Thyroid refractoriness in an athyreotic cretin fed soybean formula

Pinchera, Aldo; MacGillivray, Margaret H.; Crawford, John D.; Freeman, Allan G.

doi:10.1056/nejm196507082730205

Cited by 90Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsCeliac Disease Research and ManagementThyroid and Parathyroid Surgery

Thyroid refractoriness in an athyreotic cretin fed soybean formula

Pinchera, Aldo, MacGillivray, Margaret H., Crawford, John D., Freeman, Allan G.·1965·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejm196507082730205

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

GOITER and hypothyroidism have occasionally been reported in infants fed soybean diets.1 2 3 4 5 in these patients both goiter and hypothyroidism have disappeared when soybean was eliminated. Since 1959 a widely used commercial brand of soybean has been supplemented with iodide,6 and to our knowledge no further cases of soybean-induced goiters have been observed.The athyreotic cretin described below showed persistent hypothyroidism while being fed a soy formula, in spite of receiving large doses of desiccated thyroid. Since laboratory animals on soy diet acquire goiter associated with fecal wastage of thyroxine7 8 9 we proposed that refractoriness of this infant to exogenous thyroid might . . .

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejm196507082730205

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Soy protein and soy isoflavones possibly interact with LT4 treatment, although clinical significance remains uncertain.
“Soy protein and soy isoflavones possibly interact with LT4 treatment, although the clinical significance remains uncertain at present (57, 58).”
From ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

Simultaneous Estimation of Rates of Thyroxine Degradation and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis1
Ingbar, S. H., & Freinkel, N. (1955) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci103136 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
BUTANOL-EXTRACTABLE IODINE OF SERUM 1
Man, E. B., Kydd, D. M., & Peters, J. P. (1951) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci102469 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Occurrence of Goiter in an Infant on a Soy Diet
Hydovitz, J. D. (1960) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196002182620707 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF A SOYBEAN PRODUCT ON THYROID FUNCTION IN HUMANS
Wyk, J. J. V., Arnold, M. B., Wynn, J. O., & Pepper, F. D. (1959) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.24.5.752 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Soybean Goiter
Shepard, T. H., Pyne, G. E., Kirschvink, J. F., & McLean, M. (1960) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm196006022622201 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM WITH GOITRE ABSENCE OF AN IODIDE-CONCENTRATING MECHANISM
Stanbury, J. B., & Chapman, E. (1960) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(60)91042-4 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Production of Goiter in Rats with Raw and with Treated Soy Bean Flour
Sharpless, G. R., Pearsons, J., & Prato, G. S. (1939) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/17.6.545 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
THYROXINE EXCRETION, A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF GOITER
Middlesworth, L. V. (1957) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-61-5-570 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Soybean-Induced Goiter
RIPP, J. A. (1961) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1961.02080010108017 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
SOY FLOUR AND FECAL THYROXINE LOSS IN RATS
Beck, R. (1958) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-62-5-587 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
THYROXINE METABOLISM IN UNTREATED AND TREATED PANCREATIC STEATORRHEA*
Hiss, J. M., & Dowling, J. T. (1962) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci104578 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
La fixation des hormones thyroidiennes par Escherichia coli et son mécanisme
Salvatore, G., Covelli, I., & Roche, J. B. (1963) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/0016-6480(63)90042-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Letters to the Editor
Anderson, D. W., & Howard, H. W. (1959) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.24.5.854a · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Feeding of Soybean Product and Development of Goiter
Shepard, T. H. (1959) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.24.5.854 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Soy and Health Update: Evaluation of the Clinical and Epidemiologic Literature
Messina, M. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8120754 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Health Effects of Soy Protein and Isoflavones in Humans
Xiao, C. W. (2008) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/138.6.1244s · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Goitrogenic and estrogenic activity of soy isoflavones.
Doerge, D. R., & Sheehan, D. M. (2002) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.02110s3349 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Anti-Thyroid Isoflavones from Soybean
Divi, R. L., Chang, H. C.-W., & Doerge, D. R. (1997) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0006-2952(97)00301-8 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Soy Isoflavones: a Safety Review
Munro, I. C., Harwood, M., Hlywka, J. J., Stephen, A. M., Doull, J., Flamm, W. G., & Adlercreutz, H. (2003) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1301/nr.2003.janr.1-33 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: A review of the relevant literature
Messina, M., & Redmond, G. (2006) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.249 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
A review of the pharmacokinetics of levothyroxine for the treatment of hypothyroidism
Colucci, P., Yue, C. S., Ducharme, M., Benvenga, S., Principal Scientist, L. A. C. I., Principal Scientist, L. A. C. I. A. P. C., President and CEO, L. A. C. I., & Professor of Medicine, D. (2010) · European Endocrinology · doi:10.17925/ee.2013.09.01.40 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Gastrointestinal malabsorption of thyroxine
Virili, C., Antonelli, A., Santaguida, M. G., Benvenga, S., & Centanni, M. (2019) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00168 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Dietary Genistein Inactivates Rat Thyroid Peroxidase in Vivo without an Apparent Hypothyroid Effect
Chang, H. C.-W., & Doerge, D. R. (2000) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1006/taap.2000.9019 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Hypothyroidism in the Elderly*
ROBUSCHI, G., Safran, M., Braverman, L. E., GNUDI, A., & Roti, E. (1987) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-8-2-142 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Gastrointestinal Absorption of Levothyroxine: A Review
Skelin, M., Lucijanić, T., Amidžić Klarić, D., Rešić, A., Bakula, M., Liberati-Čizmek, A.-M., Gharib, H., & Rahelić, D. (2017) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.005 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Inactivation of thyroid peroxidase by soy isoflavones, in vitro and in vivo
Doerge, D. R., & Chang, H. C. (2002) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00214-3 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Evidence for a clinically important adverse effect of fiber-enriched diet on the bioavailability of levothyroxine in adult hypothyroid patients.
Liel, Y., Harman-Boehm, I., & Shany, S. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.2.8636317 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Use Of Soy Protein Supplement And Resultant Need For Increased Dose Of Levothyroxine
Bell, D. S. H., & Montanya, E. (2001) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.7.3.193 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Insights Gained from 20 Years of Soy Research ,
Messina, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.124107 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
The Use and Misuse of Thyroid Hormone*
Roti, E., Minelli, R., Gardini, E., & Braverman, L. E. (1993) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-14-4-401 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Soy formula complicates management of congenital hypothyroidism
Conrad, S. (2004) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.2002.009365 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone and the gut
Hays, M. T. (1988) · Endocrine Research · doi:10.3109/07435808809032986 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans: a comprehensive safety evaluation
Hüser, S., Guth, S., Joost, H., Soukup, S. T., Köhrle, J., Kreienbrock, L., Diel, P. R., Lachenmeier, D. W., Eisenbrand, G., Vollmer, G., et al. (2018) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-018-2279-8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
<scp>l</scp>-Thyroxine Requirement in Patients with Autoimmune Hypothyroidism and Parietal Cell Antibodies
Checchi, S., Montanaro, A., Pasqui, L., Ciuoli, C., De Palo, V., Chiappetta, M. C., & Pacini, F. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2007-1544 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Levothyroxine interactions with food and dietary supplements – a systematic review
Wiesner, A., Gajewska, D., & Paśko, P. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14030206 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“• low level of evidence: most studies are single case reports, case series, cohort studies (mainly retrospective), clinical studies without control groups (see Figure 1 and Table 2); • small number of patients in experimental studies: ≤10 participants [36,50,59,61,62,64, 75,79,80,85,87,98]; • presence of older studies…”
Background
Neither soyfoods nor isoflavones warrant classification as endocrine disruptors: a technical review of the observational and clinical data
Messina, M. J., Mejía, S. B., Cassidy, A., Duncan, A. M., Kurzer, M. S., Nagato, C., Ronis, M. J. J., Rowland, I. R., Sievenpiper, J. L., & Barnes, S. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1895054 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The health effects of soy: A reference guide for health professionals
Messina, M. J., Duncan, A. M., Messina, V., Lynch, H. M., Kiel, J., & Erdman, J. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.970364 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Genistein and other soya isoflavones are potent ligands for transthyretin in serum and cerebrospinal fluid
Radović, B., Mentrup, B., & Köhrle, J. (2006) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20061779 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Genistein Aglycone Does Not Affect Thyroid Function: Results from a Three-Year, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Bitto, A., Polito, F., Atteritano, M., Altavilla, D., Mazzaferro, S., Marini, H. R., Adamo, E. B., D’Anna, R., Granese, R., Corrado, F., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2779 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Isoflavone Supplements Do Not Affect Thyroid Function in Iodine-Replete Postmenopausal Women
Bruce, B., Messina, M. J., & Spiller, G. A. (2003) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/109662003772519859 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Hydrolysis of iodothyronine conjugates by intestinal bacteria
Hazenberg (1988) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02709.x-i1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Isoflavones as phytoestrogens in food supplements and dietary foods for special medical purposes
Eisenbrand, G. (2007) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.200700217 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Anti-nutrient factors affecting mineral utilization
Davies, N. T. (1979) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19790016 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Seasonal Variation of Serum Thyrotropin Concentration and Thyrotropin Response to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone in Patients with Primary Hypothyroidism on Constant Replacement Dosage of Thyroxine*
Konno, N., & MORIKAWA, K. (1982) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-54-6-1118 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Levothyroxine therapy in gastric malabsorptive disorders
Virili, C., Brusca, N., Capriello, S., & Centanni, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.621616 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Factors affecting the determination of the serum protein-bound iodine
Davis, P. J. (1966) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(66)90205-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Rat Enterohepatic Circulation and Intestinal Distribution of Enterally Infused Thyroid Hormones*
DiStefano, J. J., Sternlicht, M. D., & Harris, D. R. (1988) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-123-5-2526 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: TGAb, TPOAb, TRAb and recovery from hypothyroidism
Takasu, N., & Noh, J. Y. (2008) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1586/1744666x.4.2.221 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Some aspects of the absorption and concentration of iodide by the alimentary tract in man
Alexander, W. D., Harden, R. M., Harrison, M. T., & Shimmins, J. G. (1967) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19670013 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The interpretation of the serum protein-bound iodine: A review
Acland, J. D. (1971) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jcp.24.3.187 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Unawareness of the Effects of Soy Intake on the Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism
Fruzza, A. G., Demeterco‐Berggren, C., & Jones, K. L. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3350 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Effects of the Environment, Chemicals and Drugs on Thyroid Function
Sarne, D. (2016) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
ETA guidelines for the use of levothyroxine sodium preparations in monotherapy to optimize the treatment of hypothyroidism
Centanni, M., Duntas, L., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Koehrle, J., Peeters, R. P., Razvi, S., Trimboli, P., & Virili, C. (2025) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-25-0123 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Soy protein and soy iso ﬂ avones possibly interact with LT4 treatment, although the clinical signi ﬁ cance remains uncertain at present (57, 58).”
Pharmacokinetics and comparative bioavailability of a levothyroxine sodium oral solution and soft capsule
Tanguay, M., Girard, J., Scarsi, C., Mautone, G., & Larouche, R. (2019) · Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development · doi:10.1002/cpdd.608 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Soy and other legumes: ‘Bean’ around a long time but are they the ‘superfoods’ of the millennium and what are the safety issues for their constituent phytoestrogens?
Setchell, K. D. R., & Radd‐Vagenas, S. (2000) · Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1046/j.1440-6047.2000.009ss13.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Impact of Environmental Endocrine Disruptors on Sexual Differentiation in Birds and Mammals
Ottinger, M. A., & Saal, F. S. V. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50070-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Medications and Food Interfering with the Bioavailability of Levothyroxine: A Systematic Review
Liu, H., Lu, M., Hu, J., Fu, G., Feng, Q., Sun, S., & Chen, C. (2023) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s414460 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Dietary Soy Protein Isolate and Isoflavones Modulate Hepatic Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Rats
Xiao, C. W., L’Abbé, M. R., Gilani, G. S., Cooke, G. M., Curran, I. H., & Papademetriou, S. A. (2004) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.4.743 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Further Purification and Mode of Action of a Goitrogenic Material from Soybean Flour
Konijn, A. M., Gershon, B., & Guggenheim, K. Y. (1973) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/103.3.378 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Transient Elevation of Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentration After Initiation of Replacement Therapy in Myxedema
BROWN, M. E., & Refetoff, S. (1980) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-92-4-491 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Separation of a thyroid‐active fraction from unheated soya bean flour
Konijn, A. M., Edelstein, S., & Guggenheim, K. Y. (1972) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740230502 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Iodine
Hemken, R. W. (1970) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(70)86357-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Clinical Effects of Phytoestrogens
Tsourounis, C. (2001) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00003081-200112000-00021 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Natural toxicants in selected leguminous seeds with special reference to their metabolism and behaviour on cooking and processing
Stein, M. (1976) · Plant Foods for Human Nutrition · doi:10.1007/bf01268205 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Synergistic Effects of High‐dose Soybean Intake with Iodine Deficiency, but Not Sulfadimethoxine or Phenobarbital, on Rat Thyroid Proliferation
Ikeda, T., Nishikawa, A., Son, H., Nakamura, H., Miyauchi, M., Imazawa, T., Kimura, S., & Hirose, M. (2001) · Japanese Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01107.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Food and Levothyroxine Administration in Infants and Children
Zeitler, P. S., & Solberg, P. F. C. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.025 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Functional soy products
Xiao, C. W. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9780857092557.3.534 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Iodine balance in man
Harrison, M. T. (1968) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.44.507.69 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Guidelines for the Treatment of Myxedema
Green, W. L. (1968) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)32935-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
An Overview on Different L-Thyroxine (l-T4) Formulations and Factors Potentially Influencing the Treatment of Congenital Hypothyroidism During the First 3 Years of Life
Stagi, S., Municchi, G., Ferrari, M., & Wasniewska, M. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.859487 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Therapy
Refetoff, S. (1975) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31964-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Metabolic Engineering of Isoflavone Biosynthesis in Seeds
Zhang, J., & Yu, O. S. (2009) · Agronomy monograph/Agronomy · doi:10.2134/agronmonogr51.c7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Seeking optimization of LT4 treatment in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Stramazzo, I., Capriello, S., Antonelli, A., Fallahi, P., Centanni, M., & Virili, C. (2022) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-022-00376-9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Drug induced hypothyroidism
Vagenakis, A. G., & Braverman, L. E. (1976) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics Part C Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0362-5486(76)80011-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pronounced Synergistic Promotion of N-Bis(2-hydroxypropyl)Nitrosamine-Initiated Thyroid Tumorigenesis in Rats Treated with Excess Soybean and Iodine-Deficient Diets
Nishikawa, A., Ikeda, T., Son, H., Okazaki, K., Imazawa, T., Umemura, T., Kimura, S., & Hirose, M. (2005) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfi206 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Soy-based Infant Formula
Hauora, M. (1998) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Case report: Goiter and overt hypothyroidism in an iodine-deficient toddler on soy milk and hypoallergenic diet
Caprio, A. M., Umano, G. R., Luongo, C., Aiello, F. B., Iacono, I. D., Palumbo, S., del Giudice, E. M., & Grandone, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.927726 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Goitrogens in the Environment
Engel, A., & Lamm, S. H. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-352-1_15 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Treatment of the infant with congenital hypothyroidism
Hopwood, N. J. (2002) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1067/mpd.2002.130357 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Hyperthyroidism and steatorrhea in an adolescent
Raffensperger, E. C. (1967) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf02233504 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
In vitro effects of natural phytoestrogens on sodium/iodide symporter mediated thyroid iodide uptake by using a differentiated TSH-dependent cell line
Agretti, P., Marco, G. D., Dimida, A., Ferrarini, E., & Tonacchera, M. (2017) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.029 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
THYROID ACTIVE FACTOR IN HEATED SOYBEAN FRACTIONS
Filisetti, T. M. C. C., & Lajolo, F. M. (1980) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb06515.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Therapeutic Incompatibilities of Legend Drugs with OTE Drugs
Block, L. H., & Lamy, P. P. (1968) · Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1961) · doi:10.1016/s0003-0465(16)30507-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Interference or Noninterference Between Soy and Levothyroxine: That Is the Question. A Narrative Review of Literature
Gatta, E., Maltese, V., Cavadini, M., Anelli, V., Bambini, F., Buoso, C., Facondo, P., Pirola, I., Delbarba, A., & Cappelli, C. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.08.009 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis
Meier, D. A., & Kaplan, M. M. (2002) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-277-7_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Clinical Use of Thyroid Hormones
Rose, E. (1966) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)33132-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dirty Minds: How Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Other Pollutants Affect the Neuroendocrinology of Behavior and Emotions
Patisaul, H. B. (2024) · Masterclass in neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51112-7_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Public Health Implications of Dietary Phytoestrogens
a, R. N., Jefferson, W. N., Padilla‐Banks, E., Bullock, B. C., Delclos, B., Badger, T. M., Ronis, M. J. J., Hakkak, R., Korourian, S., a, O. R., et al. (2002) · AOCS Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781439822197.ch12 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ação da soja sobre a tireóide de ratos: influência do iodo da ração
Filisetti-Cozzi, T. M. C. C. (1985) · doi:10.11606/t.9.1985.tde-29082008-164602
Thyroid hormone metabolism: importance of deiodination, conjugation and side chain modification
Rutgers, M. (1992) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
John McMichael’s multisystem interests
James, D. G., & Sharma, O. P. (1968) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.44.507.71
Thyroid Hormone Treatment for Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: What Drug, How Long, What Dose?
Piantanida, E., Compri, E., Gandolfo, M., Sassi, L., Dionigi, G., Lai, A., Tanda, M. L., & Bartalena, L. (2009) · Current Cancer Therapy Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339409789712717
Lactantes menores alimentados con fórmula de soya: Evaluación de Hormonas Tiroideas
Conde, A., Cárdenas, L. C., Carreño, A., Caruso, E., Bocaranda, M., Guevara, H., & Barbella, S. (2009) · Archivos Venezolanos de Puericultura y Pediatría
Valoración del crecimiento y maduración de los casos de hipotiroidismo congénito detectados por el programa de cribado neonatal en Catalunya (1986 - 1997)
Agulló, A. G. (2007) · Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona)
Basic endocrinological disorders in chronic renal failure Podstawowe zaburzenia endokrynologiczne w przewlekłej niewydolności nerek
Niemczyk, L., & Romejko, K. (2012)
Ernährungsphysiologische Evaluierung von Säuglingsvollnahrungen auf Sojabasis
Brand, K., & Hebel, D. (1986) · Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/bf02021246
Soy Health & Nutrition News About Soy
Duncan, A. M., & Dillingham, B. L. (2006)
Neoplasms of the Thyroid
Bodansky, O. (1975) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-109850-6.50017-0
Genistein aglycone does not affect thyroid function: results from a three-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Granese, R. (2010)
Isoflavones’ Positive and Negative Effects on Humans, Animals, and Plants
Kassem, M. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82906-3_8
Caracterização comparativa de alguns fatores nutricionais e antinutricionais em farinhas de soja e de tempê
Stein, M. A. C. F. (1981) · doi:10.11606/d.11.1981.tde-20220208-002944
Worsening of Congenital Hypothyroidism After Start of Carob-bean Gum Thickened Formula: Is There a Link? A Case Report
Signorino, C., Municchi, G., Ferrari, M., & Stagi, S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology · doi:10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2023.2023-9-12
5. Thyroid Hormones
Brennan, M. D. (1980) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(25)38196-6
The role of nutrition on thyroid health and disease: myths and facts
Ruggeri, R. M., Virili, C., Mocini, E., Campennì, A., Centanni, M., Rotondi, M., Cannavò, S., Croce, L., & Migliaccio, S. (2026) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-026-02852-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Persistent Hypothyroidism in an Infant Receiving a Soy Formula: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Chorazy, P. A., Himelhoch, S. S., Hopwood, N. J., Greger, N. G., & Postellon, D. C. (1995) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.96.1.148 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Case report: Goiter and overt hypothyroidism in an iodine-deficient toddler on soy milk and hypoallergenic diet
Caprio, A. M., Umano, G. R., Luongo, C., Aiello, F. B., Iacono, I. D., Palumbo, S., del Giudice, E. M., & Grandone, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.927726 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Letters to the Editor
Anderson, D. W., & Howard, H. W. (1959) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.24.5.854a · Cited by 5 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF A SOYBEAN PRODUCT ON THYROID FUNCTION IN HUMANS
Wyk, J. J. V., Arnold, M. B., Wynn, J. O., & Pepper, F. D. (1959) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.24.5.752 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Soy Formula andthe Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism
(2004) · AAP Grand Rounds · doi:10.1542/gr.11-6-68-a

Authors: Pinchera, A., MacGillivray, M. H., Crawford, J. D., & Freeman, A. G.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
Elliot Hospital (US)
ORCID: Crawford, John D.
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 1965-07-08
Volume: 273
Issue: 2
Pages: 83-87
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejm196507082730205
OpenAlex: W2095362853
Cited by: 90
References: 14
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 4.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
Keywords: goiter, desiccated thyroid, iodide supplementation
MeSH terms: Congenital Hypothyroidism, Humans, Infant, Infant Nutrition Disorders, Intestinal Absorption, Iodine Isotopes, Malabsorption Syndromes, Metabolism, Glycine max, Thyroid Function Tests, Thyroid Hormones, Thyroxine

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Thyroid refractoriness in an athyreotic cretin fed soybean formula

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks