The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Androgens and the Evolution of Male-Gender Identity among Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-Reductase Deficiency
Abstract
To determine the contribution of androgens to the formation of male-gender identity, we studied male pseudohermaphrodites who had decreased dihydrotestosterone production due to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency. These subjects were born with female-appearing external genitalia and were raised as girls. They have plasma testosterone levels in the high normal range, show an excellent response to testosterone and are unique models for evaluating the effect of testosterone, as compared with a female upbringing, in determining gender identity. Eighteen of 38 affected subjects were unambiguously raised as girls, yet during or after puberty, 17 of 18 changed to a male-gender identity and 16 of 18 to a male-gender role. Thus, exposure of the brain to normal levels of testosterone in utero, neonatally and at puberty appears to contribute substantially to the formation of male-gender identity. These subjects demonstrate that in the absence of sociocultural factors that could interrupt the natural sequence of events, the effect of testosterone predominates, over-riding the effect of rearing as girls.
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Cites
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Steroid 5α-Reductase Deficiency in Man: An Inherited Form of Male Pseudohermaphroditism
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Male pseudohermaphroditism due to steroid 5α-reductase deficiency
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Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance
Handelsman, D. J., Hirschberg, A. L., & Bermon, S. (2018) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2018-00020 · Cited by 594
Guillette Jr., L. J., Pickford, D. B., Crain, D. A., Rooney, A. A., & Percival, H. F. (1996) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1006/gcen.1996.0005 · Cited by 398
Steroid 5α-Reductase 2 Deficiency*
WILSON, J. D., GRIFFIN, J. E., & RUSSELL, D. W. (1993) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-14-5-577 · Cited by 346
Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality.
Ellis, L., & Ames, M. A. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.101.2.233 · Cited by 305
HUNTER, S. K., S. ANGADI, S., BHARGAVA, A., HARPER, J., HIRSCHBERG, A. L., D. LEVINE, B., L. MOREAU, K., J. NOKOFF, N., STACHENFELD, N. S., & BERMON, S. (2023) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000003300 · Cited by 241
Metadata
- Authors
- Imperato-McGinley, J., Peterson, R. E., Gautier, T., & Sturla, E.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1979-05-31
- Volume
- 300
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 1233-1237
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2325553783
- Cited by
- 445
- References
- 26
- FWCI
- 8.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Androgens and the Evolution of Male-Gender Identity among Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-Reductase Deficiency. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1056/nejm197905313002201
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- Imperato-McGinley, J., Peterson, R. E., Gautier, T., & Sturla, E. (1979). Androgens and the Evolution of Male-Gender Identity among Male Pseudohermaphrodites with 5α-Reductase Deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm197905313002201
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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