On the physiology of GIP and GLP-1

Holst, J. J.

doi:10.1055/s-2004-826158

Cited by 191Diabetes Treatment and ManagementRegulation of Appetite and ObesityPancreatic function and diabetes

On the physiology of GIP and GLP-1

Holst, J. J.·2004·Hormone and Metabolic Research

DOI 10.1055/s-2004-826158

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Recent studies have indicated that GIP and GLP-1 are about as important as each other in the incretin effect, being released rapidly after meals and being active already at fasting glucose levels. Although the density of GLP-1 producing cells is higher distally, GlP-1 is normally secreted by jejunal L-cells, explaining the rapid onset of secretion. Moreover, many endocrine cells in the small intestine appear to produce both GIP and GLP-1. Both are metabolized rapidly by the dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme, but unlike GIP, about 90 % of GLP-1 is degraded before it reaches the systemic circulation. Apparently, before it is degraded, GLP-1 activates sensory afferents in the gastrointestinal mucosa with cell bodies in the nodose ganglion, signaling onwards to the brain stem and the hypothalamus. A similar mechanism seems to be involved in GLP-1's effect on gastrointestinal motility and secretion, and perhaps its actions on appetite and food intake, all of which may be even more physiologically important than its effects on the beta cells. Cardiovascular and neuroprotective actions of GLP-1 have also recently been reported. Regarding GIP, several lines of evidence suggest that GIP, in addition to its incretin effects, may affect lipid metabolism and promote lipid storage.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1055/s-2004-826158

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Luminal glucose exposure releases GIP from proximal K-cells and GLP-1 and GLP-2 from more distal L-cells.
“These signals include release of the gut peptides glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) from K-cells located in the proximal intestine and glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2 (GLP-1, GLP-2) from L-cells located in more distal regions of the intestine (5,6)”
From Gut mechanisms linking intestinal sweet sensing to glycemic control (2018) · cites this paper as [6]

Still being checked.

Sorted by citations

The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1
Holst, J. J. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2006 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gut Hormones and Appetite Control
Wren, A., & Bloom, S. R. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.048 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Four weeks of near-normalisation of blood glucose improves the insulin response to glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes
Højberg, P. V., Vilsbøll, T., Rabøl, R., Knop, F. K., Bache, M., Krarup, T., Holst, J. J., & Madsbad, S. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1195-5 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of α-cell dysregulation in fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes and therapeutic implications
Dunning, B. E., & Gerich, J. E. (2007) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2006-0026 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Reduced Incretin Effect in Type 2 Diabetes
Knop, F. K., Vilsbøll, T., Højberg, P. V., Larsen, S., Madsbad, S., Vølund, A., Holst, J. J., & Krarup, T. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0100 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite
Chaudhri, O. B., Small, C. J., & Bloom, S. R. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1856 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
The role of gut hormones and the hypothalamus in appetite regulation
Suzuki, K., Simpson, K. A., MINNION, J. S., Shillito, J. C., & Bloom, S. R. (2010) · Endocrine Journal · doi:10.1507/endocrj.k10e-077 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Dietary non-digestible carbohydrates promote L-cell differentiation in the proximal colon of rats
Cani, P. D., Hoste, S., Guiot, Y., & Delzenne, N. M. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507691648 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
GLP-1 Analogs Reduce Hepatocyte Steatosis and Improve Survival by Enhancing the Unfolded Protein Response and Promoting Macroautophagy
Sharma, S., Mells, J. E., Fu, P. P., Saxena, N. K., & Anania, F. A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025269 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1, but not glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, inhibits glucagon secretion via somatostatin (receptor subtype 2) in the perfused rat pancreas
de Heer, J., Rasmussen, C. E., Coy, D. H., & Holst, J. J. (2008) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1149-y · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citation
Food protein-derived bioactive peptides in management of type 2 diabetes
Patil, P., Mandal, S., Tomar, S. K., & Anand, S. K. (2015) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0974-2 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Obesity and Appetite Control
Suzuki, K., Jayasena, C. N., & Bloom, S. R. (2012) · Experimental Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2012/824305 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
The physiology of gastric emptying
Hellström, P. M., Grybäck, P., & Jacobsson, H. (2006) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2006.02.002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance Alters Islet Morphology in Nondiabetic Humans
Mezza, T., Muscogiuri, G., Sorice, G. P., Clemente, G., Hu, J., Pontecorvi, A., Holst, J. J., Giaccari, A., & Kulkarni, R. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-1013 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Self-citation
Roles of the Gut in Glucose Homeostasis
Holst, J. J., Gribble, F. M., Horowitz, M., & Rayner, C. K. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-0351 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Self-citation
Novel therapeutics for type 2 diabetes: Incretin hormone mimetics (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
Verspohl, E. J. (2009) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.002 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Impaired incretin effect and fasting hyperglucagonaemia characterizing type 2 diabetic subjects are early signs of dysmetabolism in obesity
Knop, F. K., Aaboe, K., Vilsbøll, T., Vølund, A., Holst, J. J., Krarup, T., & Madsbad, S. (2011) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01549.x · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citation
Inhibition of DPP-4: a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Pratley, R. E., & Salsali, A. (2007) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079906x162746 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Inappropriate suppression of glucagon during OGTT but not during isoglycaemic i.v. glucose infusion contributes to the reduced incretin effect in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Knop, F. K., Vilsbøll, T., Madsbad, S., Holst, J. J., & Krarup, T. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0566-z · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citation
The central GLP-1: implications for food and drug reward
Skibicka, K. P. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00181 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The Impact of Artificial Sweeteners on Body Weight Control and Glucose Homeostasis
Pang, M. D., Goossens, G. H., & Blaak, E. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.598340 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Chapter 15 Glucose‐Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; GIP)
McIntosh, C. H. S., Widenmaier, S. B., & Kim, S. (2009) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00615-8 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose homeostasis and diabetes
Holst, J. J., Deacon, C. F., Vilsbøll, T., Krarup, T., & Madsbad, S. (2008) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2008.01.003 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citation
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Differences and similarities
Lund, A., Knop, F. K., & Vilsbøll, T. (2014) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2014.03.005 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Differential effects of protein quality on postprandial lipemia in response to a fat-rich meal in type 2 diabetes: comparison of whey, casein, gluten, and cod protein
Mortensen, L. S., Hartvigsen, M. L., Brader, L., Astrup, A. V., Schrezenmeir, J., Holst, J. J., Thomsen, C., & Hermansen, K. (2009) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27281 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citation
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Protects Pancreatic β-Cells From Death by Increasing Autophagic Flux and Restoring Lysosomal Function
Zummo, F. P., Cullen, K. S., Honkanen‐Scott, M., Shaw, J., Lovat, P. E., & Arden, C. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-1009 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal changes after bariatric surgery
Quercia, I., Dutia, R., Kotler, D. P., Belsley, S., & Laferrère, B. (2013) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2013.11.003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
GLP-1 and Changes in Glucose Tolerance following Gastric Bypass Surgery in Morbidly Obese Subjects
Morı́nigo, R., Lacy, A. M., Casamitjana, R., Delgado, S., Gomis, R., & Vidal, J. (2006) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089206779319338 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Incretins: their physiology and application in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Tasyurek, H. M., Altunbas, H. A., Balci, M. K., & Sanlioglu, S. (2014) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.2501 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Increased postprandial responses of GLP-1 and GIP in patients with chronic pancreatitis and steatorrhea following pancreatic enzyme substitution
Knop, F. K., Vilsbøll, T., Larsen, S., Højberg, P. V., Vølund, A., Madsbad, S., Holst, J. J., & Krarup, T. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00059.2006 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citation
Species‐specific action of (Pro3)GIP – a full agonist at human GIP receptors, but a partial agonist and competitive antagonist at rat and mouse GIP receptors
Sparre‐Ulrich, A. H., Hansen, L. S., Svendsen, B., Christensen, M., Knop, F. K., Hartmann, B., Holst, J. J., & ROSENKILDE, M. M. (2015) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.13323 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gut Hormones in Health and Obesity: The Upcoming Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids
Alhabeeb, H., AlFaiz, A., Kutbi, E., AlShahrani, D. A., Alsuhail, A., Alrajhi, S., Alotaibi, N., Alotaibi, K., Alamri, S. S., Alghamdi, S. A. A., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020481 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Sex and estrogens alter the action of glucagon-like peptide-1 on reward
Richard, J. E., Anderberg, R. H., López-Ferreras, L., Olandersson, K., & Skibicka, K. P. (2016) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0059-9 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Early administration of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor antagonist (Pro3)GIP prevents the development of diabetes and related metabolic abnormalities associated with genetically inherited obesity in ob/ob mice
Irwin, N., McClean, P. L., O'Harte, F. P. M., Gault, V. A., Harriott, P., & Flatt, P. R. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0692-2 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Verspohl, E. J. (2012) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.110.003319 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Effect of chenodeoxycholic acid and the bile acid sequestrant colesevelam on glucagon‐like peptide‐1 secretion
Hansen, M., Scheltema, M. J. V., Sonne, D. P., Hansen, J. S., Sperling, M., Rehfeld, J. F., Holst, J. J., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2016) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12648 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citation
GLP‐1: physiological effects and potential therapeutic applications
Aaboe, K., Krarup, T., Madsbad, S., & Holst, J. J. (2008) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00853.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Self-citation
Incretin Effects on β-Cell Function, Replication, and Mass
Garber, A. J. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-s230 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Central and peripheral control of food intake
Abdalla, M. M. I. (2017) · Endocrine Regulations · doi:10.1515/enr-2017-0006 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Discovery and Structure−Activity Relationships of Piperidinone- and Piperidine-Constrained Phenethylamines as Novel, Potent, and Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors
Pei, Z., Li, X., von Geldern, T. W., Longenecker, K. L., Pireh, D., Stewart, K. D., Backes, B. J., Lai, C., Lubben, T. H., Ballaron, S. J., et al. (2007) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm061436d · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Discovery and pharmacological characterization of N-[2-({2-[(2S)-2-cyanopyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}amino)-2-methylpropyl]-2-methylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide hydrochloride (anagliptin hydrochloride salt) as a potent and selective DPP-IV inhibitor
Kato, N., Oka, M., Murase, T., Yoshida, M., Sakairi, M., Yamashita, S., Yasuda, Y., Yoshikawa, A., Hayashi, Y., Makino, M., et al. (2011) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.043 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Gut Hormones in Appetite Regulation
Suzuki, K., Jayasena, C. N., & Bloom, S. R. (2011) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2011/528401 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
GLP-1 and Its Analogs: Does Sex Matter?
Börchers, S., & Skibicka, K. P. (2024) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqae165 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hyperglycemia in stroke and possible treatments
Li, W. A., Moore-Langston, S., Chakraborty, T., Rafols, J. A., Conti, A. C., & Ding, Y. (2013) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1179/1743132813y.0000000209 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Exenatide Alters Myocardial Glucose Transport and Uptake Depending on Insulin Resistance and Increases Myocardial Blood Flow in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Gejl, M., Søndergaard, H. M., Stecher, C. W., Bibby, B. M., Møller, N., Bøtker, H. E., Hansen, S. B., GJEDDE, A. H., Rungby, J., & Brock, B. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3456 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The gut–brain axis in obesity
Buhmann, H., le Roux, C. W., & Bueter, M. (2014) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
High glycemic index metabolic damage – a pivotal role of GIP and GLP-1
Pfeiffer, A. F. H., & Keyhani-Nejad, F. (2018) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Although fat and protein also stimulate GIP [23], the release of GIP is less in diets containing isomaltulose instead of sucrose, indicating potentiation of GIP release by the combination of fat and sucrose (Figure 2).”
Influential
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Rosenstock, J., & Zinman, B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3280a02f65 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Proglucagon-Derived Peptides as Therapeutics
Lafferty, R. A., O'Harte, F. P. M., Irwin, N., Gault, V. A., & Flatt, P. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.689678 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The alpha cell expresses glucagon-like peptide-2 receptors and glucagon-like peptide-2 stimulates glucagon secretion from the rat pancreas
de Heer, J., Pedersen, J., Ørskov, C., & Holst, J. J. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0761-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dorothy Hodgkin Lecture 2008 Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) revisited: a new therapeutic target for obesity–diabetes?
Flatt, P. R. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02455.x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The insulinotropic effect of GIP is impaired in patients with chronic pancreatitis and secondary diabetes mellitus as compared to patients with chronic pancreatitis and normal glucose tolerance
Knop, F. K., Vilsbøll, T., Højberg, P. V., Larsen, S., Madsbad, S., Holst, J. J., & Krarup, T. (2007) · Regulatory Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.regpep.2007.07.002 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Mechanisms of Disease: the role of gastrointestinal hormones in appetite and obesity
Vincent, R. P., Ashrafian, H., & le Roux, C. W. (2008) · Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology &#38 Hepatology · doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep1118 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The role of endogenous GIP and GLP-1 in postprandial bone homeostasis
Helsted, M. M., Gasbjerg, L. S., Lanng, A. R., Bergmann, N. C., Stensen, S., Hartmann, B., Christensen, M., Holst, J. J., Vilsbøll, T., ROSENKILDE, M. M., et al. (2020) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115553 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4: A New Link between Diabetes Mellitus and Atherosclerosis?
Júnior, W. S. D. S., Godoy‐Matos, A. F., & Kraemer‐Aguiar, L. G. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/816164 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Functional Analysis of Seven Genes Linked to Body Mass Index and Adiposity by Genome-Wide Association Studies: A Review
Speakman, J. R. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353585 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
GLP-1 and Adiponectin: Effect of Weight Loss After Dietary Restriction and Gastric Bypass in Morbidly Obese Patients with Normal and Abnormal Glucose Metabolism
de Carvalho, C. P., Marin, D. M., de Souza, A. L., Pareja, J. C., Chaim, É. A., de Barros-Mazon, S., da Silva, C. A., Geloneze, B., Muscelli, E., & Alegre, S. M. (2008) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9678-5 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibition with sitagliptin: a new therapy for Type 2 diabetes
Deacon, C. F. (2007) · Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs · doi:10.1517/13543784.16.4.533 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A rational review on the effects of sweeteners and sweetness enhancers on appetite, food reward and metabolic/adiposity outcomes in adults
O'Connor, D., Pang, M. D., Castelnuovo, G., Finlayson, G., Blaak, E. E., Gibbons, C., Navas‐Carretero, S., Almiron‐Roig, E., Harrold, J. A., Raben, A., et al. (2020) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo02424d · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Four weeks of near‐normalization of blood glucose has no effect on postprandial GLP‐1 and GIP secretion, but augments pancreatic B‐cell responsiveness to a meal in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Højberg, P. V., Vilsbøll, T., Zander, M., Knop, F. K., Krarup, T., Vølund, A., Holst, J. J., & Madsbad, S. (2008) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02579.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citation
The l-α-amino acid receptor GPRC6A is expressed in the islets of Langerhans but is not involved in l-arginine-induced insulin release
Smajilovic, S., Clemmensen, C., Johansen, L. D., Wellendorph, P., Holst, J. J., Thams, P., Ogo, E., & Bräuner‐Osborne, H. (2012) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-012-1341-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
The regulation of the lymphatic secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by intestinal absorption of fat and carbohydrate
Lu, W. J., Yang, Q., Sun, W. Y., Woods, S. C., D’Alessio, D. A., & Tso, P. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00146.2007 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Biosynthesis of Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides
Goetze, J. P. (2009) · Results and problems in cell differentiation · doi:10.1007/400_2009_25 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Inhibits Blood-Brain Glucose Transfer in Humans
Lerche, S. S., Brock, B., Rungby, J., Bøtker, H. E., Møller, N., Rodell, A. B., Bibby, B. M., Holst, J. J., Schmitz, O., & GJEDDE, A. H. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1162 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effect of liraglutide on proliferation and differentiation of human adipose stem cells
Cantini, G., Franco, A. D., Samavat, J., Forti, G., Mannucci, E., & Luconi, M. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.021 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Combination treatment with alogliptin and voglibose increases active GLP‐1 circulation, prevents the development of diabetes and preserves pancreatic beta‐cells in prediabetic db/db mice
Moritoh, Y., Takeuchi, K., & Hazama, M. (2009) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01156.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Decreases Intracerebral Glucose Content by Activating Hexokinase and Changing Glucose Clearance during Hyperglycemia
Gejl, M., Egefjord, L., Lerche, S. S., Vang, K., Bibby, B. M., Holst, J. J., Mengel, A., Møller, N., Rungby, J., Brock, B., et al. (2012) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.118 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citation
GLP‐2 as Beneficial Factor in the Glucose Homeostasis in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet
Baldassano, S., Rappa, F., Amato, A., Cappello, F., & Mulè, F. (2015) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.25039 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Current evidence for a role of GLP-1 in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced remission of type 2 diabetes
Rhee, N. A., Vilsbøll, T., & Knop, F. K. (2012) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01505.x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Food Components with Anti-Obesity Effect
Kim, K., & Park, Y. (2011) · Annual Review of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1146/annurev-food-022510-133656 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A novel oral form of salmon calcitonin improves glucose homeostasis and reduces body weight in diet‐induced obese rats
Feigh, M., Henriksen, K., Andreassen, K. V., Hansen, C., Henriksen, J. E., Beck‐Nielsen, H., Christiansen, C., & Karsdal, M. A. (2011) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01425.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Reduced postprandial GLP ‐1 responses in women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Bonde, L., Vilsbøll, T., Nielsen, T., Bagger, J. I., Svare, J., Holst, J. J., Larsen, S., & Knop, F. K. (2013) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12082 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
Gut Hormones and Leptin: Impact on Energy Control and Changes After Bariatric Surgery—What the Future Holds
Michalakis, K. G., & le Roux, C. W. (2012) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-012-0698-9 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Is there a place for incretin therapies in obesity and prediabetes?
Holst, J. J., & Deacon, C. F. (2013) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2013.01.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
Therapies for inter-relating diabetes and obesity – GLP-1 and obesity
Iepsen, E. W., Torekov, S. S., & Holst, J. J. (2014) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2014.965678 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Sweet Taste Receptor Activation in the Gut Is of Limited Importance for Glucose-Stimulated GLP-1 and GIP Secretion
Saltiel, M. Y., Kuhre, R. E., Christiansen, C. B., Eliasen, R., Conde‐Frieboes, K. W., ROSENKILDE, M. M., & Holst, J. J. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9040418 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citation
Transcriptional Analysis of Apoptotic Cerebellar Granule Neurons Following Rescue by Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide
Maino, B., Ciotti, M. T., Calissano, P., & Cavallaro, S. (2014) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms15045596 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gut mechanisms linking intestinal sweet sensing to glycemic control
Kreuch, D., Keating, D. J., Wu, T., Horowitz, M., Rayner, C. K., & Young, R. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00741 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“These signals include release of the gut peptides glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) from K-cells located in the proximal intestine and glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2 (GLP-1, GLP-2) from L-cells located in more distal regions of the intestine (5, 6), and release of the bioamine serotonin (5HT) from enter…”
Background
Potential New Approaches to Modifying Intestinal GLP-1 Secretion in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Holst, J. J., & McGill, M. A. (2011) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.2165/11595370-000000000-00000 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
Artificial sweeteners and their implications in diabetes: a review
Angelin, M., Kumar, J., Vajravelu, L. K., Satheesan, A., Chaithanya, V., & Murugesan, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1411560 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Removal of Duodenum Elicits GLP-1 Secretion
Muscogiuri, G., Mezza, T., Prioletta, A., Sorice, G. P., Clemente, G., Sarno, G., Nuzzo, G., Pontecorvi, A., Holst, J. J., & Giaccari, A. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0811 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Diabetes: Rationale for Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors: A New Class of Oral Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Campbell, R. K. (2006) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1345/aph.1h459 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Pancreatic Blood Flow with Special Emphasis on Blood Perfusion of the Islets of Langerhans
Jansson, L. E., & Carlsson, P. (2019) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c160050 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycemic control, lipid profiles, and increases pancreatic insulin content in ob/ob mice
Moritoh, Y., Takeuchi, K., Asakawa, T., Kataoka, O., & Odaka, H. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.017 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
GIP-induced vasodilation in human adipose tissue involves capillary recruitment
Asmar, M., Asmar, A., Simonsen, L., Dela, F., Holst, J. J., & Bülow, J. (2019) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-19-0144 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Comparative Perspective on Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling in Cell Fate Determination
Garcin, C. L., & Habib, S. J. (2017) · Results and problems in cell differentiation · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_15 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Moving beyond energy homeostasis: New roles for glucagon-like peptide-1 in food and drug reward
Reddy, I. A., Stanwood, G. D., & Galli, A. (2013) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Weight Loss after Gastric Bypass and Gastric Banding
Bueter, M., Ashrafian, H., & le Roux, C. W. (2009) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000232383 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Exenatide can reduce glucose independent of islet hormones or gastric emptying
Ionut, V., Zheng, D., Stefanovski, D., & Bergman, R. N. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90222.2008 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
GLP-1 antagonism with exendin (9–39) fails to increase spontaneous meal size in rats
Rüttimann, E. B., Arnold, M., Geary, N., & Langhans, W. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.02.022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Gastric Emptying of Orally Administered Glucose Solutions and Incretin Hormone Responses Are Unaffected by Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding
Usinger, L., Hansen, K. B., Kristiansen, V. B., Larsen, S., Holst, J. J., & Knop, F. K. (2011) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-011-0362-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citation
Antihyperglycaemic therapy in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: potential role of incretin mimetics and DPP-4 inhibitors
Mathieu, C., & Bollaerts, K. (2007) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01437.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
GIP-Dependent Expression of Hypothalamic Genes
Ambati, S., DUAN, J., Hartzell, D. L., Choi, Y., Della‐Fera, M. A., & Baile, C. A. (2011) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932151 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Gut and Hormones and Obesity
Wren, A. (2008) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000115364 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Oral l-glutamine increases active GLP-1 (7-36) amide secretion and improves glycemic control in stretpozotocin–nicotinamide induced diabetic rats
Badole, S. L., Bagul, P. P., Mahamuni, S. P., Khose, R. D., Joshi, A. C., Jangam, G. B., Ghule, A. E., Raut, C. G., Khedkar, V. M., & Coutinho, E. C. (2013) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2013.02.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Diabetes After Pancreatic Surgery: Novel Issues
Scavini, M., Dugnani, E., Pasquale, V., Liberati, D., Aleotti, F., Terlizzi, G. D., Petrella, G., Balzano, G., & Piemonti, L. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0589-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A role for Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 in the regulation of β-cell autophagy
Arden, C. (2018) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
At the Centennial of Michaelis and Menten, Competing Michaelis–Menten Steps Explain Effect of GLP ‐1 on Blood–Brain Transfer and Metabolism of Glucose
Gejl, M., Rungby, J., Brock, B., & GJEDDE, A. H. (2014) · Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology · doi:10.1111/bcpt.12240 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Stem cells and diabetes treatment
Madsen, O. (2005) · Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS) · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_418.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The bile–gut axis and metabolic consequences of cholecystectomy
Lange, A. H., Pedersen, M. G., Ellegaard, A., Nerild, H. H., Brønden, A., Sonne, D. P., & Knop, F. K. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae034 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: new advances
Asmar, M., & Holst, J. J. (2010) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e3283339051 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
GIP: An Inconsequential Incretin or Not?
Pratley, R. E. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0704 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Actions of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor ligands in the gut
Holst, J. J., Andersen, D. B., & Grunddal, K. V. (2021) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15611 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citation
GASTROENTEROLOGY 2007;132:2131–2157 Biology of Incretins: GLP-1 and GIP
Baggio, L. L., & Drucker, D. J. (2013)
The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1
Holst, J. J. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2006 · Cited by 3,371 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Holst, J. J.
Affiliations: University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author: Holst, J. J.
ORCID: Holst, J. J.
Venue: Hormone and Metabolic Research
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Published: 2004-11
Volume: 36
Issue: 11/12
Pages: 747-754
ISSN: 0018-5043 (ISSN-L)
1439-4286
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-826158
OpenAlex: W2074835704
Cited by: 189
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 7.23
Type: journal article
Language: de
Open access: closed
Locations: Hormone and Metabolic Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Keywords: glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, incretin effect, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, GLP-1 receptor, nodose ganglion, gastrointestinal motility, beta-cell function, cardiovascular effects, neuroprotection, lipid metabolism, fat deposition
MeSH terms: Animals, Appetite, Cardiovascular System, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Gastrointestinal Motility, Glucagon, Humans, Intestine, Small, Jejunum, Neurosecretory Systems, Peptide Fragments, Protein Precursors, Mice, Knockout, Mice, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

On the physiology of GIP and GLP-1

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks