High glycemic index metabolic damage – a pivotal role of GIP and GLP-1

Pfeiffer, Andreas F.H.; Keyhani-Nejad, Farnaz

doi:10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.003

Cited by 74Diet, Metabolism, and DiseaseDiabetes Treatment and ManagementRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

High glycemic index metabolic damage – a pivotal role of GIP and GLP-1

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Pfeiffer, Andreas F.H., Keyhani-Nejad, Farnaz·2018·Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism

DOI 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.003

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Abstract

When glucose-fructose dimers are supplied as the slowly digestible, completely absorbable, low glycemic index (GI) sugar isomaltulose, the detrimental effects of high GI sucrose are avoided. This difference requires the presence of intact glucose-induced insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) and is mediated by the rapid uptake of glucose and the stimulation of GIP release from K cells in the upper small intestine. GIP promotes lipogenesis, fatty liver, insulin resistance, and postprandial inflammation, and reduces fat oxidation in skeletal muscle, partly by hypothalamic interference with energy partitioning and epigenetic programming. GIP is similarly required for the detrimental metabolic effects of other high GI carbohydrates. We therefore propose that the release of GIP in the upper small intestine is an important determinant of the metabolic quality of carbohydrates.

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GIP receptor knockout mice are protected against diet-induced obesity.
“GIP receptor knockout mice are protected against diet-induced obesity (36, 75–78).”
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GIP administration promotes preadipocyte differentiation and fat storage, and, in the brain, inflammation and insulin resistance.
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From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
The rapid absorption of glucose after consumption of a high-GL meal increases insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon secretion, and elicits a GIP-dominant incretin response.
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From The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
Acarbose lowers GIP release and delays glucose absorption, resulting in a decrease in the amount of fat in the liver.
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From Adipose Tissue: A Novel Target of the Incretin Axis? A Paradigm Shift in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
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From The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (2022) · cites this paper as [70]

