Cited by 283Plant biochemistry and biosynthesisSesquiterpenes and Asteraceae StudiesPlant tissue culture and regeneration

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Seasonal Variation of Artemisinin and its Biosynthetic Precursors in Plants of Artemisia annua of Different Geographical Origin: Proof for the Existence of Chemotypes

Wallaart, T. Eelco, Pras*, Niesko, Beekman, and, Aäron C., Quax, Wim J.·2000·Planta Medica

DOI 10.1055/s-2000-11115

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Abstract

The time course of the levels of artemisinin, its biosynthetic precursors and the biosynthetically related sesquiterpenes was monitored during a vegetation period of Artemisia annua plants of different geographical origin. Considerable differences in contents of artemisinin and its direct precursors artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid were found between these A. annua's. For the first time the A. annua plants of different geographical origin were found to belong to different chemotypes. A chemotype with a high artemisinin level was found to have also a high dihydroartemisinic acid level but a relatively low artemisinic acid level. Reversibly, a chemotype with low levels of artemisinin and dihydroartemisinic acid contained a high artemisinic acid level. Artemisinic acid is considered to be the direct precursor of dihydroartemisinic acid in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin. The observed accumulation of artemisinic acid in one of the A. annua chemotypes may indicate the presence of a rate-limiting step in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin. The enzymatic reduction of artemisinic acid into dihydroartemisinic acid is probably a "bottle neck" in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin in varieties with high artemisinic acid and consequentially low artemisinin levels. After a night-frost period, the level of artemisinin was increased, in the Vietnamese A. annua plants, while the dihydroartemisinic acid level was decreased. This phenomenon is in accordance with our hypothesis that stress triggers the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid to artemisinin. It is suggested that the presence of high levels of dihydroartemisinic acid may be an adaptation to stress conditions (e.g., night-frost), during which relatively high levels of 1O2 are formed. Dihydroartemisinic acid gives the plant protection by reacting with these reactive oxygen species yielding artemisinin as stable end-product.

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“For example, ROS triggered by stress in Artemisia are scavenged by the intermediate product dihydroartemisinic acid finally converting into the end product artemisinin (Wallaart et al. 2000).”
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“%) in fresh leaf biomass of A. annua plants with the addition of 67 kg/ha N. Artemisia annua cultivars vary widely in growth habit and concentration of artemisinin (Ferreira et al., 1997; Wallaart et al., 2000).”
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Authors: Wallaart, T. E., Pras*, N., Beekman, A., & Quax, W. J.
Affiliations: University of Groningen (NL)
ORCID: Quax, Wim J.
Venue: Planta Medica
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Published: 2000-02
Volume: 66
Issue: 1
Pages: 57-62
ISSN: 0032-0943 (ISSN-L)
1439-0221
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-11115
OpenAlex: W2104781222
Cited by: 281
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 0.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Planta Medica (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant biochemistry and biosynthesis
Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Sesquiterpenes and Asteraceae Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant tissue culture and regeneration
Keywords: Artemisia annua, artemisinin, chemotypes, artemisinic acid, dihydroartemisinic acid, sesquiterpenes, biosynthetic precursors, seasonal variation, geographical origin, night frost, reactive oxygen species, stress adaptation, rate-determining step, plant secondary metabolites
MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Plants, Medicinal, Seasons, Sesquiterpenes, Mass Spectrometry, Artemisia, Artemisinins

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Seasonal Variation of Artemisinin and its Biosynthetic Precursors in Plants of Artemisia annua of Different Geographical Origin: Proof for the Existence of Chemotypes

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