Cited by 482Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer StudiesSkin Protection and AgingHead and Neck Cancer Studies

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A Clinical Trial of Beta Carotene to Prevent Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Cancers of the Skin

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Greenberg, E. Robert, Baron, John A., Stukel, Thérèse A., Stevens, Marguerite M., Mandel, Jack S., Spencer, Steven K., Elias, Peter M., Lowe, Nicholas, Nierenberg, David W., Bayrd, Garrett, Vance, J. Corwin, Freeman, Daniel H., Clendenning, William E., Kwan, Theodore·1990·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejm199009203231204

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Beta carotene has been associated with a decreased risk of human cancer in many studies employing dietary questionnaires or blood measurements, and it has had protective effects in some animal models of carcinogenesis. METHODS: We tested the possible cancer-preventing effects of beta carotene by randomly assigning 1805 patients who had had a recent nonmelanoma skin cancer to receive either 50 mg of beta carotene or placebo per day and by conducting annual skin examinations to determine the occurrence of new nonmelanoma skin cancer. RESULTS: Adherence to the prescribed treatment was good, and after one year the actively treated group's median plasma beta carotene level (3021 nmol per liter) was much higher than that of the control group (354 nmol per liter). After five years of follow-up, however, there was no difference between the groups in the rate of occurrence of the first new nonmelanoma skin cancer (relative rate, 1.05; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.22). In subgroup analyses, active treatment showed no efficacy either in the patients whose initial plasma beta carotene level was in the lowest quartile or in those who currently smoked. There was also no significant difference between treated and control groups in the mean number of new nonmelanoma skin cancers per patient-year. CONCLUSIONS: In persons with a previous nonmelanoma skin cancer, treatment with beta carotene does not reduce the occurrence of new skin cancers over a five-year period of treatment and observation.

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Authors: Greenberg, E. R., Baron, J. A., Stukel, T. A., Stevens, M. M., Mandel, J. S., Spencer, S. K., Elias, P. M., Lowe, N., Nierenberg, D. W., Bayrd, G., Vance, J. C., Freeman, D. H., Clendenning, W. E., & Kwan, T.
Affiliations: Dartmouth College (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Baron, John A.
Stukel, Thérèse A.
Elias, Peter M.
Lowe, Nicholas
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 1990-09-20
Volume: 323
Issue: 12
Pages: 789-795
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejm199009203231204
OpenAlex: W2313686482
Cited by: 482
References: 35
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 18.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5u01ca032934-10)
National Cancer Institute (CA-32934, CA 23 108, P30CA023108)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Keywords: beta-carotene, non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cancer prevention, chemoprevention, smoking, medication adherence
MeSH terms: Aged, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Carotenoids, Drug Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Patient Compliance, Recurrence, Skin Neoplasms, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, beta Carotene

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A Clinical Trial of Beta Carotene to Prevent Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Cancers of the Skin

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