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Self-citation
Effects of the naturally‐occurring disaccharides, palatinose and sucrose, on incretin secretion in healthy non‐obese subjects
Maeda, A., Miyagawa, J., Miuchi, M., Nagai, E., Konishi, K., Matsuo, T., Tokuda, M., Kusunoki, Y., Ochi, H., Murai, K., et al. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12045 · Cited by 46 · cited 2× · see citing works
“By contrast, there is little increase in GIP after ingestion of isomaltulose, consistent with bypass of the proximal K cells, and accordingly, little early increase in insulin [26].”
Association analyses of GIP and GIPR polymorphisms with traits of the metabolic syndrome
Nitz, I., Fisher, E., Weikert, C., Burwinkel, B., Li, Y., Möhlig, M., Boeing, H., Schreiber, S., Schrezenmeir, J., & Döring, F. (2007) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700048 · Cited by 44 · cited 1× · see citing works
“GIPR gene polymorphisms are associated with cardiovascular disease [63,64], and upregulation of GIPR expression has been reported in plaques of arterial endothelial cells [63].”
Metabolic effects of diets differing in glycaemic index depend on age and endogenous glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide in mice
Isken, F., Weickert, M. O., Tschöp, M. H., Nogueiras, R., Möhlig, M., Abdelrahman, A., Klaus, S., Thorens, B., & Pfeiffer, A. F. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1466-9 · Cited by 36 · cited 3× · see citing works
“GIPR / mice have an increased metabolic rate and are more active than control mice on a high-fat diet [55] or on high-GI diets [56], which supports central sites of action regulating physical activity [52].”
Self-citation
Effects of Synthetic Human Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide on Splanchnic Circulation in Dogs
Kogire, M., Inoue, K., Sumi, S., Doi, R., Takaori, K., Yun, M., Fujii, N., Yajima, H., & Tobe, T. (1988) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(88)80089-1 · Cited by 36 · cited 2× · see citing works
“GIP and Vascular Responses Food intake increases splanchnic perfusion and there is strong evidence that GIP is involved in this response [62].”
Nutritional strategy to prevent fatty liver and insulin resistance independent of obesity by reducing glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses in mice
Keyhani‐Nejad, F., Irmler, M., Isken, F., Wirth, E. K., Beckers, J., Birkenfeld, A. L., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3423-5 · Cited by 33 · cited 6× · see citing works
“However the differential effect on GIP was maintained, which may be explained by the slow cleavage and bypass of the K-cells also in mixed meals (adapted from [35]).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
GIP-Dependent Expression of Hypothalamic Genes
Ambati, S., DUAN, J., Hartzell, D. L., Choi, Y., Della‐Fera, M. A., & Baile, C. A. (2011) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932151 · Cited by 31 · cited 5× · see citing works
“The reduced hypothalamic NPY expression leads to lower food intake, which completely prevents weight gain typically observed upon ovariectomy, even on a normal chow diet [57].”
Influential
Palatinose-blended sugar compared with sucrose: different effects on insulin sensitivity after 12 weeks supplementation in sedentary adults
Okuno, M., Kim, M., Mizu, M., Mori, M., Mori, H., & Yamori, Y. (2010) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637481003694576 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, the intake of isomaltulose for 4–20 weeks in controlled diet studies improved insulin sensitivity in humans with metabolic diseases, while sucrose showed no such effect [18,46,47].”
Effects of Palatinose and Sucrose Intake on Glucose Metabolism and Incretin Secretion in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Keyhani‐Nejad, F., Kemper, M., Schüler, R., Pivovarova‐Ramich, O., Rudovich, N. N., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-1891 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Slow (Isomaltulose) versus Fast (Sucrose) Sugars: Different Intestinal Hormone Responses Administration of 50 g isomaltulose results in smaller peak increases in glucose than sucrose in healthy individuals [18,19] (Figure 1) and in people with type 2 diabetes [20].”
Self-citation
Regulation of nutrition-associated receptors in blood monocytes of normal weight and obese humans
Pivovarova‐Ramich, O., Hornemann, S., Weimer, S., Lu, Y., Murahovschi, V., Zhuk, S., Seltmann, A., Malashicheva, A., Kostareva, A. A., Kruse, M., et al. (2015) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2014.11.009 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Combination of acarbose and ezetimibe prevents non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A break of intestinal insulin resistance?
Rudovich, N. N., Weickert, M. O., Machann, J., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2010) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.02.004 · Cited by 16 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Notably, in humans a reduction of the GIP release by reducing glucose uptake with the a-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose reduces liver fat in humans [36].”
High-Fat Diet During Mouse Pregnancy and Lactation Targets GIP-Regulated Metabolic Pathways in Adult Male Offspring
Kruse, M., Keyhani-Nejad, F., Isken, F., Nitz, B., Kretschmer, A., Reischl, E., Gala, T. D. L. H., Osterhoff, M., Grallert, H., & Pfeiffer, A. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-0478 · Cited by 16 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Further downstream, phosphorylation of S6kinase is nonsignificantly reduced, while its target protein S6 again shows significantly reduced phosphorylation [54].”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Improvement of Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Diabetes by Long-Term Administration of a Palatinose-Based Liquid Formula as a Part of Breakfast
Sakuma, M., Arai, H., Mizuno, A., Fukaya, M., Matsuura, M., Sasaki, H., Yamanaka‐Okumura, H., Yamamoto, H., Taketani, Y., Doi, T., et al. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition · doi:10.3164/jcbn.09-08 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, the intake of isomaltulose for 4–20 weeks in controlled diet studies improved insulin sensitivity in humans with metabolic diseases, while sucrose showed no such effect [18,46,47].”
Low vs High Glycemic Index Diet
Brand-Miller, J. C., Astrup, A. V., & Buyken, A. E. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.2078 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In addition to the speed of digestion and absorption of a specific carbohydrate, the kinetics and quantity of insulin secretion, the inhibition of glucagon release, and gastric emptying directly determine postprandial glucose levels [3,4,7,8,11,12].”
JAPANESE PERSPECTIVE ON REDUCTION IN LIFESTYLE DISEASE RISK IN IMMIGRANT JAPANESE BRAZILIANS: A DOUBLE‐BLIND, PLACEBO‐CONTROLLED INTERVENTION STUDY ON PALATINOSE
Yamori, Y., Mori, M., Mori, H., KASHIMURA, J., Sakuma, T., Ishikawa, P., Moriguchi, E. H., & Moriguchi, Y. (2007) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04759.x · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Improvements of insulin sensitivity (homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance; HOMA-IR) were observed in a randomized controlled double-blind prospective study in patients with metabolic syndrome [48].”
Low–Glycemic Index vs High–Cereal Fiber Diet in Type 2 Diabetes
Weickert, M. O. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.483 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

