Maximal fat oxidation during exercise in trained men
Abstract
Fat oxidation increases from low to moderate exercise intensities and decreases from moderate to high exercise intensities. Recently, a protocol has been developed to determine the exercise intensity, which elicits maximal fat oxidation rates (Fat(max)). The main aim of the present study was to establish the reliability of the estimation of Fat(max) using this protocol (n = 10). An additional aim was to determine Fat(max) in a large group of endurance-trained individuals (n = 55). For the assessment of reliability, subjects performed three graded exercise tests to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Tests were performed after an overnight fast and diet and exercise regime on the day before all tests were similar. Fifty-five male subjects performed the graded exercise test on one occasion. The typical error (root mean square error and CV) for Fat(max) and Fat(min) was 0.23 and 0.33 l O(2) x min(-1) and 9.6 and 9.4 % respectively. Maximal fat oxidation rates of 0.52 +/- 0.15 g x min(-1) were reached at 62.5 +/- 9.8 % VO(2)max, while Fat(min) was located at 86.1 +/- 6.8 % VO(2)max. When the subjects were divided in two groups according to their VO(2)max, the large spread in Fat(max) and maximal fat oxidation rates remained present. The CV of the estimation of Fat(max) and Fa(min) is 9.0 - 9.5 %. In the present study the average intensity of maximal fat oxidation was located at 63 % VO(2)max. Even within a homogeneous group of subjects, there was a relatively large inter-individual variation in Fat(max) and the rate of maximal fat oxidation.
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The maximal rate of fat oxidation occurs at intensities of ≈65% VO2max.
“It has been shown that the maximal rate of fat oxidation occurs at intensities of ≈65% VO2max [163]”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [163]
The prolonged durations and slower relative running speeds that characterize ultra-marathon appear to permit increased rates of fat oxidation for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) re-synthesis.
“The prolonged durations and slower relative running speeds that characterize ultra-marathon appear, therefore, to permit increased rates of fat oxidation for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) re-synthesis [100].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [100]
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“In 2003, Achten and Jeukendrup (3) reported significantly higher MFO in athletes when the group was spilt into individuals who had a V̇O2max higher or lower than the group mean (0.56 T 0.14 vs 0.48 T 0.15 gIminj1, respectively).”
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“85, a level at which a good blend of fuels are being oxidized, but is also an intensity close to what has been referred to as ‘fatmax’, which is defined as the intensity of exercise at which the maximal rate of lipid oxidation occurs [19,24-26].”
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“However, substantial interindividual variability in energy substrate partitioning and the maximal rate of fat oxidation (MFO) during exercise has been identified (9, 12, 13).”
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Maximal Fat Oxidation is Related to Performance in an Ironman Triathlon
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“In line with our finding Jeukendrup and co-workers previously found that VO2max and FATMAX were not related in a group of well-trained athletes [2].”
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MethodHetlelid, K. J., Plews, D. J., Herold, E., Laursen, P. B., & Seiler, S. (2015) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000047 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“15 g/min) reported by Achten and Jeukendrup in trained men.(2) Continuous, graded exercise protocols consisting of 3– 5 min periods of exercise at increasing intensities have been frequently used to estimate maximal FATox rates in untrained to moderately trained participants.”
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Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2003) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410310001641403 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“There appear to be large inter-individual differences in the maximal rate of fat oxidation (Achten and Jeukendrup, 2003), which could explain the differences between this study and that of Achten et al. (2002).”
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“The increased fat oxidation following NZBC intake in our female participants appears to be valid, since the mean difference of ~ 27% in fat oxidation is greater than the 10% day-to-day variability in fat oxidation reported previously (Achten and Jeukendrup 2003), and is greater 2 3 4 5 6”
A Mathematical Model to Describe Fat Oxidation Kinetics during Graded Exercise
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“FA oxidation reaches a peak at an intensity of 44–65% V̇O2 max (1, 2, 29) and decreases when the intensity is increased further.”
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Relationship between training status and maximal fat oxidation rate.
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“A target HR and PO was thus set for each participant for the Day 2 exercise anipulation to achieve approximately 50% VO2 Max, a level at which lipolysis is hought to be maximized (Achten and Jeukendrup, 2003).”
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“Achten et al. (Achten et al. 2002; Achten and Jeukendrup 2003) conducted the only other study validating a graded exercise protocol against a continuous exercise protocol.”
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Decrease of body fat during an ultra-endurance triathlon is associated with race intensity
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“24% VO2max) at which the rate of fat oxidation should be approaching zero (25, 26, 30), not increasing.”
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“The FATMAX protocol was based on original research [41], but modified in line with recent studies involving similar cohorts to the present study [42] and pilot work assessment.”
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“Nevertheless, we suggest that the range of agreement reported for the majority of our sample be considered acceptable for exercise prescription purposes, especially given the poor day-today reproducibility associated with determining FATMAX via indirect calorimetry (Achten and Jeukendrup 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialMaximal lipidic power in high competitive level triathletes and cyclists
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“This methodology has since been used in multiple studies investigating MFO in relation to sex and exercise mode (29, 30), in various populations from patients to athletes (2, 3, 5, 9, 22, 26) and in several diet and training interventions (4, 19, 20).”
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“High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) may improve metabolic responsiveness towards exercise stimuli [6].”
BackgroundMethodChanges in peak fat oxidation in response to different doses of endurance training
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Protein intake induced an increase in exercise stimulated fat oxidation during stable body weight
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“FIGURE 4 Changes in rates of fat oxidation with increasing exercise intensity (%VO2max) in three different studies (Achten and Jeukendrup, 2003; Burke et al., 2021; Prins et al., 2023b).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of metabolic state on the regulation of melanocortin circuits
Lieu, L., Chau, D., Afrin, S., Dong, Y., Alhadeff, A. L., Betley, J. N., & Williams, K. W. (2020) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113039 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Interestingly, aerobic exercise performed in a fasted state has been associated with an increased reliance on fat, at least during exercise of low-to moderate-intensity [2, 95].”
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“Thus, the glycogenolytic rate as significantly submaximal during exercise Nutrients 2022, 14, 862 24 of 53 at 70% VO2max in both dietary conditions and was therefore not ‘limiting’ for exercise performance at 70% VO2max in either group.”
BackgroundInfluentialMaximal Physiological Responses between Aquatic and Land Exercise in Overweight Women
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Fat oxidation over a range of exercise intensities: fitness versus fatness
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“Assessment of the shape of the Fox kinetics as a function of exercise intensity with the SIN model, a mathematical model allowing a more detailed comparison between groups than other commonly used methods (Achten and Jeukendrup 2003; Cheneviere et al. 2009; Perez-Martin et al. 2001; Venables et al. 2005), could clarif…”
MethodThe Role of Episodic Postprandial Peptides in Exercise-Induced Compensatory Eating
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“From each fat oxidation curve, several features were identified according to a previously described procedure (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003): 1) MFO, the peak rate of fat oxidation measured over the entire range of exercise intensities, and 2) Fatmax, the exercise intensity at which the fat oxidation…”
MethodLipolytic Markers, Insulin and Resting Fat Oxidation are Associated with Maximal Fat Oxidation
Robinson, S., Chambers, E. S., Fletcher, G., & Wallis, G. A. (2016) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0042-100291 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“The exercise test was a modified version of that described previously [2] with the starting speed and treadmill inclination set to 3.”
MethodResultChávez-Guevara, I. A., Hernández‐Torres, R. P., González-Rodríguez, E., Ramos‐Jiménez, A., & Amaro‐Gahete, F. J. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04936-0 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Meyer, T., Folz, C., Rosenberger, F., & Kindermann, W. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00775.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Achten et al. provided data from 10 young male subjects who repeated their Fatmax test three times (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003).”
BackgroundHopkins, M., Gibbons, C., Caudwell, P., Webb, D., Hellström, P. M., Näslund, E. B., Blundell, J. E., & Finlayson, G. (2014) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2014/323728 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Maximal aerobic capacity (VO 2 peak ) was determined using a validated maximal incremental treadmill test [17], with expired air (Sensormedics Vmax29, Yorba Linda, USA) and heart rate (Polar RS400, Polar, Kempele, Finland) measured continuously.”
Reliability and day-to-day variability of peak fat oxidation during treadmill ergometry
Silveira, R. D. S., Carlsohn, A., Langen, G., Mayer, F., & Scharhag‐Rosenberger, F. (2016) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0115-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Achten [7] has advocated good reliability after assessing 10 healthy and moderately trained males as they performed an incremental test to exhaustion (test start: 95 W; stage increment and duration: 35 W every 3 min) on three different occasions and after a 12-h overnight fast.”
MethodQuantifying Differences in the “Fat Burning” Zone and the Aerobic Zone: Implications For Training
Carey, D. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bac5c5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“To the best of my knowledge, the only authors to address this question are Achten and Jeukendrup (2), who obtained a coefficient of variability of 9.0%, indicating a modest reliability for MFO.”
BackgroundInfluentialClaassen, A., Lambert, E. V., Bosch, A. N., Rodger, I. M., Gibson, A. S. C., & Noakes, T. D. (2005) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.15.2.97 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Determination of “Fatmax” with 1 h cycling protocols of constant load
Meyer, T., Gäßler, N., & Kindermann, W. (2007) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h06-108 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“They determined ‘‘Fatmax’’—the intensity eliciting maximal fat oxidation—by means of indirect calorimetry using an incremental cycling protocol with 35 W stages of 3 min duration (Achten and Jeukendrup 2003).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Effect of Casein Protein Prior to Sleep on Fat Metabolism in Obese Men
Kinsey, A., Cappadona, S., Panton, L., Allman, B., Contreras, R., Hickner, R., & Ormsbee, M. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8080452 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“While assuming negligible nitrogen excretion is a widely accepted method [27,28], it should be noted”
MethodPeak fat oxidation rate during walking in sedentary overweight men and women.
Bogdanis, G. C., Vangelakoudi, A., & Maridaki, M. D. (2008) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
No Effect of 1 or 7 d of Green Tea Extract Ingestion on Fat Oxidation during Exercise
Randell, R. K., Hodgson, A. B., LOTITO, S. B., Jacobs, D. M., Boon, N., Mela, D. J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31827dd9d4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Generally, highly trained endurance athletes have high absolute whole body fat oxidation rates (3) as a result of skeletal muscle adaptations from endurance-type training.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSynchronizing Gait with Cardiac Cycle Phase Alters Heart Rate Response during Running
Constantini, K., Stickford, A. S. L., Bleich, J. L., Mannheimer, P. D., Levine, B. D., & Chapman, R. F. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001515 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Effects of exercise intensity and duration on fat metabolism in trained and untrained older males
Bassami, M., Ahmadizad, S., Doran, D. A., & MacLaren, D. P. M. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0523-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The increased fat oxidation for the transition from light intensity to moderate intensity exercise is a direct result of the increased energy expenditure (Achten and Jeukendrup 2003).”
BackgroundExtreme duration exercise affects old and younger men differently
Frandsen, J., Sahl, R. E., Rømer, T., Hansen, M. T., Nielsen, A. B., Lie‐Olesen, M. M., Rasmusen, H. K., Søgaard, D., Ingersen, A., Rosenkilde, M., et al. (2022) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13816 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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Re-Evaluating the Oxidative Phenotype: Can Endurance Exercise Save the Western World?
Kolodziej, F., & O’Halloran, K. D. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10040609 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Nonetheless, as FAO falls, the glycolytic flux via pyruvate (and lactate) supports OXPHOS increasingly until the Fat Min intensity is reached (around 80% of VO2 max) [9], beyond which the anaerobic metabolism predominates.”
BackgroundInfluentialANGPTL4, IL-6 and TNF-α as regulators of lipid metabolism during a marathon run
Górecka, M., Krzeminski, K., Mikulski, T., & Ziemba, A. W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-17439-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Prins, P., Noakes, T. D., Buxton, J. D., Welton, G. L., Raabe, A., Scott, K., Atwell, A. D., Haley, S., Esbenshade, N., & Abraham, J. (2022) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2023.116452 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Ipavec-Levasseur, S., Croci, I., Choquette, S., Byrne, N., Cowin, G., O'Moore-Sullivan, T., Prins, J., & Hickman, I. (2015) · Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0258 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Standardisation of pre-test conditions were in line with previous 170 studies (Achten and Jeukendrup 2003; Achten and Jeukendrup 2004; Achten et al. 2002; 171 pp l. Ph ys io l.”
ResultSex difference in substrate oxidation during low-intensity isometric exercise in young adults
Sarafian, D., Schütz, Y., Montani, J., Dulloo, A. G., & Miles-Chan, J. L. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2016-0127 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Variable Duration of Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract Ingestion on Exercise Metabolism
RANDELL, R. K., HODGSON, A. B., LOTITO, S. B., JACOBS, D. M., ROWSON, M., MELA, D. J., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000205 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Higher rates of absolute fat oxidation have been found in trained compared with untrained/ sedentary populations (2, 20).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCrossover and maximal fat-oxidation points in sedentary healthy subjects: Methodological issues
Gmada, N., Marzouki, H., Haboubi, M., Tabka, Z., Shephard, R. J., & Bouhlel, E. (2011) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2011.07.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Vasquez Bonilla, A., González-Custodio, A., Timón, R., Cardenosa, A., Camacho-Cardenosa, M., & Olcina, G. (2023) · Biology of Sport · doi:10.5114/biolsport.2023.114288 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“First, a standardized warm-up of 10 min at 100 W was performed; the ramp protocol consisted of increments of 30 W · min -3 until vo-litional exhaustion [13].”
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Astaxanthin-, β-Carotene-, and Resveratrol-Rich Foods Support Resistance Training-Induced Adaptation
Kawamura, A., Aoi, W., Abe, R., Kobayashi, Y., Kuwahata, M., & Higashi, A. (2021) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10010113 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The respiratory quotient and substrate use were calculated from the levels of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production [11].”
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“PeerJ 5:e3769; DOI 10.7717/peerj.3769 on the exercise intensity (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003).”
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RetractedНиколовски, З., Barbaresi, S., Cable, N. T., & Peric, R. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1717640 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Brandou, F., Aloulou, I., Razimbaud, A., Fédou, C., Mercier, J. G., & Brun, J. ‐. (2006) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02578.x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- ORCID
- Juul Achten
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 603-608
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W2185042170
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 11.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- maximal fat oxidation, fat oxidation, endurance-trained men, incremental exercise test, test-retest reliability, exercise intensity, VO2max, interindividual variability, substrate utilization
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Body Composition, Clinical Protocols, Exercise Test, Humans, Male, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Confidence Intervals
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