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Maximal Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Trained Men
Abstract
Fat oxidation increases from low to moderate exercise intensities and decreases from moderate to high exercise intensities. Recently, a protocol has been developed to determine the exercise intensity, which elicits maximal fat oxidation rates (Fat(max)). The main aim of the present study was to establish the reliability of the estimation of Fat(max) using this protocol (n = 10). An additional aim was to determine Fat(max) in a large group of endurance-trained individuals (n = 55). For the assessment of reliability, subjects performed three graded exercise tests to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. Tests were performed after an overnight fast and diet and exercise regime on the day before all tests were similar. Fifty-five male subjects performed the graded exercise test on one occasion. The typical error (root mean square error and CV) for Fat(max) and Fat(min) was 0.23 and 0.33 l O(2) x min(-1) and 9.6 and 9.4 % respectively. Maximal fat oxidation rates of 0.52 +/- 0.15 g x min(-1) were reached at 62.5 +/- 9.8 % VO(2)max, while Fat(min) was located at 86.1 +/- 6.8 % VO(2)max. When the subjects were divided in two groups according to their VO(2)max, the large spread in Fat(max) and maximal fat oxidation rates remained present. The CV of the estimation of Fat(max) and Fa(min) is 9.0 - 9.5 %. In the present study the average intensity of maximal fat oxidation was located at 63 % VO(2)max. Even within a homogeneous group of subjects, there was a relatively large inter-individual variation in Fat(max) and the rate of maximal fat oxidation.
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“It has been shown that the maximal rate of fat oxidation occurs at intensities of ≈65% VO2max [163]”
From Regulation of Energy Substrate Metabolism in Endurance Exercise (2021) · cites this paper as [163]
In the citing paper
“The prolonged durations and slower relative running speeds that characterize ultra-marathon appear, therefore, to permit increased rates of fat oxidation for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) re-synthesis [100].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [100]
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Robins, A. (2007) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s11932-007-0039-2 · Cited by 20
Fat Oxidation Kinetics Is Related to Muscle Deoxygenation Kinetics During Exercise
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Fat max as an index of aerobic exercise performance in mice during uphill running
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“In addition, the participants were not fasted and it has been shown that carbohydrate ingestion has a profound affect on Fatmax and fat oxidation during exercise (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003b).”
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“However, to restructure the organization for the future to sustain wear, this oxidation is increased after this practice, a condition known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in which the consumption is directly related to the intensity supported during the physical exertion; thus, the greater the exerc…”
BackgroundActive Recovery Induces Greater Endurance Adaptations When Performing Sprint Interval Training
Yamagishi, T., & Babraj, J. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002787 · Cited by 13
Fat Oxidation Rates in Professional Soccer Players
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MethodSelf-citationThe training induced increase in whole‐body peak fat oxidation rate may be attenuated with aging
Frandsen, J., Beck, T., Langkilde, C. H., Larsen, S., Dela, F., & Helge, J. W. (2020) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2020.1721563 · Cited by 14
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“During exercise, the fat oxidation rate follows a curvilinear pattern, and as the exercise workload progressively augments, fat oxidation increases to its maximal oxidation rate called FATmax, a term used to describe an intensity at which the energy contribution from lipids is at its highest [2,3].”
BackgroundTactical behavior of high‐level male marathon runners
Manso, J. M. G., Martínez‐Patiño, M. J., Arencibia, L. D. L. P., & Esteve, T. V. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13873 · Cited by 13
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“When exercise intensity further increases, fat oxidation decreases, whereas CHO oxidation is markedly increased (Achten and Jeukendrup 2003; Romijn et al. 1993).”
Waldman, H. S., Smith, J. W., Lamberth, J., Fountain, B. J., & McAllister, M. J. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003354 · Cited by 16
“The present graded exercise test was adopted as a valid protocol for measuring an individual’s substrate oxidation rates and modified to start at a lighter intensity (3).”
MethodIncreased Mass-Specific Maximal Fat Oxidation Rate with Small versus Large Muscle Mass Exercise
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“That the highest FATox occurred in the first stage of the incremental protocol has been previously observed (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003b), whereas the intensity at which the highest FATox occurs is variable, ranging from 54% to 65% (Achten et al., 2002, 2003) and from 25% to 77% (Venables et al.,…”
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Is the highest fat oxidation rate coincident with the anaerobic threshold in obese women and men?
Bircher, S., Knechtle, B., Müller, G., & Knecht, H. (2005) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390500167078 · Cited by 11
“…obese subjects (Dériaz et al., 2001; Pérez-Martin et al., 2001) and corresponds with the intensity that elicited the highest fat oxidation in trained subjects (Achten, Gleeson, & Jeukendrup, 2002; Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003; Romijn et al., 1993; Romijn, Coyle, Sidossis, Rosenblatt, & Wolfe, 2000).”
BackgroundFootball de haut-niveau : analyses physique et physiologique – blessures et prévention
Zouhal, H., Coppalle, S., Ravé, G., Dupont, G., Jan, J., Tourny, C., & Ahmaidi, S. (2021) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.001 · Cited by 10
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Recent Trends in Development of Domestic Fabric Softeners
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“It has been shown that exercise intensity is one of the main factors that influence substrate utilization during exercise (1).”
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Manfredi, L. H. (2020) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-020-09596-z · Cited by 8
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Maximal Fat Metabolism Explained by Lactate-Carbohydrate Model
AlKhatib, A. H. (2022) · Physiologia · doi:10.3390/physiologia2040011 · Cited by 8
“VO 2 peak ) [10,18–21], while COP has been found to correspond to exercise intensities of approximately 33–59 % .”
BackgroundEffects of the Timing of Carbohydrate Intake on Metabolism and Performance in Soccer Players
Noh, K.-W., Oh, J., & Park, S. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15163610 · Cited by 9
“Fat oxidation increases up to 70% VO2max when stationary but decreases with exercise intensity of about 75% VO2max or higher [25,26].”
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Rowland, T., & Saltin, B. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90624.2008 · Cited by 7
Mashhadi, M. R., & Hosseini, S. R. A. (2022) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-022-00955-8 · Cited by 7
“Generally, trained individuals who regularly engage in aerobic training program may experience skeletal muscle adaptations that increase absolute whole-body FO rates [64].”
BackgroundExercise Shifts Hypothetical Food Choices toward Greater Amounts and More Immediate Consumption
Koehler, K., Beckford, S. E., Thayer, E. R., Martin, A., Boron, J. B., & Stevens, J. R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020347 · Cited by 8
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Nutritional Recommendations for Competing in the Ironman Triathlon
Robins, A. (2007) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1097/01.csmr.0000306478.25832.85 · Cited by 7
“This corroborates earlier research [12] that found that a 4-week high-fat diet significantly lowered RER values and increased time to exhaustion (at 80%VO2max) and a 5-day high-fat diet significantly altered substrate utilization from CHO to fats during exercise at 70% VO2peak [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialCarbohydrate Ingestion on Exercise Metabolism and Physical Performance
Noakes, T. D., Prins, P., Buga, A., D'Agostino, D. P., Volek, J. S., & Koutnik, A. P. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaf038 · Cited by 11
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“Nevertheless, the same reasoning cannot be applied to fatty-acid utilization and β-oxidation, which are more highly stimulated by lower intensity (Achten and Jeukendrup, 2003) and should have been facilitated by the reduction of intensity during TH.”
BackgroundPatients with Type 1 Diabetes Oxidize Fat at a Greater Rate than Age– and Sex–Matched Controls
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“More significant changes in fat metabolism might be achieved when performing lower exercise intensities where fat oxidation rates are higher, or with trained individuals who have an enhanced fat metabolism during exercise (Achten & Jeukendrup, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of two kinds of aerobic training on body fat content and serum lipid profile in cadets
Silva, M. J. D. S. E., Rabelo, A. D. S., Vale, R. G. D. S., Ferrão, M. L. D., Gonçalves, L., Fortes, M. D. S. R., Moreira, S. R., & Dantas, E. H. M. (2009) · Biomedical Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/v10101-009-0018-6 · Cited by 5
“Many studies have been published regarding the effects of diverse exercises on fat oxidation, the Fatmax Zone intensity programme serving as an example [1,15,30].”
BackgroundDuathlon Performance Unaltered by Short-Term Changes in Dietary Fat and Carbohydrates
Moncada‐Jiménez, J., Plaisance, E. P., Mestek, M. L., Ratcliff, L., Araya-Ramírez, F., Taylor, K. J., Grandjean, P. W., & Vargas, A. (2009) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.1.47 · Cited by 6
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“Regarding the crossover concept, maxFATOxR, minFATOxR, and COP at short-graded protocol were reached at similar relative intensities of exercise in contrast to other studies (1,18,19) using similar protocols and similar levels of performance.”
Result(2011) · Cited by 5
COMPARISON OF CARDIOPULMONARY CHANGES DURING CYCLE AND TREADMILL TESTS
Nagy, D., Horváth, Z., Melczer, C., Derkács, E., Ács, P., & Olah, A. (2020) · Health Problems of Civilization · doi:10.5114/hpc.2020.98087 · Cited by 5
“, found among moderately trained cyclists and triathletes, that during an incremental cycle ergometer test, Fatmax (the highest rate of fat oxidation) was at an average intensity of 63% of VO2max, although both Fatmax and fat oxidation showed large individual differences [21].”
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A new method for the measurement of maximal fat oxidation: a pilot study
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“In the second test, the used 35 W incremental step was considered to be high to determine exacly the Fatmax intensity [2].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialCrossover and maximal fat oxidation points during running and cycling in sedentary subjects
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“Data analysis to determine Fatmax involved the measured values approach in the stage with the highest recorded fat oxidation value and the corresponding ̇VO2 [21].”
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Effect of time of day on MFO and FATmax during exercise in obese and normal weight women
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“Additionally, an increase in anaerobic glycolytic energy supply can disrupt skeletal muscle homeostasis, further impairing fat oxidation (Achten and Jeukendrup 2003).”
Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial fuel utilization during exercise
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“Achten and Jeukendrup [23] reported that even among the homogenous group, there was a large individual variation in the maximal and rate of fat oxidation.”
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“Previous studies have demonstrated that Fatmax intensity is variable among individuals (29,30).”
BackgroundSequencing patterns of ventilatory indices in less trained adults
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“Additionally, Fatmax was reported to increase with training and enhancement of habitual physical activity (21, 23, 25, 26).”
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“…fi tness on MFO and FATmax reproducibility More than 50% of the studies assessing MFO and FATmax reliability have been performed in young men [9, 19 – 21, 25], In the case of physical fi tness, a similar range in FATmax test – re-test correlation coef fi cients and coef fi cients of variation…”
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“Studies have indicated the existence of large inter-individual differences in the ability to oxidize FA during exercise [18,19].”
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Hattori, S., Noguchi, A., Sasagawa, K., Ogata, H., Kobayashi, M., & Omi, N. (2019) · American Journal of Sports Science · doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20190704.20 · Cited by 1
Ahmadi, A., Rajabi, H., & Baker, J. S. (2022) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep210028 · Cited by 1
Fatty acids significance in improvement athlete’s aerobic performance: review and prospects
Lyudinina, A. Y., Андреевна, Б. Е., & Bojko, E. R. (2024) · Human Physiology · doi:10.31857/s0131164624030095 · Cited by 1
“Indeed, fats are oxidized to a greater extent at low and moderate PA intensity, and carbons are oxidized mainly at high intensity, but the contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure during PA at MOC above 85% is usually ignored [12, 50].”
CO2 and electrical stunning differentially affect energy metabolism in pigs
Peukert, M., Zimmermann, S., Egert, B., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10874-6 · Cited by 1
“Achten et al. 69 reported a strong correlation between the maximal rate of fat oxidation and VO 2 max.”
Romarate, A., Jauregi, A. P., Feldmann, A., Viribay, A., & Santos‐Concejero, J. (2025) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70025 · Cited by 2
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“Cardiorespiratory fitness is the most consistently reported correlate [8–10], but sex [8,11], adiposity [12,13], habitual dietary intake [14], training status [15] and genetic variation [16–18] have all been implicated, and effect estimates differ considerably across studies [19].”
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Sport-Specific Crossover Point Differences during a Maximal Oxygen Consumption Test
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Biological and behavioral predictors of relative energy intake after acute exercise
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Effects of Moderate Exercise Training On ApoE And ApoCIII In Metabolic Syndrome
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Substrate oxidation during exercise in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors
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Plasma glycerol during the acute post-exercise recovery period: influence of exercise intensity
Bloomer, R. J., & Farney, T. M. (2013) · Comparative Exercise Physiology · doi:10.3920/cep13011 · Cited by 1
“In two separate studies using indirect calorimetry, Achten and colleagues determined that the greatest contribution of fatty acids to total energy expenditure occurs close to 65% VO2max (Achten and Jeukendrup, 2003; Achten et al., 2002), with minimal fat oxidation when exercise intensity reached 86% VO2max (Achten and…”
BackgroundHydration and Fluid Restriction in Athletes
Shephard, R. J. (2015) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b18820-7 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- ORCID
- Juul Achten
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2003-11
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 603-608
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W2185042170
- Cited by
- 253
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 11.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- maximal fat oxidation, fat oxidation, endurance-trained men, incremental exercise test, test-retest reliability, exercise intensity, VO2max, interindividual variability, substrate utilization
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Body Composition, Clinical Protocols, Exercise Test, Humans, Male, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Fitness, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Confidence Intervals
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