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Sorted by citations

The evolving story of incretins ( <scp>GIP</scp> and <scp>GLP</scp> ‐1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: A pathophysiological update
Nauck, M. A., Quast, D. R., Wefers, J., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2021) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14496 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citation
The carbohydrate-insulin model: A physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic
Ludwig, D. S., Aronne, L. J., Astrup, A., de Cabo, R., Cantley, L. C., Friedman, M. I., Heymsfield, S. B., Johnson, J. D., King, J. C., Krauss, R. M., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab270 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Oral glucose or a high-GI meal rapidly stimulates GIP secretion, produced in the proximate small intestines; conversely, a low-GI meal has a greater effect on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), produced in the distal intestines (36, 37).”
Background
Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations
Livesey, G., Taylor, R., Livesey, H. F., Buyken, A. E., Jenkins, D. J. A., Augustin, L. S. A., Sievenpiper, J. L., Barclay, A. W., Liu, S., Wolever, T. M. S., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061436 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“Further, an overlapping route proposed involves high GI (rapidly absorbed) carbohydrate elevating glucose-induced insulinotropic peptide (GIP) which promotes lipogenesis, fatty liver, insulin resistance and postprandial inflammation [84].”
The Role of Glp-1 Receptor Agonists in Insulin Resistance with Concomitant Obesity Treatment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Bednarz, K., Kowalczyk, K., Cwynar, M., Czapla, D., Czarkowski, W., Kmita, D., Nowak, A., & Madej, P. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084334 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“The GLP-1 does not demonstrate activity when blood glucose levels are normal or in cases of hypoglycaemia [70].”
Background
Starch structure and nutritional functionality – Past revelations and future prospects
Junejo, S. A., Flanagan, B. M., Zhang, B., & Dhital, S. (2021) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118837 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Metabolic effects of the natural sweeteners xylitol and erythritol: A comprehensive review
Wölnerhanssen, B. K., Meyer‐Gerspach, A. C., Beglinger, C., & Islam, M. S. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1623757 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Obesogens: a unifying theory for the global rise in obesity
Heindel, J. J., Lustig, R. H., Howard, S. G., & Corkey, B. E. (2024) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01460-3 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide/Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Obesity/Metabolic Syndrome, Prediabetes/Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease—Current Evidence
Muzurović, E. M., Volčanšek, Š., Zibar, K., Janež, A., Mikhailidis, D. P., Rizzo, M., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/10742484221146371 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“It is also known that GIP mediates the development of fatty liver in response to the consumption of high glycemic index foods.(77) Studies in animal models suggest that GIP promotes the deposition of lipids in the liver, and GIP release/signaling mediates the development of fatty liver in response to high intake of ca…”
Background
The role of dietary sugars in health: molecular composition or just calories?
Prinz, P. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-019-0407-z · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The influence of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) on human adipose tissue and fat metabolism: Implications for obesity, type 2 diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Thondam, S. K., Cuthbertson, D. J., & Wilding, J. P. H. (2020) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170208 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Steatotic Liver Disease: Pathophysiology and Emerging Pharmacotherapies
Kokkorakis, M., Muzurović, E. M., Volčanšek, Š., Chakhtoura, M., Hill, M. A., Mikhailidis, D. P., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2024) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.123.001087 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
S100 proteins in obesity: liaisons dangereuses
Riuzzi, F., Chiappalupi, S., Arcuri, C., Giambanco, I., Sorci, G., & Donato, R. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03257-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Role of ultra-processed food in fat mass index between 6 and 11 years of age: a cohort study
Costa, C. D. S., Assunção, M. C. F., de Mola, C. L., Cardoso, J. D. S., Matijasevich, A., Barros, A. J. D., & Santos, I. S. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa141 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Additionally, GIP acts in the brain, increasing the release of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a hormone responsible for increasing appetite.(45) Additionally, Zinöcker and Lindseth raised the discussion about the role of food processing degree in structural and behavioural changes in the human microbiome, this in turn leading…”
Background
Gut microbes-muscle axis in muscle function and meat quality
He, Y., Hu, H., Liang, X., Liang, J., Li, F., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-024-2885-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz polysaccharide improves glycolipid metabolism disorders through activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor by gut flora-produced tryptophan metabolites
He, Z., Guo, J.-Y., Zhang, H., Yu, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Li, T., Yan, M., Li, B., Chen, Y., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126987 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Impact of Dietary Fiber on Inflammation in Humans
Kabisch, S., Hajir, J., Sukhobaevskaia, V., Weickert, M. O., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26052000 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In rodents, inhibiting of GIP signaling prevents obesity and NAFLD [277,278,280–282].”
Self-citation
A Plant-Based Meal Stimulates Incretin and Insulin Secretion More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Standard Meal in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study
Kahleová, H., Tura, A., Klementová, M., Thieme, L., Haluzı́k, M., Pavlovičová, R., Hill, M., & Pelikánová, T. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030486 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“It has been shown that GIP secretion may also reflect the quality of carbohydrates [30], which may have influenced the findings.”
Result
Microbial changes from bariatric surgery alters glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and prevents fatty liver disease
Dong, T. S., Katzka, W. R., Yang, J. C., Chang, C., Arias-Jayo, N., Lagishetty, V., Balioukova, A., Chen, Y., Dutson, E., Li, Z., et al. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2167170 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Perspectives on evaluating health effects of starch: Beyond postprandial glycemic response
Kong, H., Yu, L., Li, C., Ban, X., Gu, Z., Liu, L., & Li, Z. (2022) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119621 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The role of cereal soluble fiber in the beneficial modulation of glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones
Kabisch, S., Weickert, M. O., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2141190 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Especially in scenarios with elevated energy intake this may lead to an increase of inflammatory processes, ectopic lipid storage (liver fat and visceral fat) and insulin resistance (Keyhani-Nejad et al. 2015; Gögebakan et al. 2015; Pfeiffer and Keyhani-Nejad 2018; Keyhani-Nejad et al. 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cordyceps polysaccharide improves polycystic ovary syndrome by inhibiting gut-derived LPS/TLR4 pathway to attenuates insulin resistance
Zhang, H., He, Z., Chen, Y., Chao, J., Cheng, X., Mao, J., Chen, Y., Li, B., Yu, J., Yan, M., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135844 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Whey protein supplementation improves postprandial glycemia in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Chiang, S.-W., Liu, H.-W., Loh, E.-W., Tam, K.-W., Wang, J.-Y., Huang, W.-L., & Kuan, Y.-C. (2022) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2022.04.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effect of Oral Nutritional Supplements with Sucromalt and Isomaltulose versus Standard Formula on Glycaemic Index, Entero-Insular Axis Peptides and Subjective Appetite in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised Cross-Over Study
Angarita, L., Bermúdez, V., Aparicio, D., Céspedes, V., Contreras, M. C. E., Durán‐Agüero, S., Cisternas, S., Costa, J. D. A., Rojas-Gómez, D. M., Reyna, N., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11071477 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“On the other hand, LGI carbohydrate consumption would induce a lower GIP release and a higher release of GLP-1 [32], promoting a better metabolic markers profile in both healthy and type DM2 individuals [18].”
BackgroundInfluential
Enhanced GIP Secretion in Obesity Is Associated with Biochemical Alteration and miRNA Contribution to the Development of Liver Steatosis
Góralska, J., Raźny, U., Polus, A., Dziewońska, A., Gruca, A., Zdzienicka, A., Dembinska-Kiec, A., Solnica, B., Micek, A., Kapusta, M., et al. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020476 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Several nutritional factors, including meal size, diet composition, glycemic index, or type of fat, can affect GIP secretion [2,3].”
Background
Associations among tourist camp management, high and low tourist seasons, and welfare factors in female Asian elephants in Thailand
Norkaew, T., Brown, J. L., Thitaram, C., Bansiddhi, P., Somgird, C., Punyapornwithaya, V., Punturee, K., Vongchan, P., Somboon, N., & Khonmee, J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218579 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The Roles of Incretin Hormones GIP and GLP-1 in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health: A Comprehensive Review
Yamanouchi, D. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27010027 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This function has fueled a long-standing debate about whether GIP may have a potentially “obesogenic” role by promoting fat deposition [34,35].”
Insulin sensitivity and beta cell function after duodenal mucosal resurfacing: an open-label, mechanistic, pilot study
Busch, C. B. E., Meiring, S., van Baar, A. C. G., Gastaldelli, A., DeFronzo, R. A., Mingrone, G., Hagen, M., White, K., Rajagopalan, H., Nieuwdorp, M., et al. (2024) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2024.01.031 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Determining the glycaemic responses of foods: conventional and emerging approaches
Priyadarshini, S., Moses, J. A., & Anandharamakrishnan, C. (2021) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422421000020 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Changes in Weight and Substrate Oxidation in Overweight Adults Following Isomaltulose Intake During a 12-Week Weight Loss Intervention: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial
Lightowler, H. J., Schweitzer, L., Theis, S., & Henry, C. J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102367 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“These have crucial effects on insulin secretion and action, and thus, over the long-term, also on insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance [48,49].”
Background
Deep Dive Into the Effects of Food Processing on Limiting Starch Digestibility and Lowering the Glycemic Response
Lavau, G. C., Goux, A., Atkinson, F. S., Meynier, A., & Vinoy, S. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020381 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In addition to measuring glycemic parameters (GI, AUCi, and Cmax), plasma insulin was also measured to better understand how ingestion of these products modified physiological factors [22,29,36].”
Background
Co-ingestion of NUTRALYS® pea protein and a high-carbohydrate beverage influences the glycaemic, insulinaemic, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses: preliminary results of a randomised controlled trial
Thondre, P. S., Achebe, I., Sampson, A., Maher, T., Guérin‐Deremaux, L., Lefranc‐Millot, C., Ahlström, E., & Lightowler, H. J. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02481-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Endogenously released GIP reduces and GLP-1 increases hepatic insulin extraction
Keyhani‐Nejad, F., Barbosa-Yañez, R. L., Kemper, M., Schüler, R., Pivovarova‐Ramich, O., Rudovich, N. N., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2019) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170231 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals dysregulated cellular programmes in the inflamed epithelium of Crohn's disease patients.Preprint
Krzak, M., Alegbe, T., Taylor, D., Ghouraba, M., Strickland, M., Satti, R., Thompson, T., Arestang, K., Przybilla, M., Ramirez-Navarro, L., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.09.06.23295056 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In another tissue, human adipocytes, increased GIP has been reported to result in increased expression of inflammatory-associated proteins such as IL-6, IL-1β and CCL2 (Pfeiffer and Keyhani-Nejad 2018) suggesting that the increased presence of this factor in disease may have an impact on inflammation.”
Background
Adipose Tissue: A Novel Target of the Incretin Axis? A Paradigm Shift in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance
De Fano, M., Malara, M., Vermigli, C., & Murdolo, G. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25168650 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In this regard, it has been shown that acarbose, an α -glucosidase inhibitor, lowers GIP release and delays the absorption of glucose, which results in a decrease in the amount of fat in the liver [52,53].”
Background
Childhood Obesity at the Crossroads of Science and Social Justice
Ludwig, D. S., & Holst, J. J. (2023) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2023.7592 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Selenium, fibre, and protein enrichment of rice product: extrusion variables and product properties
Tangjaidee, P., Xiang, J., Yin, H., Wen, X., & Quek, S. Y. (2019) · Food Quality and Safety · doi:10.1093/fqsafe/fyy028 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Exploring the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitory potential of probiotic-fermented milk: An in vitro and in silico comprehensive investigation into peptides from milk of different farm animals
Mudgil, P., Gan, C., Yap, P., Redha, A. A., Alsaadi, R. H. S., Mohteshamuddin, K., Aguilar-Toalá, J. E., Limón, A. M. V., Liceaga, A. M., & Maqsood, S. (2024) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2024-25108 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Incorporation of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) seed powder into fresh rice noodles with tapioca starch improves postprandial glycemia, insulinemia and satiety in healthy human volunteers
Yang, D., Lew, H. L., Mak, Y. Y., Ou, S. J. L., Lim, J. A., Lu, Y., Seah, C. L. Y., Tan, M. Q., Huang, D., Tai, E. S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2022.105382 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gut-muscle axis improves meat quality by regulating energy metabolism
Liu, H., He, L., Ma, N., Tan, P., Tang, Q., Cai, K., Men, Z., Lu, Y., Hu, D., Zhao, J., et al. (2026) · Meat Science · doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2026.110050 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
In vitro digestibility and predicted glycemic index of commonly consumed some Turkish traditional foods
KÖSEOĞLU, S. Z. A., & Taşci, S. Ç. (2021) · Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1590/fst.09421 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…pancreatic beta cells to induce insulin dysfunction due to irregular and intense release of insulin in these cells; impaired rhythm of insulin secretion and in peripheral cells; loss of insulin receptors can cause resistance to insulin (Pfeiffer & Keyhani-Nejad, 2018; Pereira et al., 2004).”
The Impact of Gastrointestinal Hormones on Human Adipose Tissue Function
Radziszewska, M., Ostrowska, L., & Smarkusz-Zarzecka, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16193245 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Although fats and proteins also stimulate GIP release, they do not trigger insulin secretion [30,31].”
Background
Digestibility of Starches for Human Health
Copeland, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0622-2_10 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Slow Digestible Starch in Native Pea Starch ( Pisum sativum L.) Lowers Glycemic Response with No Adverse Effects on Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Healthy Adults
Perreau, C., Desailly, F., Grard, S., Thondre, P. S., Ahlstrom, L., Tammam, J., & Wils, D. (2023) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2023.0085 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“5,6 In 1992, Englyst proposed a new carbohydrate classiﬁ-cation according to their in vitro digestibility.”
Molecular cloning, tissue distribution and functional characterization of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) gene in Ctenopharyngodon idella
Yang, G., Liang, X., Qin, C., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Lu, R., Yan, X., Meng, X., & Nie, G. (2021) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737682 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Implication of sugar, protein and incretins in excessive glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes after mixed meals
Zhang, J., Schaefer, S. M., Kabisch, S., Csanalosi, M., Schuppelius, B., Kemper, M., Markova, M., Meyer, N. M. T., Pivovarova‐Ramich, O., Keyhani‐Nejad, F., et al. (2023) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Lack of Evidence for a Causal Role of Hyperinsulinemia in the Progression of Obesity in Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study
Halloun, R., Galderisi, A., Caprio, S., & Weiss, R. (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-2210 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Extending the Overnight Fast: Sex Differences in Acute Metabolic Responses to Breakfast
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Authors: Pfeiffer, A. F. H., & Keyhani-Nejad, F.
Affiliations: German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
Corresponding author: Pfeiffer, Andreas F.H.
ORCID: Pfeiffer, Andreas F.H.
Venue: Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-05
Volume: 29
Issue: 5
Pages: 289-299
ISSN: 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.003
OpenAlex: W2795231384
Cited by: 74
References: 65
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 1.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 115 d)
Locations: Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords: glycemic index, isomaltulose, glucagon-like peptide-1, GIP receptor, K cells, sucrose, lipogenesis, hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, postprandial inflammation, fat oxidation, energy allocation, epigenetic programming, carbohydrate metabolism
MeSH terms: Animals, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin, Muscle, Skeletal, Postprandial Period, Glycemic Index, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Incretins

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High glycemic index metabolic damage – a pivotal role of GIP and GLP-1

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