observed no significant effects on drug disposition, 5 observed modest inhibition, and 3 showed evidence of CYP3A4, CYP2C9, or CYP2C19 induction; doses >240 mg/day may increase interaction prospects.
- Garlic: garlic oil inhibited human CYP2E1 by almost 40% in young adults and 25% in elderly adults; garlic powder reduced saquinavir mean AUC, 8-hour trough concentrations, and Cmax by 50%; a standardized garlic extract increased duodenal ABCB1 expression by 31%.
- Milk thistle: standard extracts had no observable effects on many drugs; silymarin increased talinolol AUC by 36% and reduced metronidazole AUC by 29%; in CYP2C9*1/*1 subjects, silymarin produced a 2-fold increase in losartan AUC and Cmax, but not in CYP2C9*1/*3 subjects.
Methods
- Narrative critical review of published clinical and nonclinical literature on selected popular botanical dietary supplements, presented as Part 2 of a two-part review.
- For each botanical, the paper assesses in vitro, animal, and human pharmacokinetic interaction data, focusing on cytochrome P450 enzymes, transferases, ABC transporters, and solute carrier transporters, and assigns a qualitative interaction risk rating.
- No new primary data are reported; no systematic search strategy or meta-analysis is described.
Limitations
- The paper states that phytochemical profiles and label claims for “standardized” botanical products can vary considerably, which can affect interpretation of efficacy and herb-drug interaction studies.
- The paper states that most botanicals have not been evaluated clinically and that no clinical assessments of botanical extracts using novel bioavailability-enhancing formulations have been reported.
- The paper notes methodological concerns in specific studies, such as the Yuan et al. ginseng-warfarin trial being underpowered, using inadequate sampling for AUC, and using a non-stereoselective assay; evident from the text, the review’s risk ratings are qualitative and not based on formal meta-analysis.
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Claims the paper makes
185 Not checked yet · 55 Own interpretation · 12 No basis given
In the paper
“| Quazepam | decrease plasma level of drug | [403] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [403]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Simvastatin | decrease plasma level of drug | [398] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [398]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Amitriptyline | decrease plasma level of drug | [391] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [391]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Midazolam | decrease plasma level of drug | [90, 98, 384, 386, |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Fexofenadine | mixed, generally decreases | [395-397] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [395]
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hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Mephenytoin | decrease plasma level of drug | [393] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [393]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, once SJW has been discontinued, as much as a week may be required before CYP3A activity returns to basal levels [386].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [386]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Digoxin | decrease plasma level of drug | [49, 390-392] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
- Not checked yetcites [390]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Atorvastatin | decrease plasma level of drug | [399] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [399]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Recent studies indicate that individuals with the H1/H1 haplotype pair appear more susceptible to SJW-mediated CYP3A induction than subjects with H1/H2 or H2/H2 pairings [385].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [385]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Rests on an assumption: PXR is polymorphic, and certain mutations produce significant functional defects in CYP3A transcription.
In the paper
“| Voriconazole | decrease plasma level of drug | [394] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [394]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Several clinical studies have demonstrated that SJW extracts containing less than 1 % hyperforin are less likely to produce clinically relevant herb-drug interactions [381][382][383][384].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [381]
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In the paper
“| Ivabradine | decrease plasma level of drug | [389] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [389]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Alprazolam | decrease plasma level of drug | [401, 402] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [401]
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In the paper
“| Indinavir | decrease plasma level of drug | [356] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [356]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Warfarin | decrease plasma level of drug | [168, 216] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [168]
- Not checked yetcites [216]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Of the XMEs and transporters regulated by PXR, those most affected by SJW are CYP subfamilies 2C and 3A as well as several ABC efflux transporters [370][371][372][373].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [370]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Verapamil | decrease plasma level of drug | [406] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [406]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Concomitant administration of G. biloba also enhanced the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen via CYP3A induction [147].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In each instance, when compared to conventional extract formulations, the oral bioavailability of various phytochemicals can be increased several fold.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [387]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The discovery that specific ginkgolides and flavonoids are ligands for several xenobiotic receptors provides an explanation for a host of recent in vivo studies in which prolonged administration of G. biloba extracts to rats, often in high doses, not only induced a multitude of XMEs [135-140] but reduced efficacy for several drug substrates: nicardipine [141], tolbutamide [142], phenobarbital [143”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [141]
- Not checked yetcites [142]
- Not checked yetcites [143]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“| Nevirapine | decrease plasma level of drug | [404] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [404]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Bilobalide exerted no effects on nuclear receptors in these assays.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121]
- Not checked yetcites [131]
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The discovery that specific ginkgolides and flavonoids are ligands for several xenobiotic receptors provides an explanation for a host of recent in vivo studies in which prolonged administration of G. biloba extracts to rats, often in high doses, not only induced a multitude of XMEs [135-140] but reduced efficacy for several drug substrates: nicardipine [141], tolbutamide [142], phenobarbital [143”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [135]
- Not checked yetcites [136]
- Not checked yetcites [137]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“| Talinolol | decrease plasma level of drug | [405] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [405]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prolonged administration of MDP-containing compounds has also been shown to induce CYP1A and CYP2B expression in several animal species [227-229].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [227]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Drugs affected and the observed percent increase in mean AUC include phenytoin (16-133 %) [289, 291, 292], rifampicin (69%) [288], propranolol (103 %) [290], theophylline (96 %) [290], and nevirapine (170 %) [293]”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [289]
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Drugs affected and the observed percent increase in mean AUC include phenytoin (16-133 %) [289, 291, 292], rifampicin (69%) [288], propranolol (103 %) [290], theophylline (96 %) [290], and nevirapine (170 %) [293]”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [288]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To date, every prospective human trial investigating black pepperʼs and/or pi-perineʼs effect on drug pharmacokinetics has demonstrated a profound improvement in oral bioavailability.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, several of these in vivo studies contradicted cell-based reporter assay findings when bilobalide was implicated as an XME activator [148-150].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148]
- Not checked yetcites [149]
- Not checked yetcites [150]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In vitro assessments of allicin, fresh garlic, or commercially prepared supplements (e.g., garlic oil and garlic powder) either found no effect [32,78] or modest inhibition (< 50%) of human CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 isoforms [79,80].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32]
- Not checked yetcites [78]
- Not checked yetcites [79]
- Not checked yetcites [80]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“black cohosh supplementation (40-80 mg extract daily delivering 3-6 mg triterpene glycosides for 14 days) produced no demonstrable effects on digoxin and MDZ pharmacokinetics [11,12].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gorski et al. concluded that 8 days of E. purpurea supplementation selectively modulated CYP3A activity in the intestine (inhibition) and liver (induction) of healthy volunteers [46].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“however, their quantities vary considerably among commercially available black cohosh products [9]”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“many in vivo studies indicate that garlic oil and individual alkyl sulfides, most notably diallyl sulfide and allylmethylsulfide, inhibit murine and human CYP2E1 [65][66][67][68].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65]
- Not checked yetcites [66]
- Not checked yetcites [67]
- Not checked yetcites [68]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Black cohosh extracts incorporating DMSO as a cosolvent moder-ately inhibited (~47%) uptake of estrone-3-sulfate, a SLCO2B1 substrate, into human embryonic kidney cells stably expressing the transporter [14].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Therefore, Echinacea supplements pose minimal risks for interacting with most conventional medications, an opinion concordant with that of other recent reviews [29,53].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
- Not checked yetcites [53]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The products and doses used in the cited clinical studies are representative of commercially available botanical supplements when taken as recommended.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gurley et al. found that healthy adults supplemented with E. purpurea for either 14 (800 mg extract daily) [49] or 30 days (1500 mg extract daily) [50] produced no clinically significant changes in CYP phenotypes.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
- Not checked yetcites [50]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These compounds are potent (IC 50 < 13 µM) inhibitors of CYP1A2, 2D6, 2C9, and 3A4 in vitro [8]”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent review of the bulk of these studies concluded that alkamides exhibit at least mild to moderate inhibiton of CYP3A4 in most of the model systems tested, with the magnitude dependent upon alkamide content [29].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fourteen days of supplementation with a standardized, well-characterized E. purpurea product (800 mg extract daily) had no effect on digoxin (an ABCB1 substrate) pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers [52].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Aged garlic extracts (AGE), on the other hand, do not appear to inhibit any of the major CYP isoforms present in human liver microsomes [81].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the collected evidence to date, it appears that dietary supplements formulated with standardized Echinacea extractswhen ingested per label recommendationsare not likely to yield alkamide concentrations sufficient enough to dramatically modulate human CYP, ABC, and SLCO isoforms in vivo.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When administered orally, black cohoshʼs principal triterpene glycoside, 23-epi-26deoxyactein, reaches the systemic circulation intact, albeit in very low concentrations (< 10 ng/mL) [6].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A freeze-dried garlic supplement, however, produced significant inhibition of CYP3A4 in vitro (> 95%) [80].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Botanicals most likely to produce clinically important herb-drug interactions are those whose phytochemicals act as mechanism-based inhibitors of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity (e.g., Hydrastis canadensis, Piper nigrum, Schisandra chinensis) or function as ligands for orphan nuclear receptors (e.g., Hypericum perforatum).”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine, a nonspecific ABCB1 and SLCO substrate, were not impacted by 28 days of E. purpurea supplementation [51].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In vitro studies found individual triterpene glycosides to be relatively weak inhibitors (IC 50 > 100 µM) of human CYP3A4 [7,8]”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
- Not checked yetcites [8]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inhibitory effects of whole black cohosh extracts may stem not from triterpene glycosides but rather fukinolic and cimicifugic acids.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This apparent lack of biotransformation bolsters the idea that black cohosh triterpene glycosides are unlikely to be inhibitors of human XMEs in vivo.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, based on the currently available data, standardized black cohosh supplements, when taken at recommended doses, pose little risk for herb-drug interactions.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The products and doses used in the cited clinical studies are representative of commercially available botanical supplements when taken as recommended.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At present, black cohosh does not appear to be a potent modulator of human drug metabolism.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that black cohosh is not a potent modulator of human CYP3A4 or ABCB1 activity in vivo.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Black cohosh supplementation also had no clinically significant effects on phenotypic measures of human CYP1A2, 2E1, or 2D6 activity [13].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From a drug interaction perspective, clinical and nonclinical evidence regarding ginseng extracts and their effects on XMEs and transporters is particularly confusing.This confusion stems from an assortment of variables affecting”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This confusion stems from an assortment of variables affecting ginsenoside disposition.These include, but are not limited to, variability in ginsenoside type and content [190,191], degree of preabsorptive deglycosylation [192][193][194][195], poor membrane permeability [197], interindividual differences in gut microflora [192][193][194], and enteric efflux by ABC transporters [198,199].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190]
- Not checked yetcites [191]
- Not checked yetcites [192][193][194][195]
- Not checked yetcites [198]
- Not checked yetcites [199]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subsequent studies examining the prolonged effects of garlic supplementation on other CYP3A4 substrates, however, failed to note any significant changes [95][96][97].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95]
- Not checked yetcites [96]
- Not checked yetcites [97]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, daily doses exceeding 240 mg/day may increase prospects for interactions.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, prolonged consumption of garlic extract appears to modestly induce the human efflux transporter ABCB1.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Loizou and Crocker observed that administration of diallyl sulfide (~0.2 mg/kg) to healthy volunteers reduced plasma 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone/chlorzoxazone ratios (a phenotypic measure of CYP2E1 activity) by an average of 31% [92].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, dosage forms containing standardized G. biloba extracts, when administered at doses of 240 mg/day or less, do not pose a risk for clinically relevant herb-drug interactions.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The products and doses used in the cited clinical studies are representative of commercially available botanical supplements when taken as recommended.
In the paper
“21 days of twice daily supplementation with garlic powder (~9 mg allicin and 23 mg alliin) reduced by 50 % the mean AUC, 8-hour trough concentrations, and mean maximum plasma concentrations (C max ) of the protease inhibitor saquinavir [93].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Nor have any clinically important garlic-mediated interactions been reported for warfarin, a recognized substrate for CYP2C9 and 3A4 [100,101].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100]
- Not checked yetcites [101]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Discrepancies in G. bilobaʼs effect on rat and human XMEs in vivo do not appear to reflect species differences in PXR activation [129, 179], but rather seem to be dose related [136, 139].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129]
- Not checked yetcites [179]
- Not checked yetcites [136]
- Not checked yetcites [139]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“yet the evidence implies that only substrates of CYP2E1 are significantly affected [90,92,98].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90]
- Not checked yetcites [92]
- Not checked yetcites [98]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together the accumulated findings imply that most commercially available garlic supplements pose only a limited risk for producing clinically important herb-drug interactions.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The products and doses used in the cited clinical studies are representative of commercially available botanical supplements when taken as recommended.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence from in vitro and animal investigations clearly points to G. biloba extracts and their constituents as inducers of XME and transporter activity.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is now clear that highly polar, extensively glycosylated ginsenosides (e.g., Rb1, Rb3, Rg3, Re, Rg1, Rg2) are relatively weak modulators of human XMEs and transporters [37,120,[200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
- Not checked yetcites [120]
- Not checked yetcites [200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“when compared to FDA guidelines on drug interaction criteria [177, 178], those few studies demonstrating a modulatory effect of G. biloba on drug disposition do not appear to be clinically important.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [177]
- Not checked yetcites [178]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This discrepancy may stem from the relatively high oral bioavailability of indinavir, which renders it a less effective probe for assessing herb-mediated changes in CYP3A activity.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interaction risk: low.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interaction risk: high.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, it appears that whatever effect(s) P. quinquefolius extracts might have on human CYP2C9 activity, their magnitude does not reach clinical significance.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subsequent clinical trials with P. ginseng, however, have failed to observe any influence on warfarin pharmacokinetics [216,222] or pharmacody-namics [216,218,222].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [216]
- Not checked yetcites [222]
- Not checked yetcites [218]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This also holds true for the even higher ginsenoside concentrations (> 100 µM) required for inducing CYP1A1 [208], CYP2C9, and CYP3A4 [200] activity in human liver cells and microsomes.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [208]
- Not checked yetcites [200]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, goldensealʼs propensity for eliciting herbdrug interactions appears limited to those mediated by CYPs.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the products of ginsenoside hydrolysis (e.g., deglycosylated metabolites) have been shown to competitively inhibit a variety of CYPs and transporters, oftentimes at concentrations well below 20 µM [203][204][205][206][207][208].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [203][204][205][206][207][208]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, another prospective study evaluating the influence of goldenseal supplementation on the pharmacokinetics of indinavir (a protease inhibitor and CYP3A4 substrate) failed to register any significant effects [233].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [233]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In these species, MDP-containing PSMs (MDP-PSMs) often function as insecticides [225], but when consumed by humans they can act as mechanism-based inhibitors of CYPs [226,227].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [225]
- Not checked yetcites [226]
- Not checked yetcites [227]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, golden-sealʼs inhibition of human CYP2D6 in vivo was confirmed with other commercially available supplement brands [49].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, goldenseal may have its greatest impact on those CYP3A substrates exhibiting high intestinal metabolism and low oral bioavailability.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This type of inhibition is thought to arise from CYP-dependent oxidation of the methylenedioxy carbon to a carbene that subsequently interacts with CYP heme iron to produce a stable heme-adduct, termed a metabolic-intermediate (MI) complex”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using phenotypic measures of CYP activity, Gurley et al. first observed that goldenseal supplementation significantly inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in healthy volunteers [13].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recent clinical evidence, however, indicates that goldensealʼs effect on digoxin (an ABCB1 substrate with a narrow therapeutic index) disposition in humans is not significant [241].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [241]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, the available evidence that links ginseng supplementation to potentially harmful drug interactions remains unconvincing.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using fluorometric microtiter plate assays, Budzinski et al. first noted that commercial extracts of Hydrastis canadensis were potent in vitro inhibitors of CYP3A4 [30].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Follow-up investigations by these authors found that goldenseal reduced CYP3A-mediated conversion of testosterone to its 6β-hydroxy metabolite by 88 % [31].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“One of the most compelling aspects of piperine is its ability to dramatically enhance the oral absorption of concomitantly administered medications [266,279,283,[288][289][290][291][292][293] .”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [266]
- Not checked yetcites [279]
- Not checked yetcites [283]
- Not checked yetcites [288][289][290][291][292][293]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Dihydromethysticin, like some other MDP-containing compounds, also appears to induce CYP3A isoforms in vitro through activation of human PXR [253].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Discrepancies between these studies with regard to kavaʼs effect on CYP1A2 and 2E1 may be traced to variations in extract compo- sition.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition to its inhibitory effects on XMEs and ABCB1, piperine may also promote drug absorption by modulating the permeability characteristics of intestinal membranes as well as through stimulating increases in microvilli length [287].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [287]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This, coupled with the fact that kava extracts often have lower amounts of methysticin and dihydromethysticin compared to the isoquinoline alkaloid content of goldenseal, may explain the difference in herb-drug interaction potentials for these two MDP-containing species.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, piperine increased the pharmacodynamic effects of hexobarbital and zoxazolamine in a dose-dependent fashion [266].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [266]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Piperineʼs inhibitory effect on UGTs is more pronounced in intestinal epithelial cells than hepatocytes [270].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [270]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The apparent low potency of methysticin and dihydromethysticin as mechanism-based inhibitors in vivo may stem from the structure of their MDP side chains.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“While inhibition is clearly the most prevalent finding, especially upon acute exposure, several animal studies report upregulation of GSTs [284],certain CYPs [285,286], and ABCs [278,280,281] with long-term exposure to piperine, a finding in line with other studies examining chronic feeding of MDP-PSMs.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [284]
- Not checked yetcites [285]
- Not checked yetcites [286]
- Not checked yetcites [278]
- Not checked yetcites [280]
- Not checked yetcites [281]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In short, consumption of commercially available kava supplements per product label recommendations is not likely to affect the efficacy or toxicity of conventional medications.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Like many MDP-PSMs, those present in Schisandra species are modulators of mammalin XMEs and transporters.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Follow-up studies by Atalʼs group observed that piperine administration was a noncompetitive inhibitor of various murine hepatic monoxygenases as well as UGTs [267].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [267]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In another study, 20 mg of piperine produced an almost 20-fold increase in curcumin AUC [296].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [296]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be of particular concern when CYP3A and/or ABCB1 substrates are ingested concomitantly with piperine or piperamides in excess of 10 mg.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When administered with 5 mg of piperine, a twofold increase in curcumin AUC was observed in healthy volunteers [294].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [294]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In examining a series of MDP-containing compounds, Nakajima et al. noted that those with short, nonbulky side chains were less effective inhibitors of CYP activity [230].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subsequent studies conducted by Gurleyʼs group found that, when compared to known CYP inducers and inhibitors, 14 days of supplementation with well-characterized kava products had no clinically relevant effects on human CYP2D6, CYP3A4, or ABCB1 activity [52,232,241].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52]
- Not checked yetcites [232]
- Not checked yetcites [241]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When single doses of Schisandra extracts (≤ 250 mg/kg) were administered to rats concomitantly with CYP3A and/or ABCB1 substrates (e.g., midazolam [311], nifedipine [309], paclitaxel [314], tacrolimus [312]), drug AUCs more than doubled, suggesting inhibition.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [311]
- Not checked yetcites [309]
- Not checked yetcites [314]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, the clinical data currently available strongly suggests that Schisandra extracts pose a significant risk for elevating blood levels of drugs that are CYP3A and/or ABCB1 substrates.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings imply that standard milk thistle products generate flavanolignan concentrations in vivo that are incapable of affecting most human XMEs and transporters.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the murine study results, prospective clinical trials assessing Schisandra's effect on CYP3A and/or ABCB1 substrate pharmacokinetics were not biphasic.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While recognized as a natural antidepressant, SJW is equally well known for its ability to induce the activity of several XMEs and transporters, thereby reducing the efficacy of a multitude of prescription medications.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hyperforinʼs mode of action appears unique in that the phytochemical does not interact directly with uptake transporters but elevates intracellular sodium concentration, thereby inhibiting gradient-driven neurotransmitter reuptake [368].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [368]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At concentrations exceeding 30 µM, silybin diastereomers have been reported to function as mechanism-based inhibitors of CYP2C9 and 3A4 [336].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [336]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“UGT1A1, however, may be the XME most easily inhibited by milk thistle with an IC 50 value of 1.4 µM [336].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [336]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A number of in vitro studies also point to Schisandra MDP-PSMs as both competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors of murine and human CYP isoforms [307][308][309][310][311][312].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [307][308][309][310][311][312]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This finding supports that of Brantley et al. who noted that CYP2C9 appeared most vulnerable to inhibition by clinically achievable concentrations of silybin B [340].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [340]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As an example, C max values for unconjugated silybin A and B (the two most prevalent flavanolignans in milk thistle products) rarely exceeded 20 ng/ mL for single 600 mg doses of milk thistle extract in healthy volunteers [330].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [330]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent clinical trial of Siliphos ® for treatment of chemotherapy-related hepatotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia suggests otherwise, as investigators observed no adverse interactions between milk thistle and methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, or vincristine during the 28-day course of supplementation [365].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [365]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“SLC1B1 also exhibited an IC 50 value less than 4 µM for silymarin [347].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [347]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whether Schisandra was administered once or for up to 14 consecutive days, AUCs of talinolol (ABCB1 substrate) [172], tacrolimus (CYP3A4/ABCB1 substrate) [317,318], and midazolam (CYP3A4 substrate) [319] were increased 1.5-, 2.1-, and 2.0-fold, respectively.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [172]
- Not checked yetcites [317]
- Not checked yetcites [318]
- Not checked yetcites [319]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, the inhibitory effect of gomisin C was stronger than that of ketoconazole, a known potent CYP3A4 inhibitor [308].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [308]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In particular, gomisins B, C, and G were shown to be particularly effective inhibitors of human CYP3A4 with IC 50 values < 1.5 µM [308].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [308]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This stems from a combination of the poor water solubility of silymarin phy- tochemicals coupled with extensive presytemic metabolism (both phase I and II) and biliary secretion.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“At doses exceeding 1500 mg daily, there was also evidence of nonlinear pharmacokinetics [331].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [331]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, an unequivocal conclusion gleaned from the clinical studies is that milk thistle has an excellent safety profile [322][323][324][325][326].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [322][323][324][325][326]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Marketed as Silipide ® and Siliphos ® , these phosphatidylcholine complexes, or phytosomes, exhibit improvements in flavanolignan bioavailability three to five times those of conventional milk thistle extract formulations [348][349][350][351][352].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [348][349][350][351][352]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As an antidepressant, hyperforin functions as broad-based neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor, affect-ing the synaptosomal uptake of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid with similar efficiency.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, based upon the existing clinical data, the drug interaction risk for milk thistle products appears minimal.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Even when milk thistle extract (700 mg) was administered every 8 hours for 7 days, the maximum steady state concentrations of silybin A and B rarely exceeded 1.5 µg/mL [331].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [331]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, when administration periods exceeded 6 days, rat XME and transporter function were consistently induced [310,311,315,316].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [310]
- Not checked yetcites [311]
- Not checked yetcites [315]
- Not checked yetcites [316]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prenylated phloroglucinol is a high-affinity ligand for human PXR, an orphan nuclear receptor selectively expressed in the liver and intestine that mediates the induction of XME and efflux transporter gene transcription [375][376][377].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375]
- Not checked yetcites [376]
- Not checked yetcites [377]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Liver disease, however, does increase milk thistle flavanolignan exposure.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prenylated phloroglucinol is a high-affinity ligand for human PXR, an orphan nuclear receptor selectively expressed in the liver and intestine that mediates the induction of XME and efflux transporter gene transcription [375][376][377].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375]
- Not checked yetcites [376]
- Not checked yetcites [377]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to content variability, another factor affecting the magnitude of hyperforinʼs effect on CYP3A expression and drug efficacy is PXR haplotype.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: PXR is polymorphic, and certain mutations produce significant functional defects in CYP3A transcription.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, more than 70% of all prescription medications are susceptible to SJW-mediated interactions, the consequences of which are decreased oral bioavailability, enhanced systemic clearance, and reduced drug efficacy.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to one estimate, hyperforin is the most potent PXR activator discovered to date [375], with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) of 23 nMa value well below plasma concentrations often achieved in humans (~100-300 nM) [378,379].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378]
- Not checked yetcites [379]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“(Unlike many of the unique phytochemicals described previously, hyperforin is bioavailable and exhibits an elimination half-life of 8-12 hours, thus allowing for significant accumulation with repeated dosing [378,379].)”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378]
- Not checked yetcites [379]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, more than 70% of all prescription medications are susceptible to SJW-mediated interactions, the consequences of which are decreased oral bioavailability, enhanced systemic clearance, and reduced drug efficacy.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“(Unlike many of the unique phytochemicals described previously, hyperforin is bioavailable and exhibits an elimination half-life of 8-12 hours, thus allowing for significant accumulation with repeated dosing [378,379].)”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378]
- Not checked yetcites [379]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to one estimate, hyperforin is the most potent PXR activator discovered to date [375], with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) of 23 nMa value well below plasma concentrations often achieved in humans (~100-300 nM) [378,379].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“(Unlike many of the unique phytochemicals described previously, hyperforin is bioavailable and exhibits an elimination half-life of 8-12 hours, thus allowing for significant accumulation with repeated dosing [378,379].)”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [378]
- Not checked yetcites [379]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interaction risk: high.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Table 1
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, more than 70% of all prescription medications are susceptible to SJW-mediated interactions, the consequences of which are decreased oral bioavailability, enhanced systemic clearance, and reduced drug efficacy.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to one estimate, hyperforin is the most potent PXR activator discovered to date [375], with a half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) of 23 nMa value well below plasma concentrations often achieved in humans (~100-300 nM) [378,379].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, more than 70% of all prescription medications are susceptible to SJW-mediated interactions, the consequences of which are decreased oral bioavailability, enhanced systemic clearance, and reduced drug efficacy.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As with all botanicals, phytochemical content can vary considerably and such is the case with hyperforin [380,381].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [380]
- Not checked yetcites [381]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, most botanical dietary supplements pose only minimal risks for modulating human drug metabolism.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, ginkgo extracts and individual terpene lactones appear capable of inducing the expression of several CYP, UGT, and ABC isoforms in rat [128-130] and human primary hepatocytes[113, 114, 130, 131] as well as human mammary epithelial cells [132].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128]
- Not checked yetcites [129]
- Not checked yetcites [130]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, in vitro studies and compelling case reports suggest that many more botanical supplements may indeed be potent modulators of human drug disposition.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, many botanicals whose drug interaction potential is minimized when administered as conventional dry extracts may increase significantly upon ingestion of formulations utilizing novel delivery systems.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: No clinical assessments of the herb-drug interaction potential of botanical extracts incorporating novel formulations have been reported to date.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Phytochemicals that heretofore had been casualties of manʼs xenobiotic defense system may emerge as inducers and/or inhibitors of human XMEs and transporters.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, several distinct PSMs can either inactivate or highjack the controls of this innate gastrointestinal defense network.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MDP-PSMs, functioning as mechanism-based inhibitors of CYPs, may potentiate the toxicity of allopathic medications, whereas potent nuclear receptor ligands like hyperforin may dramatically reduce drug efficacy.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recognizing that poor dissolution characteristics represent major obstacles to phytochemical bioavailability and efficacy, several dietary supplement manufacturers have recently incorporated novel methods of formulating botanical extracts as a means of improving oral absorption [387,388].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [387]
- Not checked yetcites [388]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recognizing that poor dissolution characteristics represent major obstacles to phytochemical bioavailability and efficacy, several dietary supplement manufacturers have recently incorporated novel methods of formulating botanical extracts as a means of improving oral absorption [387,388].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [387]
- Not checked yetcites [388]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Poor dissolution characteristics are major obstacles to phytochemical bioavailability and efficacy.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MDP-PSMs, functioning as mechanism-based inhibitors of CYPs, may potentiate the toxicity of allopathic medications, whereas potent nuclear receptor ligands like hyperforin may dramatically reduce drug efficacy.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Whether CYP inhibition or induction predominates in vivo may depend upon the length and bulk of MDP side chains as well as the individual CYP isoform examined[230].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is through the formation of MI complexes that CYP isoforms are inactivated by MDP-PSMs [227, 228].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [227]
- Not checked yetcites [228]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 67
- The quote only partly states this claim. 16
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of the 29 studies (many of which evaluated more than one drug), 23 observed no significant effects of G. biloba on drug disposition, 5 observed a modest inhibitory effect [153, 154, 166, 172, 173], and 3 demonstrated evidence of CYP3A4 [168], CYP2C9 [164], and CYP2C19 [151] induction.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [153]
- Not checked yetcites [154]
- Not checked yetcites [166]
- Not checked yetcites [172]
- Not checked yetcites [173]
- Not checked yetcites [168]
- Not checked yetcites [164]
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since that time, a plethora of clinical studies have borne out SJWʼs effect on the pharmacokinetics of various medications [370][371][372][373][374].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [370]
- Not checked yetcites [371]
- Not checked yetcites [372]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Ethinylestradiol | decrease plasma level of drug | [410-412] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [410]
- Not checked yetcites [411]
- Not checked yetcites [412]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Cyclosporine | decrease plasma level of drug | [395, 414-416] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [395]
- Not checked yetcites [414]
- Not checked yetcites [415]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Omeprazole | decrease plasma level of drug | [421] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [421]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Irinotecan | decrease plasma level of drug | [407] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [407]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Norethindrone | decrease plasma level of drug | [410, 411] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [410]
- Not checked yetcites [411]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Tacrolimus | decrease plasma level of drug | [417-419] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [417]
- Not checked yetcites [418]
- Not checked yetcites [419]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cell-based reporter assays in HepG2 [121, 131] and LS180 [133] and other cell lines [132, 134] revealed that ginkolides A and B are activators of PXR, whereas quercetin and kaempferol activated PXR, CAR, and AhR.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121]
- Not checked yetcites [131]
- Not checked yetcites [133]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“| Finasteride | decrease plasma level of drug | [422] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [422]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Nifedipine | decrease plasma level of drug | [153, 385] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [153]
- Not checked yetcites [385]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Methadone | decrease plasma level of drug | [420] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [420]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Imatinib | decrease plasma level of drug | [408, 409] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [408]
- Not checked yetcites [409]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“| Gliclazide | decrease plasma level of drug | [413] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [413]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“| Chlorzoxazone | decrease plasma level of drug | [90, 98] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90]
- Not checked yetcites [98]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed in previous sections, many PSMs modulate human XMEs and transporters in vitro, but due to various factors, this activity is rarely realized in vivo.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“| Ketodesogestrel | decrease plasma level of drug | [412] |”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [412]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Drugs affected and the observed percent increase in mean AUC include phenytoin (16-133 %) [289, 291, 292], rifampicin (69%) [288], propranolol (103 %) [290], theophylline (96 %) [290], and nevirapine (170 %) [293]”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [290]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“MDPs with long bulky side chains appear to be more potent inhibitors of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4, whereas CYP2B6 and CYP2C19 are not inactivated[230].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Drugs affected and the observed percent increase in mean AUC include phenytoin (16-133 %) [289, 291, 292], rifampicin (69%) [288], propranolol (103 %) [290], theophylline (96 %) [290], and nevirapine (170 %) [293]”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Drugs affected and the observed percent increase in mean AUC include phenytoin (16-133 %) [289, 291, 292], rifampicin (69%) [288], propranolol (103 %) [290], theophylline (96 %) [290], and nevirapine (170 %) [293]”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [290]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Permeability [22,23] and pharmacokinetic [24][25][26] studies indicate that several alkamides, but not caffeic acid conjugates, cross the intestinal mucosa reaching the systemic circulation intact.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22]
- Not checked yetcites [23]
- Not checked yetcites [24]
- Not checked yetcites [25]
- Not checked yetcites [26]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Penzak et al. reported that 28 days of E. purpurea supplementation in healthy volunteers (500 mg three times daily) produced modest reductions in midazolam AUC (27% decrease), but had no significant effects on the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir and ritonavir (CYP3A4 substrates), or fexofenadine (a purported ABCB1 and SLCO substrate) [51].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite inhibition of human CYP2E1 in vitro, few interactions involving garlic products and CYP2E1 substrates have been reported, a consequence that probably reflects the paucity of drugs metabolized by this enzyme.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individual Echinacea alkamides are metabolized to varying degrees by several human CYPs, but when combined (as in an extract), metabolism is markedly reduced [27][28][29].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27]
- Not checked yetcites [28]
- Not checked yetcites [29]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Following single doses of Echinacea alkamides (~11 mg) administered as tablets manufactured from ethanolic liquid extracts, plasma concentrations varied considerably with maximum plasma levels not exceeding 350 ng/mL [26].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“black cohosh products exhibit considerable variability in phytochemical profiles, and label claims for “standardized” marker compounds can deviate considerably from actual content [9].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is likely a result of the CYP2E1-catalyzed biotransformation of diallyl sulfide to diallyl sulfoxide and diallyl sulfone, in which the latter is a mechanism-based inhibitor of the enzyme [66,69].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66]
- Not checked yetcites [69]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while whole extracts elicited greater inhibition, a finding suggestive of synergy [7].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Nonstandard Abbreviations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because commercially available Echinacea supplements often consist of extracts from various species and plant parts, considerable variation in phytochemical profile and content is common among products [16,21].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16]
- Not checked yetcites [21]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, several external factors unrelated to phytochemical pharmacology can augment the drug interaction potential of botanical supplements.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“EGb 761 is a standardized, concentrated extract containing 24% flavonoid glycosides (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin), 6 % terpene lactones (3.1 % ginkgolides A, B, C, and J and 2.9 % bilobalide), 5-10 % organic acids, and other constituents [104].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“prolonged garlic oil supplementation (500 mg, three times daily for 28 days) inhibited human CYP2E1 activity in both young [90] and elderly adults [98] by almost 40% and 25 %, respectively; however, no modulatory effects were noted for CYP1A2, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90]
- Not checked yetcites [98]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A 31 % increase in the duodenal expression of human ABCB1 correlated with a modest reduction in saquinavir AUC while no significant effects were noted in the pharmacokinetic parameters of simvastatin (a CYP3A4 substrate) or pravastatin (an SLCO1B1 substrate).”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius differ significantly in type and proportion of ginsenosides, with P. ginseng having a high Rg1 : Rb1 ratio and P. quinquefolius a low Rg1 : Rb1 ratio [191].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When ingested, ginsenosides undergo partial hydrolytic deglycosylation in the stomach and are further deglycosylated in the large intestine through enzymatic glucosidase activity of gut microflora [190,[192][193][194].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190]
- Not checked yetcites [192]
- Not checked yetcites [193]
- Not checked yetcites [194]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When exposed to both Caco-2 cell monolayers and the rat intestine at high concentrations (~12 µg/mL), water-soluble compounds in AGE (e. g., S-allyl-L-cysteine) induced the activity of ABCB1, ABCC2, and SLCO transporters [86,87].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86]
- Not checked yetcites [87]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“large doses of the organosulfur compound allicin (~150 mg daily) did reduce the metabolism of omeprazole by inhibiting CYP2C19 activity in individuals both homozygous and heterozygous for the CYP2C19*1 allele, but not for those homozygous for CYP2C19*2 [102].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In Caco-2 and MDR1-MDCK cell monolayers, ginkgolides and bilobalide exhibited low absorptive permeability and high efflux [185]; two conditions that would further preclude their exposure to enteric XMEs.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ambiguity in clinical findings may be linked to differences in the ginsosenoside content of products evaluated.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Following 240 mg doses of standardized G. biloba extracts, C max values for ginkgolides and bilobalide rarely exceeded 40 ng/mL [180-182], concentrations well below the 4000 ng/mL at which ginkgolides A and B activated PXR in vitro [133].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [180]
- Not checked yetcites [181]
- Not checked yetcites [182]
- Not checked yetcites [133]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The preponderance of in vitro data regarding ABC isoforms implies that garlicʼs oil-soluble organosulfur compounds are not potent inhibitors of the efflux transporter ABCB1 [80,[82][83][84][85] but may, however, induce ABCC2 expression [85].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80]
- Not checked yetcites [82]
- Not checked yetcites [83]
- Not checked yetcites [84]
- Not checked yetcites [85]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Presently, only human CYP2E1 appears to be inhibited by garlic oil products, but because only a few drugs are substrates of CYP2E1 and most of those have fairly broad therapeutic indicies, this interaction is not cause for great concern.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In subsequent investigations with the CYP3A4 probe midazolam, Gurley et al. further demonstrated that 14 days of goldenseal supplementation (~209 mg isoquinoline alklaoids daily) significantly increased midazolam AUC, C max , and elimination half-life, and that the effects were proportional to those produced by the well-recognized, mechanism-based inhibitor clarithromycin (1000 mg daily) [232].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [232]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As single case reports cannot establish causation, a prospective clinical trial by Yuan et al. demonstrated that international normalized ratios (INR, a measure of anticoagulation), peak plasma warfarin levels, and warfarin AUCs were reduced by P. quinquefolius in healthy volunteers, and these effects reached statistical significance [221].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [221]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In humans, both berberine and hydrastine are readily absorbed and extensively metabolized, with berberine phase I metabolites being preferentially sulfated, while those of hydrastine are primarily glucuronidated [243].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [243]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“however, several methodological concerns have been raised about the Yuan et al. study including it being underpowered, that inadequate sampling was used to determine AUC, and a non-stereoselective assay was used to measure warfarin enantiomers [222].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“From these, it appears that P. ginseng or P. quinquefolius either mildly induce [209][210][211] or have no significant effects [212-214] on rat XMEs and ABCB1 activity in vivo.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [209][210][211]
- Not checked yetcites [212]
- Not checked yetcites [213]
- Not checked yetcites [214]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“They demonstrated that hydrastine was a more potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 (IC 50 = 25 µM) than berberine (IC 50 = 400 µM).”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both berberine and hydrastine are MDP-PSMs that inhibit various CYP isoforms in vitro [10,30,31,34,36,37,231].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10]
- Not checked yetcites [30]
- Not checked yetcites [31]
- Not checked yetcites [34]
- Not checked yetcites [36]
- Not checked yetcites [37]
- Not checked yetcites [231]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ginsenoside concentrations necessary to inhibit most CYPs and transporters in vitro are not only high (> 50 µM), but are not likely to be realized in vivo, especially if normal dosing recommendations of ginseng products are followed [37,120,127,[200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37]
- Not checked yetcites [120]
- Not checked yetcites [127]
- Not checked yetcites [200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207]
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dissolution profiles of commercially available goldenseal supplements reveal that berberine and hydrastine are rapidly and completely released from extract formulations [242], producing intestinal luminal concentrations comparable to those required for CYP inhibition in vitro [241].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [242]
- Not checked yetcites [241]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Extensive metabolism is conducive to the formation of MI complexes and may explain goldensealʼs penchant for CYP inhibition.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Substantially more prospective human trials have investigated the effects of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius supplementation on human drug disposition, with the CYP2C9 substrate, warfarin, being examined the most.Like the murine studies, clinical results fall into two catgories: no effect [90,98,[215][216][217][218][219] or mild induction [217,[220][221][222].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [90]
- Not checked yetcites [98]
- Not checked yetcites [215][216][217][218][219]
- Not checked yetcites [217,[220][221][222]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There is convincing in vitro and animal evidence that berberine is a substrate for certain ABC isoforms [236][237][238][239][240], and thus, it may compete with other ABC substrates for efflux across intestinal and canalicular membranes.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [236][237][238][239][240]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since cyclosporine is both a CYP3A4 and ABCB1 substrate, the activity of both of these proteins could conceivably be affected by hydrastine and berberine.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that goldenseal isoquinoline alkaloids significantly inhibit both CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 activity (the two most important drug metabolizing enzymes in humans), its herb-drug interaction potential is deemed considerable.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, Gurley et al. observed that 30 days of kava supplementation in healthy volunteers had no effect on the phenotypic markers of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4 activity; however, CYP2E1 activity was significantly reduced [13].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, structureactivity relationship studies involving more than 35 separate analogues revealed that piperine is especially suited for CYP inhibition [273].Modifications to either the MDP moiety or piperidine side chain significantly reduced its potency [273].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [273]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subsequent studies confirmed piperineʼs effect on murine XMEs [268][269][270][271][272][273] and also found that it and other piperamides were selective inhibitors of human CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and ABCB1 in vitro [274,275,277,282].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268][269][270][271][272][273]
- Not checked yetcites [274]
- Not checked yetcites [275]
- Not checked yetcites [277]
- Not checked yetcites [282]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ample evidence points to Schisandra MDP-PSMs as both substrates and inhibitors of ABC efflux transporters in vitro [300][301][302][303][304][305][306].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [300][301][302][303][304][305][306]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Of these, methysticin and dihydromethysticin are both MDP-PSMs and potent (≤ 10 µM) mechanism-based inhibitiors of CYPs in vitro [247,249].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [247]
- Not checked yetcites [249]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Russman et al. found that in chronic users of traditional kava-containing beverages (e. g., 7-27 g kavalactones per week) significantly reduced CYP1A2 activity, yet this practice had no effect on the phenotypic markers of CYP2C19, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4 function [259].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [259]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In practically every case, piperineʼs effect can be considered clinically relevant.This is especially so for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, both methysticin and dihydromethysticin have good dissolution profiles in simulated intestinal fluid at pH values greater than 4, a property favorable for producing gut lumen concentrations in excess of 10 µM [242].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [242]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These compounds function as insecticides in the pepper plant [263][264][265], but in mammalian systems they are inhibitors of various XMEs [266-277] and transporters [278][279][280][281][282][283].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [263][264][265]
- Not checked yetcites [266]
- Not checked yetcites [267]
- Not checked yetcites [268]
- Not checked yetcites [269]
- Not checked yetcites [270]
- Not checked yetcites [271]
- Not checked yetcites [272]
- Not checked yetcites [273]
- Not checked yetcites [274]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Traditional kava beverages are made from aqueous extractions of P. methysticum root, whereas formulations of many commercially available kava supplements are products of nonaqueous solvent extractions.Kavalactone profiles can vary considerably among the two extraction processes [245].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [245]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As an added benefit to enhancing phytochemical bioavailability, piperine also has a broad safety profile [260].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [260]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The preponderance of in vitro data points to kava as an inhibitor of various CYPs and ABCB1 [79,[245][246][247][248][249][250][251], whereas other evidence suggests kava may activate PXR to induce CYP and ABCB1 activity [252][253][254].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Kava kava
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79,[245][246][247][248][249][250][251]
- Not checked yetcites [252][253][254]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interaction risk: high.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similar bioavailability enhancing effects on green tea polyphenols have also been reported [297].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interaction risk: low.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, excessive use of black pepper or intake of dietary supplements formulated with P. nigrum or P. longum extracts may produce clinically significant interactions with drugs.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When used in quantities typical for flavoring food, black pepper is not likely to affect the disposition of most medications.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Black pepper/piperine
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As previously mentioned in Part 1 of this review, recent investigations reveal that hyperforin and other SJW-related phytochemicals (e.g., adhyperfroin, hypericins, flavanol glycosides) act synergistically through both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic mechanisms to alleviate depression [369].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [369]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interaction risk: low.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In subjects with the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype, a 14day course of silymarin produced a 2-fold increase in losartan AUC and C max , but these parameters were not affected in subjects with the CYP2C9*1/*3 genotype.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on these data, it appears that Schisandra is a potent inhibitor, not an inducer, of human XMEs and transporters.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, many clinical trials have demonstrated efficacy superior to placebo and comparable to standard antidepressants but with fewer side effects than conventional antidepressive agents [367].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [367]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of all the CYP isoforms tested, CYP2C9 appears to be the most sensitive with IC 50 values ~8 µM for human liver microsomes.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“More concerning is a recent finding that silymarin inhibits the metabolism of losartan to its active metabolite E-3174, and that the magnitude of the interaction is dependent upon CYP2C9 genotype [364].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [364]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The majority of studies are in general agreement that flavanolignan concentrations in excess of 10 µM are required for inhibition of most CYP isoforms, and even higher concentrations are needed for ABCB1 and ABCG2 inhibition.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At that time, several clinics around the world reported that concomitant use of SJW and cyclosporine produced dramatic reductions in blood levels of the immunosuppressant among organ transplant recipients resulting in graft rejection.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, reporter gene assays demonstrated that S. chinensis extracts and its constituents, schisandrin and schisandrol, activated rat and human PXR [310], whereas certain natural gomisin H analogues (e.g., tigloylgomisin H, angeloylgomisin H) significantly activated phase II detoxification gene expression via the Nrf2 nuclear receptor pathway [313].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [310]
- Not checked yetcites [313]
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, 140 mg of silymarin administered to healthy adults for 9 days reduced the mean AUC for metronidazole (CYP3A4/ABCB1 substrate) by 29% [363], and while this effect hints at possible induction, it too is of little clinical concern.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [363]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interaction risk: high.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Goldenseal
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Components of standard milk thistle extracts, as a general rule, have very low oral bioavailability and short elimination half-lives.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As discussed in Part 1 of this review, the clinical severity of SJW-mediated interactions was first recognized in 1999-2000.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the presence of NADPH, gomisin Cʼs inactivation of CYP3A4 was time-and concentration-dependent, as well as irreversible, characteristics indicative of mechanism-based inhibition.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Systemic concentrations of silybin and isosilybin diastereomers may be 3-5fold higher in patients with cirrhotic or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which may account for milk thistleʼs purported efficacy in these populations [329,331].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Milk Thistle
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [329]
- Not checked yetcites [331]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such species differences may stem from the fact that humans not only received lower mg/kg doses of Schisandra, but that gomisin C concentrations necessary for PXR activation in humans are twice those required for murine species [311].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > Schisandra spp.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [311]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The prenylated phloroglucinol is a high-affinity ligand for human PXR, an orphan nuclear receptor selectively expressed in the liver and intestine that mediates the induction of XME and efflux transporter gene transcription [375][376][377].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375]
- Not checked yetcites [376]
- Not checked yetcites [377]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such innovative formulation technologies include liposomes, self-emulsifying microemul-sions, microspheres, phosphatidylcholine complexation (phytosomes), and nanoparticles, as well as the incorporation of piperine as a CYP3A4 and ABCB1 inhibitor [387,388].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [387]
- Not checked yetcites [388]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Humans possess a complex system of gastrointestinal XMEs and transporters that are proficient at precluding absorption and facilitating elimination of numerous structurally diverse dietary phytochemicals.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because MDP-PSMs can function as mechanism-based CYP inhibitors, they pose significant risks for herb-drug interactions.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Induction of CYPs by MDP-PSMs may be mediated by AhR or through mechanisms that promote protein stabilization [228, 229].”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [228]
- Not checked yetcites [229]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The products and doses used in the cited clinical studies are representative of commercially available botanical supplements when taken as recommended.
“most commercially available garlic supplements pose only a limited risk”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most St. John's wort extracts are currently standardized to contain 3% hyperforin.
“Most SJW extracts are currently standardized to contain 3% hyperforin, yet many brands may possess amounts well below this value.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many brands of St. John's wort may contain hyperforin amounts well below 3%.
“Most SJW extracts are currently standardized to contain 3% hyperforin, yet many brands may possess amounts well below this value.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few St. John's wort products are specifically labeled as having low hyperforin content.
“Unfortunately for consumers, few SJW products are specifically labeled as having low hyperforin content.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PXR is polymorphic, and certain mutations produce significant functional defects in CYP3A transcription.
“Like many CYPs, PXR is polymorphic, and certain mutations produce significant functional defects in terms of CYP3A transcription.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Poor dissolution characteristics are major obstacles to phytochemical bioavailability and efficacy.
“Recognizing that poor dissolution characteristics represent major obstacles to phytochemical bioavailability and efficacy, several dietary supplement manufacturers have recently incorporated novel methods of formulating botanical extracts as a means of improving oral absorption [387,388].”
The paper relies on this without support.
No clinical assessments of the herb-drug interaction potential of botanical extracts incorporating novel formulations have been reported to date.
“To date, no clinical assessments of the herb-drug interaction potential of botanical extracts incorporating these novel formulations have been reported.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The vast majority of botanical supplements have not been evaluated in a clinical setting.
“Not surprisingly, the vast majority of these botanicals have yet to be evaluated in a clinical setting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hyperforin is a principal mediator of St. John's wort's antidepressive action.
“Hyperforin, a principal mediator of SJWʼs antidepressive action, lies at the heart of the herbʼs drug interaction potential.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interactions between foods or dietary supplements and drugs are an underappreciated source of therapeutic variability and iatrogenic risk [1,2].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, the clinical literature dedicated to berberine interactions remains fragmented, dispersed across isolated pharmacokinetic studies, case reports, and broad pharmacological reviews in which interactions are treated only marginally [2,41].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Neither direction can be read off the label, so the defensible position is that the perpetrator dose is unknown [2,32,34].”
From Berberine-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Risk Stratification-A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
“The majority of these studies followed a G. biloba supplementation regimen of 240 mg leaf extract twice daily from as few as 3 to as many as 90 days, while others utilized smaller doses.”
§ Actaea racemosa L, (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.; family Ranunculaceae) or black cohosh, is a perennial herb native to North America used traditionally by Native Americans for female repro > !
“however, most human studies incorporated doses of 240 mg/day or less.”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
[Retracted] Ginseng on Hyperglycemia: Effects and Mechanisms
Luo, J. Z. Q., & Luo, L. (2007) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1093/ecam/nem178 · Cited by 91
RetractedBioavailability of curcumin: Problems and promises
Anand, P., Kunnumakkara, A. B., Newman, R. A., & Aggarwal, B. B. (2007) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp700113r · Cited by 5,543
Influence of Piperine on the Pharmacokinetics of Curcumin in Animals and Human Volunteers
Guido, S., Joy, D. C., Joseph, T., Majeed, M. A., Rajendran, R., & Srinivas, P. (1998) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/s-2006-957450 · Cited by 1,976
St. John's wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor
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“Neither direction can be read off the label, so the defensible position is that the perpetrator dose is unknown [2,32,34].”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Gurley, B., Fifer, E., & Gardner, Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (US)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- ORCID
- Gurley, Bill
- Venue
- Planta Medica
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2012-05-07
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1490-1514
- ISSN
- 0032-0943 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0221
- OpenAlex
- W1983168442
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 404
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Planta Medica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Keywords
- herb-drug interactions, herbal supplements, cytochrome P450 inhibition, phytochemicals, orphan nuclear receptor, black cohosh, Echinacea, garlic, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, goldenseal, kava, black pepper, piperine, Schisandra, Silybum marianum, Hypericum perforatum, methylenedioxyphenyl compounds
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System, Humans, Pharmacokinetics, Transferases, Dietary Supplements, Magnoliopsida, Membrane Transport Proteins, Plant Preparations, Herb-Drug Interactions
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