Cited by 482Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer StudiesSkin Protection and AgingHead and Neck Cancer Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Clinical Trial of Beta Carotene to Prevent Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Cancers of the Skin

Open access

Greenberg, E. Robert, Baron, John A., Stukel, Thérèse A., Stevens, Marguerite M., Mandel, Jack S., Spencer, Steven K., Elias, Peter M., Lowe, Nicholas, Nierenberg, David W., Bayrd, Garrett, Vance, J. Corwin, Freeman, Daniel H., Clendenning, William E., Kwan, Theodore·1990·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejm199009203231204

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Beta carotene has been associated with a decreased risk of human cancer in many studies employing dietary questionnaires or blood measurements, and it has had protective effects in some animal models of carcinogenesis. METHODS: We tested the possible cancer-preventing effects of beta carotene by randomly assigning 1805 patients who had had a recent nonmelanoma skin cancer to receive either 50 mg of beta carotene or placebo per day and by conducting annual skin examinations to determine the occurrence of new nonmelanoma skin cancer. RESULTS: Adherence to the prescribed treatment was good, and after one year the actively treated group's median plasma beta carotene level (3021 nmol per liter) was much higher than that of the control group (354 nmol per liter). After five years of follow-up, however, there was no difference between the groups in the rate of occurrence of the first new nonmelanoma skin cancer (relative rate, 1.05; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.22). In subgroup analyses, active treatment showed no efficacy either in the patients whose initial plasma beta carotene level was in the lowest quartile or in those who currently smoked. There was also no significant difference between treated and control groups in the mean number of new nonmelanoma skin cancers per patient-year. CONCLUSIONS: In persons with a previous nonmelanoma skin cancer, treatment with beta carotene does not reduce the occurrence of new skin cancers over a five-year period of treatment and observation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejm199009203231204

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Analysis of Survival Data
Cox, D. R., & Oakes, D. (2018) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315137438 · Cited by 6,269
Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis.
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Lee, E. T. (1993) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290742 · Cited by 2,851
β-Carotene: an Unusual Type of Lipid Antioxidant
Burton, G. W., & Ingold, K. U. (1984) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.6710156 · Cited by 2,150
Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates?
Peto, R., Doll, R., Buckley, J. D., & Sporn, M. B. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290201a0 · Cited by 1,563
A Review of Epidemiologic Evidence that Carotenoids Reduce the Risk of Cancer
Ziegler, R. G. (1989) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/119.1.116 · Cited by 552
Diet and cancer
Hirayama, T. T. (1979) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635587909513632 · Cited by 547
Serum Beta-Carotene, Vitamins a and E, Selenium, and the Risk of Lung Cancer
Menkes, M., Comstock, G. W., Vuilleumier, J. P., Helsing, K. J., Rider, A. A., & Brookmeyer, R. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198611133152003 · Cited by 537
Dietary vitamin a and human lung cancer
Bjelke, E. (1975) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.2910150405 · Cited by 395
Relation of Serum Vitamins a and E and Carotenoids to the Risk of Cancer
Willett, W. C., Polk, B. F., Underwood, B. A., Stampfer, M. J., Pressel, S., ROSNER, B. A., Taylor, J. O., Schneider, K. A., & Hames, C. G. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198402163100705 · Cited by 356
Diet and Cancer – An Overview
Willett, W. C., & MacMahon, B. (1984) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198403083101006 · Cited by 327

Show all 35 references

Research works printed but not linked: 9

Wald, 1987, Cancer Surv, 6, 635
Shekelle, 1981, Lancet, 2, 1186
Wang, 1985, Chin Med J [Engl], 98, 206
Paganini-Hill, 1987, J Natl Cancer Inst, 79, 443
Stahelin, 1984, J Natl Cancer Inst, 73, 1463
Nomura, 1985, Cancer Res, 45, 2369
Mantel, 1966, Cancer Chemother Rep, 50, 163
SAS Institute Inc. SUGI supplemental library user's guide, version 5 edition. Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute, 1986:437–65.
Scotto J, Fraumeni JF Jr. Skin (other than melanoma). In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF Jr, eds. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1982:996–1011.

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 481

Antioxidant Nutrients: Current Dietary Recommendations and Research Update
McDermott, J. H. (2000) · Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996) · doi:10.1016/s1086-5802(16)31126-3 · Cited by 131
ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: LABORATORY, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL TRIAL DATA
Marchioli, R. (1999) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1006/phrs.1999.0480 · Cited by 130
The variable effect on proliferation of a colon cancer cell line by the citrus fruit flavonoid Naringenin
Frydoonfar, H. R., McGrath, D. R., & Spigelman, A. D. (2003) · Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1046/j.1463-1318.2003.00444.x · Cited by 129
Dietary Lutein/Zeaxanthin Decreases Ultraviolet B-Induced Epidermal Hyperproliferation and Acute Inflammation in Hairless Mice
González, S., Astner, S., An, W., Pathak, M. A., & Goukassian, D. A. (2003) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12355.x · Cited by 127
Plasma xanthophyll carotenoids correlate inversely with indices of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation.
Haegele, A. D., Gillette, C. D., O'Neill, C., Wolfe, P., Heimendinger, J., SEDLACEK, S. M., & Thompson, H. J. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 123
Diet and risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of women
Hunter, D. J., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., ROSNER, B. A., Willett, W. C., & Speizer, F. E. (1992) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(92)90055-u · Cited by 124
UV Light, Beta-carotene and Human Skin—Beneficial and Potentially Harmful Effects
Biesalski, H. K., & Obermueller-Jevic, U. C. (2001) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2313 · Cited by 124
Modulation of UVA light-induced oxidative stress by β-carotene, lutein and astaxanthin in cultured fibroblasts
O'Connor, I., & O'Brien, N. (1998) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/s0923-1811(97)00058-3 · Cited by 123
Trial of retinol and isotretinoin in skin cancer prevention: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Southwest Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group.
Levine, N. S., Moon, T. E., Cartmel, B., Bangert, J. L., Rodney, S. R., Dong, Q., Peng, Y. M., & Alberts, D. S. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 123
Chemoprevention of human skin cancer
Einspahr, J. G., Stratton, S. P., Bowden, G. T., & Alberts, D. S. (2002) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00185-8 · Cited by 122
The role of antioxidants in the Mediterranean diets: focus on cancer
Visioli, F., Grande, S., Bogani, P., & Galli, C. L. (2004) · European Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.1097/01.cej.0000137513.71845.f6 · Cited by 123
“Other clinical trials also failed to demonstrate effects of beta-carotene supplementation on cancer (Greenberg et al., 1990; Hennekens et al., 1996), and a recent meta-analysis even suggested harmful effects of carotenoids supplementation, which has been associated with increased total mortality (Vivekananthan et al.”
Result
Retinoids in biological control and cancer
Fields, A. L., Soprano, D., & Soprano, K. (2007) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.21530 · Cited by 116
Neoplastic and Antineoplastic Effects of -Carotene on Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: Results of a Randomized Trial
Baron, J. A., Cole, B. F., Mott, L. A., Haile, R. W., Grau, M., Church, T. R., Beck, G. J., & Greenberg, E. R. (2003) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/95.10.717 · Cited by 121
Self-citation
COMMENTARY: Nature and nurture: possibilities for cancer control
Doll, R. (1996) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/17.2.177 · Cited by 117
Improving the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Carotenoids by Means of Nanostructured Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Molteni, C., Motta, C. L., & Valoppi, F. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11101931 · Cited by 126
Benefits and Liabilities of Vitamin A and Carotenoids
Olson, J. A. (1996) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/126.suppl_4.1208s · Cited by 118
Organ transplantation and skin cancer: basic problems and new perspectives
Hofbauer, G. F. L., Bavinck, J. N. B., & Euvrard, S. (2010) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01086.x · Cited by 118
The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study in Finland
Blumberg, J. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01430.x · Cited by 114
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Skin Cancer Prevention Study of α-Difluoromethylornithine in Subjects with Previous History of Skin Cancer
Bailey, H. H., Kim, K., Verma, A. K., SIELAFF, K. M., Larson, P. O., Snow, S. N., Lenaghan, T., Viner, J. L., Douglas, J., Dreckschmidt, N. E., et al. (2010) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0096 · Cited by 114
Carotenoids and UV Protection
Sies, H., & Stahl, W. (2004) · Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences · doi:10.1039/b316082c · Cited by 113
Effect of beta‐carotene supplementation on the human sunburn reaction
Garmyn, M., Ribaya‐Mercado, J. D., Russel, R. M., Bhawan, J., & Gilchrest, B. A. (1995) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.1995.tb00231.x · Cited by 113
Risk of another basal cell carcinoma developing after treatment of a basal cell carcinoma
Marghoob, A. A., Kopf, A. W., Bart, R. S., Sanfilippo, L. J., Silverman, M. K., Lee, P., Levy, E., Vossaert, K. A., Yadav, S., & Abadir, M. C. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70003-c · Cited by 113
Dietary Supplements and Cancer Prevention: Balancing Potential Benefits Against Proven Harms
Martı́nez, M. E., Jacobs, E. T., Baron, J. A., Marshall, J. R., & Byers, T. (2012) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djs195 · Cited by 113
“However, human experimental studies have uncovered the following: b-carotene does not prevent non-melanoma skin cancer recurrence (15); b-carotene and a-tocopherol with vitamin C do not protect against adenoma recurrence (16); b-carotene and vitamin A do not protect against COMMENTARY”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Proportional hazards (Cox) regression
Katz, M. H., & Hauck, W. W. (1993) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02598295 · Cited by 108
European research on the functional effects of dietary antioxidants – EUROFEDA
Lindsay, D. G. (2002) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0098-2997(02)00005-5 · Cited by 112
Vegetables, Fruits and Cancer Prevention
Kusamran, W. R., Tanthasri, N., Meesiripan, N., & Tepsuwan, A. (2003) · Journal of Basic and Applied Pharmacology · Cited by 108
Antioxidant Vitamins, Cancer, and Cardiovascular Disease
Greenberg, E. R., & Sporn, M. B. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199605023341810 · Cited by 107
Self-citation
Trends in the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in the SE Netherlands 1975–1988: a registry-based study
Coebergh, J. W. W., Neumann, H. A. M., Vrints, L., van der Heijden, L., MEIJER, W. J., & Mt, V.-T. (1991) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb14171.x · Cited by 106
Do We Utilize Our Knowledge of the Skin Protective Effects of Carotenoids Enough?
Balić, A., & Mokos, M. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8080259 · Cited by 104
Evaluation of the Potential for Olestra To Affect the Availability of Dietary Phytochemicals ,
Cooper, D. A., Webb, D., & Peters, J. C. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.8.1699s · Cited by 103
“In addition, molecules that belong to the same class or have structures similar to those meeting these criteria were in-vention Group 1994, Greenberg et al. 1990 and 1994, Hencluded.”
Background
The nambour skin cancer and actinic eye disease prevention trial: Design and baseline characteristics of participants
Green, A. C., Battistutta, D., Hart, V., Leslie, D., Marks, G. C., Williams, G. M., Gaffney, P. T., Parsons, P. G., Hirst, L. W., Frost, C., et al. (1994) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(94)90008-6 · Cited by 102
Epidemiology of Nonmelanoma skin Cancer
Strom, S. S., & Yamamura, Y. (1997) · Clinics in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0094-1298(20)32286-0 · Cited by 100
Effects of β-Carotene and Other Factors on Outcome of Cervical Dysplasia and Human Papillomavirus Infection
Romney, S. L., Ho, G., Palan, P. R., Basu, J., Kadish, A. S., Klein, S., Mikhail, M. S., Hagan, R. J., Chang, C., & Burk, R. D. (1997) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1006/gyno.1997.4697 · Cited by 99
The state-of-the-art in chemoprevention of skin cancer
Stratton, S. P., Dorr, R. T., & Alberts, D. S. (2000) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00108-8 · Cited by 98
Effect of Supplemented and Topically Applied Antioxidant Substances on Human Tissue
Darvin, M. E., Zastrow, L., Sterry, W., & Lademann, J. M. (2006) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000093979 · Cited by 96
Genus human papillomaviruses and incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of skin: population based case-control study
Karagas, M. R., Waterboer, T., Li, Z., Nelson, H. H., Michael, K. M., Bavinck, J. N. B., Perry, A. E., Spencer, S. K., Daling, J. R., Green, A. C., et al. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2986 · Cited by 96
“Antibodies to human papillomaviruses generally seem to be long lived. In particular, persistence of human papillomavirus antibodies has been shown for high risk types (for example, HPV 16/18); however, limited published data exist on persistence of cutaneous human papillomaviruses. To investigate whether seropositivit…”
MethodSelf-citation
Effects of oral vitamin E and β-carotene supplementation on ultraviolet radiation–induced oxidative stress in human skin
McArdle, F., Rhodes, L. E., Parslew, R., Close, G. L., Jack, C. I. A., Friedmann, P. S., & Jackson, M. J. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1270 · Cited by 94
Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions
Maresso, K. C., Tsai, K. Y., Brown, P. H., Szabo, E. M., Lippman, S. M., & Hawk, E. T. (2015) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21287 · Cited by 92
Vegetarian diet: panacea for modern lifestyle diseases?
Segasothy, M., & Phillips, P. A. (1999) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/92.9.531 · Cited by 89
Dietary Carotenoids and Lung Cancer: A Review of Recent Research
Cooper, D. A., Eldridge, A. L., & Peters, J. C. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1999.tb01794.x · Cited by 90
Oxidants and Antioxidants in Cutaneous Biology
Thiele, J. J., & Elsner, P. U. (2000) · Current problems in dermatology · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-00629-2 · Cited by 90
Conditional Akaike information under generalized linear and proportional hazards mixed models
Donohue, M., Overholser, R., Xu, R., & Vaida, F. (2011) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/asr023 · Cited by 88
“…Skin Cancer Prevention Study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of non-melanoma skin cancer prevention in 1805 high-risk subjects randomized to either 50 mg of beta-carotene daily or placebo, for up to five years (Greenberg et al., 1990; Fitzmaurice et al., 2004).”
Background
The effect of the synthetic retinoid etretinate on sputum cytology: results from a randomised trial
Arnold, A., Browman, G. P., Levine, M., D'Souza, T. J., Johnstone, B., Skingley, P., Turner-Smith, L. M., Cayco, R., Booker, L., Newhouse, M., et al. (1992) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1992.156 · Cited by 87
“Compliance was higher than in a recently published chemoprevention study by Greenberg et al. (Greenberg et al., 1990) which tested beta-carotene to try and prevent recurrence of basal-cell and squamous cell cancers of the skin.”
Mediterranean food and health: building human evidence.
Visioli, F., Bogani, P., Grande, S., & Galli, C. L. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 86
Perturbation of EGF-activated MEK1 and PKB signal pathways by TGF-?1 correlates with perturbation of EGF-induced cyclin D1 and DNA synthesis by TGF-?1 in C3H 10T1/2 cells
Yan, S., Krebs, S. J., Leister, K. J., & Wenner, C. E. (2000) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/1097-4652(200010)185:1 · Cited by 11
Basal Cell Carcinoma Chemoprevention with Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Genetically Predisposed PTCH1 +/− Humans and Mice
Tang, J. Y., Aszterbaum, M., Athar, M., Barsanti, F. A., Cappola, C., Estevez, N., Hebert, J. L., Hwang, J., Khaimskiy, Y., Kim, A. L., et al. (2010) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0200 · Cited by 83
Retinoids and chemoprevention: Clinical and basic studies
Lippman, S. M., Heyman, R. A., Kurie, J. M., Benner, S. E., & Hong, W. K. (1995) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.240590802 · Cited by 82
Evidence for a Lack of Reactivity of Carotenoid Addition Radicals towards Oxygen: A Laser Flash Photolysis Study of the Reactions of Carotenoids with Acylperoxyl Radicals in Polar and Non-polar Solvents
El‐Agamey, A., & McGarvey, D. J. (2003) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja027986s · Cited by 79
β-Carotene Interferes with Ultraviolet Light A-Induced Gene Expression by Multiple Pathways
Wertz, K., Hunziker, P. B., Seifert, N., Riss, G., Neeb, M., Steiner, G., Hunziker, W. H., & Góralczyk, R. (2005) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23593.x · Cited by 78
Vitamin A and Carotenoids as Antioxidants in a Physiological Context
Olson, J. A. (1993) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.39.supplement_s57 · Cited by 76
Serological precursors of cancer: malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, and prediagnostic levels of retinol, beta- carotene, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium.
Breslow, R. A., Alberg, A. J., Helzlsouer, K. J., Bush, T. L., Norkus, E. P., Morris, J. S., Spate, V. E., & Comstock, G. W. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 74
Role of Dietary Factors in the Development of Basal Cell Cancer and Squamous Cell Cancer of the Skin
McNaughton, S. A., Marks, G. C., & Green, A. C. (2005) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0026 · Cited by 74
Coming of Age — The Chemoprevention of Cancer
Meyskens, F. L. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199009203231210 · Cited by 74
The failure of cancer chemoprevention
Potter, J. D. (2014) · Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1093/carcin/bgu063 · Cited by 73
Differential Effects of Low-Dose and High-Dose Beta-Carotene Supplementation on the Signs of Photoaging and Type I Procollagen Gene Expression in Human Skin in vivo
Cho, S., Lee, D. H., Won, C. H., Kim, S. M., Lee, S., Lee, M.-J., & Chung, J. H. (2010) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000305548 · Cited by 73
“The diminished thymine dimer expression in the epidermis after low-dose β-carotene intake demonstrates that β-carotene may partially prevent UV-induced DNA damage. However, the mechanism of the antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities of β-carotene is unknown, and at present the clinical data available do not cle…”
Background
Reexamination of a Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation on Mortality and Health in Randomized Trials
Biesalski, H. K., Grune, T., Tinz, J., Zöllner, I., & Blumberg, J. B. (2010) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu2090929 · Cited by 76
“[40] A clinical trial of beta carotene to prevent basal-cell and squamous-cell cancers of the skin.”
Background
Nutritional Interventions and Outcome in Patients With Cancer or Preinvasive Lesions: Systematic Review
Davies, A. A., Smith, G. D., Harbord, R. M., Bekkering, G. E., Sterne, J. A. C., Beynon, R., & Thomas, S. J. (2006) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djj263 · Cited by 73
Interventions for preventing non-melanoma skin cancers in high-risk groups
Bath-Hextall, F. J., Leonardi‐Bee, J., Somchand, N., Webster, A. C., Dellit, J., & Perkins, W. A. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005414.pub2 · Cited by 70
Cutaneous lycopene and β-carotene levels measured by resonance Raman spectroscopy: High reliability and sensitivity to oral lactolycopene deprivation and supplementation
Blume‐Peytavi, U., Rolland, A., Darvin, M. E., Constable, A., Pineau, I., Voit, C. A., Zappel, K., Schäfer-Hesterberg, G., Meinke, M. C., Clavez, R. L., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.04.017 · Cited by 72
Diet and dermatology
Rackett, S. C., Rothe, M., & Grant-Kels, J. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70210-k · Cited by 60
Free radicals in chemical carcinogenesis
Clemens, M. (1991) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01645172 · Cited by 71
Retinoids in Cancer Treatment
Tallman, M. S., & Wiernik, P. H. (1992) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb04633.x · Cited by 71
Optimal nutrition: vitamin A and the carotenoids
Thurnham, D. I., & Northrop‐Clewes, C. A. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665199000592 · Cited by 71
“Likewise, in other high-risk groups supplements of β-carotene did not reduce the recurrence of skin cancer (Greenberg et al. 1990) or colon cancer (Greenberg et al. 1994).”
Background
Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers
Bjelaković, G., Nikolova, D., Simonetti, R., & Gluud, C. N. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004183.pub2 · Cited by 70
Microbial Carotenoids
Vachali, P. P., Bhosale, P., & Bernstein, P. S. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-918-1_2 · Cited by 69
Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration
Evans, J. R., & Lawrenson, J. G. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000253.pub3 · Cited by 71
Intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of skin cancer
Heinen, M. M., Hughes, M. C., Ibiebele, T. I., Marks, G. C., Green, A. C., & van der Pols, J. C. (2007) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.09.005 · Cited by 68
Natural Products for Cancer Prevention
Greenlee, H. (2012) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2011.11.004 · Cited by 68
“Beta-carotene showed no effect in clinical trials testing its efficacy in skin and colon cancer prevention.(38,39) These findings suggest a cautious approach to translating observational findings to the clinical setting, and reinforce the need for well-conducted clinical trials to demonstrate the benefit or harm of na…”
Apple Phytochemical Extracts Inhibit Proliferation of Estrogen-Dependent and Estrogen-Independent Human Breast Cancer Cells through Cell Cycle Modulation
Sun, J., & Liu, R. H. (2008) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf8021223 · Cited by 68
Beta-carotene supplementation in smokers reduces the frequency of micronuclei in sputum
van Poppel, G., Kok, F. J., & Hermus, R. J. J. (1992) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1992.428 · Cited by 68
“The recently reported lack of effect of P-carotene in trials on cervical dysplasia (de Vet et al., 1991) and second skin cancers (Greenberg et al., 1990) may, apart from site specificity, be explained if P-carotene is primarily effective in earlier stages of carcinogenesis.”
Background
Keratinocyte Carcinomas (Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin)
Karagas, M. R., Weinstock, M. A., & Nelson, H. H. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195149616.003.0064 · Cited by 69
Nutritional Interventions in Cancer Prevention
Taylor, P. R., & Greenwald, P. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2005.06.190 · Cited by 66
Role of Antioxidants in the Prevention of Cancer
Bennett, L. L., Rojas, S., & Seefeldt, T. M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jecm.2012.06.001 · Cited by 64
Serum β-carotene response to supplementation with raw carrots, carrot juice or purified β-carotene in healthy non-smoking women
Törrönen, R., Lehmusaho, M., Häkkinen, S. H., Hänninen, O., & Mykkänen, H. M. (1996) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/0271-5317(96)00035-8 · Cited by 64
Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of mixed carotenes (E 160a (i)) and beta‐carotene (E 160a (ii)) as a food additive
(ANS), E. P. O. F. A. A. N. S. A. T. F. (2012) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2593 · Cited by 64
Simultaneous analysis of individual carotenoids, retinol, retinyl esters, and tocopherols in serum by isocratic non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC
Barua, A. B., Furr, H. C., Janick‐Buckner, D., & Olson, J. A. (1993) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/0308-8146(93)90015-8 · Cited by 63
Vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
Fung, T. T., Spiegelman, D. L., Egan, K. M., Giovannucci, E. L., Hunter, D. J., & Willett, W. C. (2002) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.10798 · Cited by 61
Breast cancer chemoprevention
Costa, A. (1993) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/s0959-8049(05)80158-3 · Cited by 62
Systemic Photoprotection in Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
Hyeraci, M., Papanikolaou, E. S., Grimaldi, M., Ricci, F., Pallotta, S., Monetta, R., Minafò, Y. A., Lella, G. D., Galdo, G., ABENI, D. D., et al. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13071067 · Cited by 75
“Despite this in vitro study, no clinical study has reported on the significant effectiveness of carotene for prevention of NMSCs or MM [89].”
Background
Formation of Risk Beliefs, Joint Production and Willingness to Pay to Avoid Skin Cancer
Dickie, M., & Gerking, S. D. (1996) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/2109792 · Cited by 61
Risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in relation to plasma selenium, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol: a nested case-control study.
Karagas, M. R., Greenberg, E. R., Nierenberg, D. W., Stukel, T. A., Morris, J. S., Stevens, M. M., & Baron, J. A. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Dietary Lutein/Zeaxanthin Partially Reduces Photoaging and Photocarcinogenesis in Chronically UVB-Irradiated Skh-1 Hairless Mice
Astner, S., Wu, A., Chen, J., Philips, N. E., Ríus, F., Parrado, C., Mihm, M. C., Goukassian, D. A., Pathak, M. A., & González, S. (2007) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000107576 · Cited by 59
Diet in dermatology
Murzaku, E. C., Bronsnick, T., & Rao, B. K. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.016 · Cited by 60
Nonmelanoma skin cancer in organ transplant patients
Jemec, G. B. E., & Holm, E. A. (2003) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000044135.92850.75 · Cited by 57
“Extensive studies have also been conducted to examine the chemopreventive effects of beta carotene and selenium without finding any effect (34).”
Background
Diet in dermatology
Bronsnick, T., Murzaku, E. C., & Rao, B. K. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.015 · Cited by 57
Occurrence of Cutaneous Basal Cell and Squamous Cell Malignancies Among Those with a Prior History of Skin Cancer.
Karagas, M. R. (1994) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12386072 · Cited by 57
Development of the Bowman‐Birk inhibitor for oral cancer chemoprevention and analysis of neu immunohistochemical staining intensity with Bowman‐Birk inhibitor concentrate treatment
Armstrong, W. B., Wan, X. S., Kennedy, A. R., Taylor, T. H., & Meyskens, F. L. (2003) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1097/00005537-200310000-00007 · Cited by 57
Interpreting Epidemiologic Studies of Diet-Disease Relationships
Tarasuk, V. S., & Brooker, A. (1997) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.9.1847 · Cited by 58
Natural Products for Cancer Prevention: Clinical Update 2016
Sanders, K., Moran, Z. R., Shi, Z., Paul, R., & Greenlee, H. (2016) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2016.06.001 · Cited by 56
Antioxidant Vitamin Supplements
Maxwell, S. R. J. (1999) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-199921040-00002 · Cited by 56
“[31,32]”
Radical interception by carotenoids and effects on UV carcinogenesis
Black, H. S. (1998) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635589809514705 · Cited by 56
LDL oxidation: therapeutic perspectives
Heller, F., Descamps, O. S., & Hondekijn, J.-C. (1998) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(97)00308-0 · Cited by 56
Vitamin A and Retinoids: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications
Livrea, M. (2000) · Birkhäuser Basel eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-8454-9 · Cited by 56
Do Dietary Supplements Have Beneficial Health Effects in Industrialized Nations
Marik, P. E., & Flemmer, M. C. (2012) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607111416485 · Cited by 57
Lessons Learned from Randomized Clinical Trials of Micronutrient Supplementation for Cancer Prevention
Mayne, S. T., Ferrucci, L. M., & Cartmel, B. (2012) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150659 · Cited by 55
Diurnal and seasonal variation of five carotenoids measured in human serum
Cantilena, L., Stukel, T. A., Greenberg, E. R., Nann, S., & Nierenberg, D. (1992) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/55.3.659 · Cited by 55
Self-citation
Participation of Lycopene and Beta-Carotene in Carcinogenesis: Defenders, Aggressors, or Passive Bystanders?
Arab, L., Steck‐Scott, S., & Bowen, P. E. (2001) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000803 · Cited by 54
Effect of NSAIDs on the recurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancer
Grau, M. V., Baron, J. A., Langholz, B. M., Karagas, M. R., Greenberg, E. R., Stukel, T. A., & Mandel, J. S. (2006) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21878 · Cited by 53
“Randomization to b-carotene supplementation did not confer a significant reduction of risk for NMSC.(27) In the present analysis, we defined risk sets for each study year as the group of all subjects who underwent that year’s follow up dermatological exam without a prior incident NMSC since randomization.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Exercise clinical trials in cancer prevention research: a call to action.
McTiernan, A., Schwartz, R. S., Potter, J. D., & Bowen, D. J. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 53
Diet and Skin Cancer: The Potential Role of Dietary Antioxidants in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Prevention
Katta, R., & Brown, D. N. (2015) · Journal of Skin Cancer · doi:10.1155/2015/893149 · Cited by 56

Authors: Greenberg, E. R., Baron, J. A., Stukel, T. A., Stevens, M. M., Mandel, J. S., Spencer, S. K., Elias, P. M., Lowe, N., Nierenberg, D. W., Bayrd, G., Vance, J. C., Freeman, D. H., Clendenning, W. E., & Kwan, T.
Affiliations: Dartmouth College (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Baron, John A.
Stukel, Thérèse A.
Elias, Peter M.
Lowe, Nicholas
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 1990-09-20
Volume: 323
Issue: 12
Pages: 789-795
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejm199009203231204
OpenAlex: W2313686482
Cited by: 482
References: 35
Citations by year: 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 18.92
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5u01ca032934-10)
National Cancer Institute (CA-32934, CA 23 108, P30CA023108)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Keywords: beta-carotene, non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cancer prevention, chemoprevention, smoking, medication adherence
MeSH terms: Aged, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Carotenoids, Drug Evaluation, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Patient Compliance, Recurrence, Skin Neoplasms, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, beta Carotene

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A Clinical Trial of Beta Carotene to Prevent Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Cancers of the Skin

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks