Cited by 4,737Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressHead and Neck Cancer StudiesLung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers

Open access

The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group·1994·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejm199404143301501

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence indicates that diets high in carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables, as well as high serum levels of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and beta carotene, are associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer. METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled primary-prevention trial to determine whether daily supplementation with alpha-tocopherol, beta carotene, or both would reduce the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers. A total of 29,133 male smokers 50 to 69 years of age from southwestern Finland were randomly assigned to one of four regimens: alpha-tocopherol (50 mg per day) alone, beta carotene (20 mg per day) alone, both alpha-tocopherol and beta carotene, or placebo. Follow-up continued for five to eight years. RESULTS: Among the 876 new cases of lung cancer diagnosed during the trial, no reduction in incidence was observed among the men who received alpha-tocopherol (change in incidence as compared with those who did not, -2 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, -14 to 12 percent). Unexpectedly, we observed a higher incidence of lung cancer among the men who received beta carotene than among those who did not (change in incidence, 18 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 3 to 36 percent). We found no evidence of an interaction between alpha-tocopherol and beta carotene with respect to the incidence of lung cancer. Fewer cases of prostate cancer were diagnosed among those who received alpha-tocopherol than among those who did not. Beta carotene had little or no effect on the incidence of cancer other than lung cancer. Alpha-tocopherol had no apparent effect on total mortality, although more deaths from hemorrhagic stroke were observed among the men who received this supplement than among those who did not. Total mortality was 8 percent higher (95 percent confidence interval, 1 to 16 percent) among the participants who received beta carotene than among those who did not, primarily because there were more deaths from lung cancer and ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: We found no reduction in the incidence of lung cancer among male smokers after five to eight years of dietary supplementation with alpha-tocopherol or beta carotene. In fact, this trial raises the possibility that these supplements may actually have harmful as well as beneficial effects.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejm199404143301501

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data.
Aitkin, M. A., Kalbfleisch, J. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530581 · Cited by 9,875
Statistical Methods in Cancer Research
Breslow, N. E. (1980) · Cited by 7,332
Final Report on the Aspirin Component of the Ongoing Physicians' Health Study
Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198907203210301 · Cited by 2,267
Nutrition Intervention Trials in Linxian, China: Supplementation With Specific Vitamin/Mineral Combinations, Cancer Incidence, and Disease-Specific Mortality in the General Population
Blot, W. J., Li, J., Taylor, P. R., Guo, W., Dawsey, S. M., Wang, G.-Q., Yang, C. S., Zheng, S., Gail, M. H., Li, G.-Y., et al. (1993) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/85.18.1483 · Cited by 1,758
Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates?
Peto, R., Doll, R., Buckley, J. D., & Sporn, M. B. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290201a0 · Cited by 1,563
[Cancer of the lung].
Yódice, A., & CHIARE, F. L. (1954) · PubMed · Cited by 836
A Review of Epidemiologic Evidence that Carotenoids Reduce the Risk of Cancer
Ziegler, R. G. (1989) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/119.1.116 · Cited by 552
Diet and cancer
Hirayama, T. T. (1979) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635587909513632 · Cited by 547
Serum Beta-Carotene, Vitamins a and E, Selenium, and the Risk of Lung Cancer
Menkes, M., Comstock, G. W., Vuilleumier, J. P., Helsing, K. J., Rider, A. A., & Brookmeyer, R. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198611133152003 · Cited by 537
Dietary Carotenes, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E as Protective Antioxidants in Human Cancers
Byers, T., & Perry, G. (1992) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.001035 · Cited by 526

Show all 27 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

National Research Council. Diet, nutrition, and cancer. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1982.
Bostik RM, 1993, Cancer Res, 53, 4230
Gaziano JM, 1990, Circulation, 82, III
Buring JE, 1992, J Myocard Ischemia, 4, 27

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,018

Effect of dietary supplementation with carotenoids on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver, lung, kidney and small intestine of the rat
Jewell, C., & O’Brien, N. M. (1999) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114599000434 · Cited by 146
The association between baseline vitamin E, selenium, and prostate cancer in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study.
Hartman, T. J., Albanes, D., Pietinen, P., Hartman, A. M., Rautalahti, M., Tangrea, J. A., & Taylor, P. R. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 146
Guidelines on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. The American Cancer Society 1996 Advisory Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention
The American Cancer Society 1996 Advisory Committee on Diet, N. (1996) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/canjclin.46.6.325 · Cited by 146
Diet and Cancer
Willett, W. C. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.2.233 · Cited by 146
In-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant effects of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus
Jayakumar, T., Thomas, P. A., Sheu, J., & Geraldine, P. (2011) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.015 · Cited by 145
Effects of Long-Term Daily Low-Dose Supplementation With Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals on Structure and Function of Large Arteries
Zureik, M., Galan, P., Bertrais, S., Mennen, L. I., Czernichow, S., Blacher, J., Ducimetière, P., & Herçberg, S. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000136648.62973.c8 · Cited by 145
Functional foods and their role in cancer prevention and health promotion: a comprehensive review.
Aghajanpour, M., Nazer, M. R., Obeidavi, Z., Akbari, M., Ezati, P., & Kor, N. M. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 145
Cancer Chemoprevention: A Strategic Approach Using Phytochemicals
Mohan Shankar, G., Swetha, M., Keerthana, C. K., Rayginia, T. P., & Anto, R. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.809308 · Cited by 145
Is Low Selenium Status a Risk Factor for Lung Cancer?
Knekt, P., Marniemi, J., Teppo, L., Heliövaara, M., & Aromaa, A. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009574 · Cited by 145
Role of Antioxidants in Health Maintenance
Sardesai, V. M. (1995) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/011542659501000119 · Cited by 145
Dietary carotenoids inhibit neoplastic transformation and modulate gene expression in mouse and human cells
Bertram, J. S., & Bortkiewicz, H. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1327s · Cited by 145
Dietary antioxidants and beneficial effect on oxidatively damaged DNA
Möller, P., & Loft, S. H. (2006) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.001 · Cited by 144
Twenty‐five years of total antioxidant capacity measurement of foods and biological fluids: merits and limitations
Pellegrini, N., Vitaglione, P., Granato, D., & Fogliano, V. (2018) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.9550 · Cited by 144
Cohort study of effect of being overweight and change in weight on risk of coronary heart disease in old age
Harris, T. B., Launer, L. J., Madans, J. H., & Feldman, J. J. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7097.1791 · Cited by 144
Vitamin Supplement Use in a Low-Risk Population of US Male Physicians and Subsequent Cardiovascular Mortality
Muntwyler, J., Hennekens, C. H., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., & Gaziano, J. M. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.13.1472 · Cited by 144
Effects of carotenoids on human immune function
Hughes, D. A. (1999) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665199000932 · Cited by 144
Pollution and respiratory disease: can diet or supplements help? A review
Whyand, T., Hurst, J. R., Beckles, M. A., & Caplin, M. E. (2018) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-018-0785-0 · Cited by 143
Dietary Beta-Carotene, Vitamin C, and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the Western Electric Study
Daviglus, M. L., Dyer, A. R., Persky, V., Chávez, N., Drum, M. L., Goldberg, J., Liu, K., Morris, D. K., Shekelle, R. B., & Stamler, J. (1996) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199609000-00004 · Cited by 143
Daily grape juice consumption reduces oxidative DNA damage and plasma free radical levels in healthy Koreans
Park, Y. K., Park, E., Kim, J., & Kang, M. (2003) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s0027-5107(03)00109-x · Cited by 143
A prospective cohort study on antioxidant and folate intake and male lung cancer risk.
VOORRIPS, L. E., Goldbohm, R. A., Brants, H. A. M., van Poppel, G. A. F. C., STURMANS, F., Hermus, R. J. J., & van den Brandt, P. A. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 143
Bioavailability of a natural isomer mixture compared with synthetic all-trans beta-carotene in human serum
Ben-Amotz, A., & Levy, Y. (1996) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/63.5.729 · Cited by 142
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 influences breast cancer progression via differential retinoic acid signaling
Marcato, P., Dean, C. A., Liu, R., Coyle, K. M., Bydoun, M., Wallace, M., Clements, D. R., Turner, C., Mathenge, E. G., Gujar, S. A., et al. (2014) · Molecular Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.010 · Cited by 142
The role of carotenoids in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease – Current state of knowledge
Kulczyński, B., Gramza‐Michałowska, A., Kobus‐Cisowska, J., & Kmiecik, D. (2017) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.001 · Cited by 142
The Role of Oxidative Stress in Tumorigenesis and Progression
Li, K., Deng, Z., Lei, C., Ding, X., Li, J., & Wang, C. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13050441 · Cited by 142
dl ‐α‐tocopherol induces apoptosis in erythroleukemia, prostate, and breast cancer cells
Sigounas, G., Anagnostou, A. A., & Steiner, M. (1997) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635589709514549 · Cited by 142
Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people
Cortés-Jofré, M., Rueda, J.-R., Lobos, C. A., Eva Madrid, A., & Bonfill, X. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002141.pub3 · Cited by 141
Oxidative Shielding or Oxidative Stress?
Naviaux, R. K. (2012) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.112.192120 · Cited by 141
Expression of β-globin by cancer cells promotes cell survival during blood-borne dissemination
Zheng, Y., Miyamoto, D. T., Wittner, B. S., Sullivan, J. P., Aceto, N., Jordan, N. V., Yu, M., Karabacak, M., Comaills, V., Morris, R. T., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14344 · Cited by 141
Health effects of vitamin and mineral supplements
Zhang, F. F., Barr, S. I., McNulty, H., Li, D., & Blumberg, J. B. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2511 · Cited by 141
ESR study of a biological assay on whole blood: antioxidant efficiency of various vitamins
Stocker, P. (2003) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00008-4 · Cited by 141
Beneficial and adverse effects of chemopreventive agents
Lee, B. M., & Park, K.-K. (2003) · Mutation research. Fundamental and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/s0027-5107(02)00342-1 · Cited by 141
Serum Insulin, Glucose, Indices of Insulin Resistance, and Risk of Prostate Cancer
Albanes, D., Weinstein, S. J., Wright, M. E., Männistö, S., Limburg, P. J., Snyder, K., & Virtamo, J. R. K. (2009) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djp260 · Cited by 141
Antioxidants: an integrative approach
Lachance, P. A., Nakat, Z., & Jeong, W.-S. (2001) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(01)00636-0 · Cited by 140
Toxic phytochemicals and their potential risks for human cancer
Bode, A. M., & Dong, Z. (2015) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0160 · Cited by 140
CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND TRENDS IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Vélez-Montoya, R., Oliver, S. C. N., Olson, J. L., Fine, S. L., Quiroz-Mercado, H., & Mandava, N. (2013) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000000036 · Cited by 141
Lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer
Wilson, K. M., Giovannucci, E. L., & Mucci, L. A. (2012) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.1038/aja.2011.142 · Cited by 140
Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities
Leske, M. C., Chylack, L. T., He, Q., Wu, S.-Y., Schoenfeld, E. R., Friend, J., & Wolfe, J. K. (1998) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(98)95021-7 · Cited by 140
Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators of sarcopenia among older women living in the community
Semba, R. D., Blaum, C. S., Guralnik, J. M., Moncrief, D. T., Ricks, M. O., & Fried, L. P. (2003) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03327377 · Cited by 140
Safety of Antioxidant Vitamins
Meyers, D. G. (1996) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1996.00440090015002 · Cited by 140
The potential role of antioxidant vitamins in preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancers
Herçberg, S., Galan, P., Preziosi, P., Alfarez, M.-J., & Vázquez, C. (1998) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(98)00040-9 · Cited by 140
Pharmacological and Chemical Effects of Cigarette Additives
Rabinoff, M., Caskey, N. H., Rissling, A. J., & Park, C. K. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.078014 · Cited by 140
Vitamin A
Bates, C. J. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91157-x · Cited by 140
Vitamin E and vascular homeostasis: implications for atherosclerosis
Keaney, J. F., Simon, D. I., & Freedman, J. E. (1999) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.13.9.965 · Cited by 140
Vitamin E Succinate Induces Apoptosis in Human Prostate Cancer Cells: Role for Fas in Vitamin E Succinate-Triggered Apoptosis
Israel, K., Yu, W., Sanders, B. G., & Kline, K. A. (2000) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1207/s15327914nc3601_13 · Cited by 140
Postprandial hyperglycemia on vascular endothelial function: mechanisms and consequences
Mah, E., & Bruno, R. S. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.08.002 · Cited by 139
Free Radicals and Their Role in Different Clinical Conditions: An Overview
Mallick, A. R., & Ghosh, A. (2010) · Cited by 139
Challenges in conducting clinical nutrition research
Weaver, C. M., & Miller, J. W. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux026 · Cited by 139
Integrating Complementary Medicine Into Cardiovascular Medicine
Vogel, J. H. K., Bolling, S. F., Costello, R. B., Guarneri, E. M., Krucoff, M. W., Longhurst, J. C., Olshansky, B., Pelletier, K. R., Tracy, C. M., Vogel, R. A., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.031 · Cited by 139
Antioxidants and the bioactivity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide
Tomasian, D. (2000) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00103-6 · Cited by 139
Provitamin A metabolism and functions in mammalian biology
von Lintig, J. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.034629 · Cited by 138
Regulation of antioxidants in cancer
Hecht, F., Zocchi, M., Alimohammadi, F., & Harris, I. S. (2023) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.001 · Cited by 138
Bioactivity of falcarinol and the influenceof processing and storage on its content in carrots (Daucus carota L)
Hansen, S. L., Purup, S., & Christensen, L. P. (2003) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.1442 · Cited by 138
Antioxidant use in nutraceuticals
Cornelli, U. (2009) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.01.010 · Cited by 138
Serological evidence of an association betweenChlamydia pneumoniae infection and lung cancer
Laurila, A. L., Anttila, T., Läärä, E., Bloigu, A. H., Virtamo, J., Albanes, D., Leinonen, M., & Saikku, P. (1997) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970220)74:1 · Cited by 138
Influence of diet and obesity on COPD development and outcomes
Hanson, C., Rutten, E. P. A., Wouters, E. F. �., & Rennard, S. I. (2014) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s50111 · Cited by 137
Antioxidant Therapy in Neurologic Disease
Delanty, N., & Dichter, M. A. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.9.1265 · Cited by 137
The role of oxidative damage in mitochondria during aging: a review
Huang, H. (2004) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/1298 · Cited by 136
Chylomicron β-Carotene and Retinyl Palmitate Responses Are Dramatically Diminished When Men Ingest β-Carotene with Medium-Chain Rather than Long-Chain Triglycerides
Borel, P., Tyssandier, V., Mekki, N., Grolier, P., Rochette, Y., Alexandre-Gouabau, M. C., Lairon, D., & Azaı̈s-Braesco, V. (1998) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/128.8.1361 · Cited by 136
Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
Miller, Y. E. (2005) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2005-0158oe · Cited by 136
Antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E for the prevention and treatment of cancer
Coulter, I. D., Hardy, M. L., Morton, S. C., Hilton, L. G., Tu, W., Valentine, D., & Shekelle, P. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00483.x · Cited by 136
Safety of antioxidant vitamins and beta-carotene
Diplock, A. T. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1510s · Cited by 136
Endpoints in periodontal trials: the need for an evidence‐based research approach
Hujoel, P. P. (2004) · Periodontology 2000 · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.2004.03681.x · Cited by 135
The Oxidative Stress Hypothesis of Congestive Heart Failure
Mak, S. S., & Newton, G. E. (2001) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.120.6.2035 · Cited by 135
Low and high responders to pharmacological doses of β-carotene: proportion in the population, mechanisms involved and consequences on β-carotene metabolism
Borel, P., Grolier, P., Mekki, N., Boirie‌, Y., Rochette, Y., Roy, B. L., Alexandre-Gouabau, M. C., Lairon, D., & Azaı̈s-Braesco, V. (1998) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32480-9 · Cited by 135
Antioxidant Induces DNA Damage, Cell Death and Mutagenicity in Human Lung and Skin Normal Cells
Lu, L. Y., Ou, N., & Lu, Q. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep03169 · Cited by 134
Carotenoids inhibit proliferation and regulate expression of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in K562 cancer cells
Zhang, X., Zhao, W., Hu, L., Zhao, L., & Huang, J. (2011) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2011.05.004 · Cited by 134
Long-Term, Supplemental, One-Carbon Metabolism–Related Vitamin B Use in Relation to Lung Cancer Risk in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort
Brasky, T. M., White, E., & Chen, C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2017.72.7735 · Cited by 134
Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition
Lamprecht, M. (2014) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b17442 · Cited by 134
New agents for cancer chemoprevention
Keiloff, G. J., Boone, C. W., Crowell, J. A., Steele, V. E., Lubet, R. A., Doody, L. A., Malone, W. F., Hawk, E. T., & Sigman, C. C. (1996) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.240630703 · Cited by 134
Red Orange: Experimental Models and Epidemiological Evidence of Its Benefits on Human Health
Grosso, G., Galvano, F., Mistretta, A., Marventano, S., Nolfo, F., Calabrese, G., Buscemi, S., Drago, F., Veronesi, U., & Scuderi, A. (2013) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2013/157240 · Cited by 133
Manipulation of pulmonary prostacyclin synthase expression prevents murine lung cancer.
Keith, R. L., Miller, Y. E., Hoshikawa, Y., Moore, M. D., Gesell, T., Gao, B., Malkinson, A. M., Golpon, H. A., Nemenoff, R. A., & Geraci, M. W. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 133
β-Carotene and lung cancer: a case study
Albanes, D. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1345s · Cited by 133
β-Carotene Regulates NF-κB DNA-Binding Activity by a Redox Mechanism in Human Leukemia and Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells
Palozza, P., Serini, S., Torsello, A., Nicuolo, F. D., Piccioni, E., Wolf, F. I., Calviello, G., Ubaldi, V., & Pioli, C. (2003) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/133.2.381 · Cited by 133
What Vitamins Should I Be Taking, Doctor?
Willett, W. C., & Stampfer, M. J. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp010710 · Cited by 133
Prospective Study of Dietary Supplements, Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Risk of Bladder Cancer in US Men
Michaud, D. S., Spiegelman, D. L., Clinton, S. K., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/152.12.1145 · Cited by 133
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use by Patients Enrolled Onto Phase I Clinical Trials
Dy, G. K., Bekele, L., Hanson, L. J., Furth, A. F., Mandrekar, S. J., Sloan, J. A., & Adjei, A. A. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2004.03.121 · Cited by 133
Antioxidant supplements to prevent or slow down the progression of AMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Evans, J. R. (2008) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2008.100 · Cited by 132
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Chemoprevention Trial of Selenium Supplementation in Patients With Resected Stage I Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: ECOG 5597
Karp, D. D., Lee, S. J., Keller, S. M., Wright, G. S., Aisner, S. C., Belinsky, S. A., Johnson, D. H., Johnston, M. R., Goodman, G. E., Clamon, G. H., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2013.49.2173 · Cited by 132
A Randomized, 12-Year Primary-Prevention Trial of Beta Carotene Supplementation for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in the Physicians' Health Study
Frieling, U. M., Schaumberg, D. A., Kupper, T. S., Muntwyler, J., & Hennekens, C. H. (2000) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archderm.136.2.179 · Cited by 132
Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer
Thompson, I. M., Tangen, C. M., Goodman, P. J., Lucia, M. S., & Klein, E. A. (2009) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.015 · Cited by 132
Food antioxidant capacity determined by chemical methods may underestimate the physiological antioxidant capacity
Serrano, J. C. E., Goñi, I., & Saura-Calixto, F. D. (2006) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2006.07.010 · Cited by 131
ß-Carotene and Lung Cancer in Smokers: Review of Hypotheses and Status of Research
Góralczyk, R. (2009) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635580903285155 · Cited by 131
Oxidative stress and its downstream signaling in aging eyes
Pinazo-Duran, M. D., Gallego‐Pinazo, R., García‐Medina, J. J., Zanón‐Moreno, V., Nucci, C., Dolz‐Marco, R., Martínez-Castillo, S., Galbis, C. C., Díaz-Llopis, M., Marco, C., et al. (2014) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s52662 · Cited by 131
On the Clinical Pharmacology of Reactive Oxygen Species
Casas, A. I., Nogales, C., Mucke, H. A., Petraina, A., Cuadrado, A., Rojo, A. I., Ghezzi, P., Jaquet, V., Augsburger, F., Dufrasne, F., et al. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.120.019422 · Cited by 131
Terpenes: Chemistry, Biological Role, and Therapeutic Applications
Brahmkshatriya, P. P., & Brahmkshatriya, P. S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_120 · Cited by 131
Antioxidant Nutrients: Current Dietary Recommendations and Research Update
McDermott, J. H. (2000) · Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996) · doi:10.1016/s1086-5802(16)31126-3 · Cited by 131
Dietary lycopene decreases the initiation of liver preneoplastic foci by diethylnitrosamine in the rat
Astorg, P., Gradelet, S., Bergès, R., & Suschetet, M. (1997) · Nutrition and Cancer · doi:10.1080/01635589709514603 · Cited by 131
Comparative evaluation of growth inhibitory effect of stereoisomers of fucoxanthin in human cancer cell lines
Nakazawa, Y., Sashima, T., Hosokawa, M., & Miyashita, K. (2008) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2008.09.015 · Cited by 131
The ambivalence of vitamin E in atherogenesis
Stocker, R. (1999) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0968-0004(99)01404-8 · Cited by 131
Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plasma Antioxidants: The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study
Dwyer, J. H., Paul-Labrador, M. J., Fan, J., Shircore, A. M., Merz, C. N. B., & Dwyer, K. M. (2003) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000109955.80818.8a · Cited by 131
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) polymorphism, α-tocopherol supplementation and prostate cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (Finland)
Woodson, K. G., Tangrea, J. A., Lehman, T. A., Modali, R. V., Taylor, K. M., Snyder, K., Taylor, P. R., Virtamo, J. R. K., & Albanes, D. (2003) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1024840823328 · Cited by 131
Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin E in prevention of cardiovascular disease
Stampfer, M. J., & Rimm, E. B. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1365s · Cited by 131
Antioxidant Vitamins -- Benefits Not Yet Proved
Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., & Peto, R. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199404143301510 · Cited by 131
Efficacy of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: Results of GISSI‐prevenzione trial
Marchioli, R., Schweiger, C., Tavazzi, L., & Valagussa, F. (2001) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-001-0694-8 · Cited by 131
Antioxidants and coronary artery disease
Leopold, J. A. (2014) · Coronary Artery Disease · doi:10.1097/mca.0000000000000187 · Cited by 130
Options for basing Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) on chronic disease endpoints: report from a joint US-/Canadian-sponsored working group
Yetley, E. A., MacFarlane, A. J., Greene-Finestone, L. S., Garza, C., Ard, J. D., Atkinson, S. A., Bier, D. M., Carriquiry, A. L., Harlan, W. R., Hattis, D. B., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.139097 · Cited by 130
The Age-Related Eye Disease 2 Study: Micronutrients in the Treatment of Macular Degeneration
Gorusupudi, A., Nelson, K., & Bernstein, P. S. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.013177 · Cited by 130
Ultra-processed foods: A new holistic paradigm?
Fardet, A., & Rock, E. (2019) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2019.09.016 · Cited by 130
ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS AND PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE: LABORATORY, EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL TRIAL DATA
Marchioli, R. (1999) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1006/phrs.1999.0480 · Cited by 130
β-Carotene induces apoptosis and up-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression and reactive oxygen species production in MCF-7 cancer cells
Cui, Y., Lu, Z., Bai, L., Shi, Z., Zhao, W., & Zhao, B. (2007) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2007.08.015 · Cited by 130

Authors: The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group
Corresponding author: The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 1994-04-14
Volume: 330
Issue: 15
Pages: 1029-1035
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejm199404143301501
OpenAlex: W1525444530
Cited by: 4,737
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 105 · 2014: 135 · 2013: 120 · 2012: 160
FWCI: 154.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01cn045165-030)
National Cancer Institute (N01 CN 45165)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Keywords: vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, lung cancer, cancer prevention, smokers, dietary supplementation, prostate cancer, hemorrhagic stroke, all-cause mortality, ischemic heart disease
MeSH terms: Aged, Carotenoids, Cause of Death, Double-Blind Method, Finland, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking, Vitamin E, Incidence, beta Carotene

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks