The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 5 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly common, primarily because of increases in the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Whether type 2 diabetes can be prevented by interventions that affect the lifestyles of subjects at high risk for the disease is not known. METHODS: We randomly assigned 522 middle-aged, overweight subjects (172 men and 350 women; mean age, 55 years; mean body-mass index [weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31) with impaired glucose tolerance to either the intervention group or the control group. Each subject in the intervention group received individualized counseling aimed at reducing weight, total intake of fat, and intake of saturated fat and increasing intake of fiber and physical activity. An oral glucose-tolerance test was performed annually; the diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed by a second test. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.2 years. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) amount of weight lost between base line and the end of year 1 was 4.2+/-5.1 kg in the intervention group and 0.8+/-3.7 kg in the control group; the net loss by the end of year 2 was 3.5+/-5.5 kg in the intervention group and 0.8+/-4.4 kg in the control group (P<0.001 for both comparisons between the groups). The cumulative incidence of diabetes after four years was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group. During the trial, the risk of diabetes was reduced by 58 percent (P<0.001) in the intervention group. The reduction in the incidence of diabetes was directly associated with changes in lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by changes in the lifestyles of high-risk subjects.
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24 Own result · 14 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence of diabetes after four years was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
“At four years, the cumulative incidence was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the trial, the risk of diabetes was reduced by 58 percent (P<0.001) in the intervention group.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
“the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 58 percent lower in the intervention group than in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.7; P<0.001).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reduction in the incidence of diabetes was directly associated with changes in lifestyle.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · boosted
“There was a strong inverse correlation between the success score and the incidence of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The success score computed from grades for intervention goals validly reflects the extent of lifestyle changes achieved.
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes had not developed in any of the subjects who reached four or five of the goals (49 subjects in the intervention group and 15 in the control group).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plainn = 49- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to a univariate analysis, the odds ratio for diabetes in subjects in the intervention group who had lost more than 5 percent of their initial weight by the one-year follow-up visit was 0.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.7) as compared with those in the intervention group who had lost less weight or none at all;”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the subjects in the intervention group who did not reach the goal of losing 5 percent of their initial weight, the odds ratio for diabetes in those who had achieved the goal with respect to exercise (more than four hours per week) during the first year was 0.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.6) as compared with those in the intervention group who maintained a sedentary lifestyle;”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“on the other hand, the failure to make any changes resulted in an incidence of diabetes that was close to the estimate of 35 percent for this high-risk population.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The proportion of subjects in the intervention group who succeeded in achieving a particular goal varied from 25 percent (fiber intake) to 86 percent (exercise).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the corresponding odds ratio in the control group was 0.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 1.2).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Achieving a relatively conservative target of more than four hours of exercise per week was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of diabetes in the subjects who did not lose weight.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The changes in lifestyle in our study not only improved glucose tolerance but also reduced the magnitude of several other cardiovascular risk factors.13”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] source
The Results report lower fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose after one year in the lifestyle-intervention group. They also report improved anthropometric measures, lower triglycerides, and greater reductions in blood pressure than in the control group. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The results from previous studies in Sweden 17 and China 18 also provide evidence that changes in lifestyle are effective in preventing diabetes, and the magnitude of the benefit in these studies was similar to that in our study.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] source
The paper’s ‘Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and IGT at follow-up’ section reports diabetes in 10.6% of the Swedish lifestyle-intervention group versus 28.6% of the untreated IGT reference group, supporting the cited point that lifestyle changes may prevent or postpone diabetes. The comparison with ‘our study’ is the citing authors’ own assessment, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the net loss by the end of year 2 was 3.5±5.5 kg in the intervention group and 0.8±4.4kg in the control group (P<0.001 for both comparisons between the groups).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“At two years, the decrease in weight remained significantly greater in the intervention group (3.5±5.5 kg) than in the control group (0.8±4.4 kg) (P<0.001).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean (±SD) amount of weight lost be- tween base line and the end of year 1 was 4.2±5.1 kg in the intervention group and 0.8±3.7 kg in the control group”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“During the first year, the mean (±SD) body weight decreased by 4.2±5.1 kg (4.7±5.4 percent) in the intervention group and by 0.8±3.7 kg (0.9±4.2 percent) in the control group (P<0.001)”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of diabetes was 63 percent lower among men in the intervention group (95 percent confidence interval, 18 to 79 percent; P=0.01) and 54 percent lower among women (95 percent confidence interval, 26 to 81 percent; P=0.008).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waist circumference, the fasting plasma glucose concentration, the plasma glucose concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge, and the serum insulin concentration two hours after glucose challenge decreased significantly more among subjects in the intervention group than among those in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average proportion of subjects in whom impaired glucose tolerance progressed to diabetes was 3 percent per year in the intervention group and 6 percent per year in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes was diagnosed in a total of 86 subjects -27 in the intervention group and 59 in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At this time, the mean change from base line in the fasting plasma glucose concentration was -2±12 mg per deciliter (-0.1±0.7 mmol per liter) in the intervention group and +3±14 mg per deciliter (+0.2±0.8 mmol per liter) in the control group (P<0.001);”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to our results, 22 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance must be treated in this way for one year -or 5 subjects for five years -to prevent one case of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the corresponding odds ratio in the control group was 0.6 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 1.1).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects in the intervention group were more likely to report changes in dietary and exercise habits.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported dietary and exercise habits accurately reflect actual lifestyle changes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absolute incidence of diabetes was 32 cases per 1000 person-years in the intervention group and 78 per 1000 personyears in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also significantly greater decreases in the intervention group than in the control group in the serum insulin concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge, as well as in the triglyceride concentration and blood pressure (data not shown).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We required confirmation of the diagnosis of diabetes by a second oral glucose-tolerance test; if the diagnosis was not confirmed by the second test, the subject followed the program according to the original random assignment.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The end-points committee excluded one subject who had diabetes at base line whose diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed at her two-year visit.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the National Public Health Institute in Helsinki, Finland, and all the study subjects gave written informed consent.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyses of end points were based on the intention-to-treat principle.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasonably low dropout rate in our study also indicates that subjects with impaired glucose tolerance are willing and able to participate in a demanding intervention program if it is made available to them.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In March 2000, an independent statistician completed the first analysis of data, which included all cases of diabetes diagnosed before that date.On the basis of the results of this analysis, the endpoints committee recommended that the trial be ended.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The independent end-points committee confirmed all newly diagnosed cases of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects who withdrew from the study were considered to be at risk for diabetes until their last oral glucosetolerance test, at which point data were censored.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Withdrawal from the study and censoring at the last oral glucose-tolerance test do not bias the estimated intervention effect.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Laboratory staff did not know the subjects' group assignments, and the subjects were not informed of their plasma glucose concentrations during follow-up unless diabetes was diagnosed.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study centers did not exchange information concerning the number of subjects who reached the end point, and the end-point data were linked to the group assignment at the study center only after a total of 80 subjects had reached the end point, as stated in the study plan.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plainn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The glucose measurements were standardized by the central laboratory in Helsinki, whose staff analyzed 60 to 80 plasma samples from each center in duplicate.A linear-regression equation was calculated for each center, with the use of the plasma glucose measurement determined at the Helsinki laboratory as the standard.These equations were used to correct the locally measured plasma glucose values.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Biochemical Assessments
plainn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects who enrolled in the study were randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group by the study physician, with the use of a randomization list, with stratification according to center, sex, and the mean plasma glucose concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge (140 to 169 mg per deciliter or 170 to 200 mg per deciliter [7.8 to 9.4 mmol per liter or 9.5 to 11.0 mmol”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the staff members involved in the intervention had to be aware of the group assignment; thus, the study was only partly blinded.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the study, 40 subjects (8 percent) withdrew -23 in the intervention group and 17 in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Cumulative Probability of Remaining Free of Diabetes
plainn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many also have hypertension and an atherogenic serum lipid profile.[19][20][21][22]”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19][20][21][22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The success score computed from grades for intervention goals validly reflects the extent of lifestyle changes achieved.
“subjects were given a grade for each goal of the intervention at the one-year visit (with 0 indicating that it was not achieved or 1 indicating that it was achieved), and a success score was computed as the sum of these grades.”
“At the one-year visit, each subject received a grade of 0 for each intervention goal that had not been achieved and a grade of 1 for each goal that had been achieved; the success score was computed as the sum of the grades.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withdrawal from the study and censoring at the last oral glucose-tolerance test do not bias the estimated intervention effect.
“Subjects who withdrew from the study were considered to be at risk for diabetes until their last oral glucosetolerance test, at which point data were censored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study subjects with impaired glucose tolerance are representative of the high-risk subjects to whom the prevention conclusion generalizes.
“middle-aged, overweight subjects (172 men and 350 women; mean age, 55 years; mean body-mass index [weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31) with impaired glucose tolerance”
“high-risk subjects”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported dietary and exercise habits accurately reflect actual lifestyle changes.
“The study subjects were asked about their healthrelated behavior at base line and subsequently at each annual follow-up examination (Table 3).”
“They completed a three-day food diary at base line and at each annual visit, using a booklet illustrating the sizes of portions of food.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although lifestyle interventions393 and weight loss394 reverse T2DM in early stages, when insulin is still secreted, T2DM patients may become dependent on anti-diabetic drugs in later stages.”
From Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. (2016) · cites this paper as [393]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In four of these studies ( 2 – 5 ), diabetes rates decreased in relation to substantial reductions in body weight, whereas in the Indian trial ( 6 ) lifestyle intervention was successful despite no weight loss.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lifestyle modification in both studies reduced incident diabetes by 58% and, in the DPP, had a greater effect than metformin (31%).”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [260]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The most robust research available related to eating patterns for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes prevention are Mediterranean-style, low-fat, or lowcarbohydrate eating plans (26,69,74,75).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, physical training can play a significant role in the prevention of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [22–25].”
From Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle (2007) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Randomized controlled trials have shown that individuals at high risk for developing diabetes (those with IFG, IGT, or both) can be given interventions that significantly decrease the rate of onset of diabetes (10–16).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interventions that focussed on physical activity during early pregnancy have been shown to reduce the development of GDM [23, 27] and type 2 diabetes in at risk individuals [16, 56].”
From Effectiveness of pre-pregnancy lifestyle in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 257,876 pregnancies (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Diet-induced fat loss is recommended for obese patients who have these cardiometabolic risk factors, because even moderate (e.g., 10%) weight loss improves all risk factors simultaneously (1-3).”
From Long-term Effects of Large-volume Liposuction on Metabolic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Small long-term reductions in body weight (fat) improve glucose tolerance and the other metabolic CHD risk factors evaluated in the present study (2,3,12-14).”
From Long-term Effects of Large-volume Liposuction on Metabolic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The composite outcome, as defined by the CDC in its 2021 standards,29 comprises elements that have each been associated with reduced risk of progression to diabetes.30-34”
From An AI-Powered Lifestyle Intervention vs Human Coaching in the Diabetes Prevention Program: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Regular physical activity, which can contribute to both weight loss and prevention of weight regain, and behavioral strategies are also important components of lifestyle therapy for weight management (26,74,83,135 -137).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the ef fi cacy of interventions for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes has mainly been demonstrated among individuals who have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) with or without elevated fasting glucose, not for individuals with isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or for those with prediabetes de fi ned by A1C criteria (5 -8).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The DPP and other clinical trials12–16 have established the feasibility of interruption of the worsening of hyperglycaemia in overweight people who have raised fasting or postload glycaemia.”
From 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (2009) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similar to the DPP trial, the FDPS also demonstrated a 70% reduction in diabetes incidence after adjustment for baseline confounders in individuals who met their PA activity goal (>4 hr-week) but did not meet the accompanying weight loss goal (>5% weight loss) [95] .”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [95]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Five clinical trials that examined the effects of reputedly healthy, energy-restricted diets together with increased physical activity in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, a prediabetic stage, showed risk reductions between 30 and 70% ( 2 – 6 ).”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The results of these studies provide convincing evidence that lifestyle modification reduces the incidence of diabetes among high-risk individuals.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Regular physical activity by itself (155,156) or as part of a comprehensive lifestyle plan (26,74,83,151) can prevent progression to type 2 diabetes in highrisk individuals.”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In both the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (60) and the U.S. Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) (61), lifestyle intervention significantly reduced diabetes incidence by 58%.”
From Globalization of Diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These interventions include intensive lifestyle modification programs that have been shown to be very effective (≥58% reduction after 3 years) and use of the pharmacologic agents metformin, acarbose, orlistat, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), each of which has been shown to decrease incident diabetes to various degrees.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lifestyle interventions are proven to effectively prevent type-2 diabetes [16].”
From Effectiveness of pre-pregnancy lifestyle in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 257,876 pregnancies (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although interventions can clearly reduce diabetes incidence over a period of a few years,1–5 it is not well known how long their effects persist, especially when interventions cease or become less intensive.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several large type 2 diabetes prevention RCTs (26,74,83,84) used low-fat eating plans to achieve weight loss and improve glucose tolerance, and some demonstrated decreased incidence of diabetes (26,74,83).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intensive lifestyle intervention has also been shown to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes in other studies.15, 26”
From Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Combination therapy with insulin and oral glucose‐lowering agents (SUs 13 , 14 , fast‐acting insulin secretagogues [glinides] 15 , 16 , 17 ), biguanides 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , α‐glucosidase inhibitors 22 , 23 , insulin sensitizers 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , and, DPP‐4 inhibitors 28 , and SGLT2 inhibitors 29 or GLP‐1 receptor agonists 30 are shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the insulin dose being”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and the Finnish trials, lifestyle intervention including modest weight loss was effective in preventing the development of diabetes in a high risk population [15,16].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“All three of these large intervention studies showed a reduction in risk to develop Type 2 diabetes by up to 58% compared to placebo.”
From The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (2003) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“Despite these recommendations and the demonstration that interventions can delay and sometimes prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (26,27), there is as yet no published evidence that treatment based on screening has an effect on long-term complications.”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Clearly lifestyle interventions, including exercise training and at least mild weight reduction with caloric restriction, showed a nearly 60% reduction in the risk of developing DM, which was considerably better than that noted in patients treated with metformin (73,74).”
From Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (2009) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Clearly lifestyle interventions, including exercise training and at least mild weight reduction with caloric restriction, showed a nearly 60% reduction in the risk of developing DM, which was considerably better than that noted in patients treated with metformin (73,74).”
From Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (2009) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Both microalbuminuria and retinopathy increase with diabetes duration and severity is related to glycaemic control163,164.”
From Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future (2014) · cites this paper as [164]
In the citing paper
“Several trials have demonstrated reductions in the risk of developing diabetes among prediabetic individuals after lifestyle and drug-based interventions.15,24–28”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“In the first trial, the benefits were dependent on the number of goals achieved by the participant (weight reduction >5%, fat intake< 30%, saturated fat intake < 10%, fiber intake >15g/1000 kcal, exercise > 4h/week),28 while in the DPP the most important determinant of risk reduction was weight loss (each 1-kg decrease reduced the risk by 16%).90”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study and, the largest to date, the US DPP with a 3-year follow-up found a 58% risk reduction after interventions aimed at weight loss, dietary change and increase in physical activity.25,28”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The accretion of lean tissue with exercise has a potentially beneficial effect in preventing diabetes and metabolic syndrome [330], functional dependency, falls, and fractures as well as in the treatment of chronic diseases and disabilities that are often accompanied by disuse, catabolism, and sarcopenia.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [330]
In the citing paper
“The accretion of lean tissue with exercise has a potentially beneficial effect in preventing diabetes and metabolic syndrome [330], functional dependency, falls, and fractures as well as in the treatment of chronic diseases and disabilities that are often accompanied by disuse, catabolism, and sarcopenia.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [330]
In the citing paper
“There is good evidence that complex interventions, including dietary changes, can prevent the progression of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes (1,2).”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Given the availability of effective interventions for delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes and the increasing burden of the condition worldwide, earlier identification of individuals at risk is particularly important3-6.”
From Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In metabolic syndrome patients with IFG (or IGT if assessed), weight reduction, increased physical activity, or both will delay (or prevent) the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.145,174”
From Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement (2005) · cites this paper as [174]
In the citing paper
“However, they should abstain from sucrose‐rich sweets and juices, which are thought likely to worsen glycemic control and promote the metabolic syndrome 15 , 16 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Despite lack of consensus on its role in improving glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, long‐term exercise is shown to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and improve quality of life (QOL) 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 (grade B: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“While the risk of hypoglycemia with DPP‐4 inhibitor monotherapy is small, combination therapy with an SU or insulin often increases the risk of hypoglycemia, suggesting the rationale for reducing the dose of either partnering agent 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“While the risk of hypoglycemia with DPP‐4 inhibitor monotherapy is small, combination therapy with an SU or insulin often increases the risk of hypoglycemia, suggesting the rationale for reducing the dose of either partnering agent 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“A number of reports in the literature suggest that real‐time continuous glucose monitoring (rt‐CGM) may be more effective than self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in improving glycemic control not only in pediatric and adult patients with type 1 diabetes but in adult patients with type 2 diabetes 13 , 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Diabetic retinopathy is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and macroangiopathy 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Anti‐dyslipidemic agents (e.g., fibrates, statins) are shown likely to be effective in inhibiting the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with intact renal function 14 , 15 , 16 (grade B: 81% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Foot ulcer treatment has been shown to be effective in maintaining the QOL of affected patients 14 , 15 (grade A: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Lipid control has been shown to be effective in the primary and secondary prevention of diabetic macroangiopathy 14 , 15 (grade A: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Given that mental/psychological factors have been shown to significantly affect the patient’s diabetes management and prognosis, mental/psychological counseling is to be offered with sufficient care given to addressing individual differences in mental/psychological maturity 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Not only aerobic exercise but muscle training is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, with their combination shown to markedly decrease the risk further 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“which may have important therapeutic implications for prevention and treatment of T2DM in this ethnic group and possibly explain the lower efficacy of lifestyle intervention in the Indian diabetes prevention study compared with the U.S. and Finnish diabetes prevention studies (33-35).”
From Increased prevalence of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian-Indian men (2006) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that weight loss and increased physical activity reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals, including American Indians, who have IGT (27,28).”
From Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. (2006) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“However, randomized controlled trial evidence of dietary interventions and diabetes prevention only exists for low-fat, low-calorie, plus/minus high-fiber diets (22,32).”
From Diabetes and Cancer (2010) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Program, weight loss counseling targeted to 5% total body weight, decreased total and saturated fat consumption, increased fiber consumption and increased activity to 30 min/day resulted in a 58% reduction in incident T2DM in individuals with IGT and BMI greater than 25 kg/m2.”
From The Vasculature in Prediabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [188]
In the citing paper
“In adults at risk for diabetes, a program of diet and physical activity reduced the risk of diabetes by 58%, with size of the decrease related to the extent of change in lifestyle.159”
From Obesity‐Related Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment: A Position Paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension (2013) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of interventions for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes (10–16) has primarily been demonstrated among individuals with IGT, not individuals with IFG (who do not also have IGT).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“These interventions include intensive lifestyle modification programs that have been shown to be very effective (≥58% reduction after 3 years) and use of the pharmacologic agents metformin, acarbose, orlistat, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), each of which has been shown to decrease incident diabetes to various degrees.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, regular exercise may prevent type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals (10–12).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
“Change in serum insulin (mg/ml) Fasting 2 Hr after oral glucose challenge”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
“Serum insulin ( m U/ml) Fasting 2 Hr after oral glucose challenge”
Citations
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Sorted by citations
Items 2,401–2,500 of 10,870
Antidiabetic Potential of Commonly Consumed Legumes: A Review
Singhal, P., Kaushik, G., & Mathur, P. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.604141 · Cited by 63
“While the pharmacological therapies are in use for management, the diabetes prevention trials in China (Pan et al., 1997; Tuomilehto et al., 2001; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group 2002) remind us that nutrition and lifestyle approaches can be more effective in delaying the onset of this disease.”
BackgroundMedical Cost Associated with Prediabetes
Zhang, Y., Dall, T. M., Chen, Y., Baldwin, A., Yang, W., Mann, S., Moore, V., Nestour, E. L., & Quick, W. W. (2009) · Population Health Management · doi:10.1089/pop.2009.12302 · Cited by 61
“…normal glucose levels have a 0.7% average annual risk of developing type 2 diabetes, 2 this risk rises to between 10% and 15% for those with PD. 3–5 As many as 83% of persons with impaired glucose tolerance will eventually develop diabetes, barring a lifestyle intervention such as weight loss,…”
InfluentialUsing An Economic Model Of Diabetes To Evaluate Prevention And Care Strategies In Australia
Colagiuri, S., & Walker, A. (2008) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.1.256 · Cited by 61
Stefan, N., Staiger, H., Wagner, R. J., Machann, J., Schick, F., Häring, H., & Fritsche, A. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3760-z · Cited by 63
“However, although this safe intervention is generally very effective at preventing diabetes, some people still develop the disease [1, 3].”
BackgroundThe Diabetes Prevention Program and Its Global Implications
Molitch, M. E., Fujimoto, W. Y., Hamman, R. F., & Knowler, W. C. (2003) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000070140.62190.97 · Cited by 61
DeJesus, R. S., Breitkopf, C. R., Rutten, L. J. F., Jacobson, D. J., Wilson, P. M., & Sauver, J. L. S. (2016) · Population Health Management · doi:10.1089/pop.2016.0067 · Cited by 61
Alamuddin, N., Bakizada, Z. M., & Wadden, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2016.66.8806 · Cited by 67
Zhang, X., Imperatore, G., Thomas, W., Cheng, Y. J., Lobelo, F., Norris, K. L., Devlin, H. M., Ali, M. K., Gruss, S. M., Bardenheier, B. H., et al. (2016) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.11.020 · Cited by 62
“Despite strong evidence that lifestyle interventions can reduce diabetes incidence, the RCT evidence is limited to individuals with IGT.”
InfluentialIbrahim, N., Moy, F. M., Awalludin, I. A. N., Ali, Z. M., & Ismail, I. S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167123 · Cited by 65
A Medically Supervised Pregnancy Exercise Intervention in Obese Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Daly, N., Farren, M., McKeating, A., O'Kelly, R., Stapleton, M., & Turner, M. J. (2017) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000002267 · Cited by 61
Obesity Reduction Black Intervention Trial (ORBIT): 18‐Month Results
Fitzgibbon, M., Stolley, M. R., Schiffer, L. A., Sharp, L. K., Singh, V., & Dyer, A. R. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.47 · Cited by 63
Perceived risk for Type 2 diabetes in participants in a stepwise population‐screening programme
Adriaanse, M. C., Snoek, F. J., Dekker, J., et al. (2003) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.00901.x · Cited by 61
Williams, B., Poulter, N. R., Brown, M., Davis, M. R., & Sever, P. S. (2004) · Cited by 60
The insulin resistance syndrome and coronary artery disease
Kendall, D. M., Sobel, B. E., Coulston, A. M., Peters, A. L., McLean, B. K., Peragallo‐Dittko, V., Buse, J. B., Fonseca, V. A., Hill, J. O., Nesto, R. W., et al. (2003) · Coronary Artery Disease · doi:10.1097/01.mca.0000076512.29238.2a · Cited by 61
Is Genetic testing useful to predict type 2 diabetes?
Vassy, J. L., & Meigs, J. B. (2012) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.09.002 · Cited by 64
Howarth, E., Bower, P., Kontopantelis, E., Soiland‐Reyes, C., Meacock, R., William, W., & Cotterill, S. (2020) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001835 · Cited by 61
Wittenbecher, C., Cuadrat, R. R. C., Johnston, L., Eichelmann, F., Jäger, S., Kuxhaus, O., Prada, M., Fabiola Del Greco, M., Hicks, A. A., Hoffman, P., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28496-1 · Cited by 63
Two risk score models for predicting incident Type 2 diabetes in Japan
Doi, Y., Ninomiya, T., Hata, J., Hirakawa, Y., Mukai, N., Iwase, M., & Kiyohara, Y. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03376.x · Cited by 61
Boehme, M. W. J., Buechele, G., Frankenhauser-Mannuß, J., Mueller, J., Lump, D., Boehm, B. O., & Rothenbacher, D. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2188-1 · Cited by 62
“In addition, as the occurrence of T2DM starts to increase earlier in life, these results underline the relevance of modification of established lifestyle factors in early age already to positively influence the development of T2DM in future [45 – 48].”
Wang, Y., Chen, L., Horswell, R. L., Xiao, K., Besse, J. A., Johnson, J. L., Ryan, D. H., & Hu, G. (2012) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.3318 · Cited by 61
“Several studies have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed by implementing lifestyle modifications.(2,3) In order to be costeffective, lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes should be directed toward individuals at increased risk for the disease.”
Squire's quest: intervention changes occurred at lunch and snack meals
Cullen, K. W., Watson, K., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J. H., & Zakeri, I. (2005) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.04.001 · Cited by 61
Exercise and type 2 diabetes: New prescription for an old problem
Bird, S. R., & Hawley, J. A. (2012) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.05.015 · Cited by 66
“ondary prevention of T2DM, CHD and all-cause mortality [30–33].”
BackgroundCheung, N. W., Smith, B. J., van der Ploeg, H. P., Cinnadaio, N., & Bauman, A. E. (2011) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.013 · Cited by 61
“[6] Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson J, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al.”
BackgroundAdaptations of the aging animal to exercise: role of daily supplementation with melatonin
Mendes, C., Lopes, A. M., do Amaral, F. G., Garcia, R. A. P., Turati, A. D. O., Hirabara, S. M., Scialfa, J. H., & Cipolla‐Neto, J. (2013) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12065 · Cited by 60
“It is well established in the literature that regular physical training is extremely beneficial to improve glucose tolerance [61, 62].”
BackgroundWalking for exercise—does three times per week influence risk factors in type 2 diabetes?
Fritz, T., Wändell, P. E., Åberg, H. E., & Engfeldt, P. (2005) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2005.06.002 · Cited by 63
Davidoff, A. J., Mason, M. M., Davidson, M., Carmody, M. W., Hintz, K. K., Wold, L. E., Podolin, D. A., & Ren, J. T. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00358.2003 · Cited by 60
“The benefits of exercise training and/or dietary modifications with respect to complications of type 2 diabetes and the related syndrome X have been recognized clinically (7, 43 ).”
BackgroundHemmingsen, B., Sonne, D. P., Metzendorf, M., & Richter, B. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012151.pub2 · Cited by 76
McIntyre, D. H., Peacock, A. S., Miller, Y. D., Koh, D., & Marshall, A. L. (2012) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2012/892019 · Cited by 60
“Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2012, Article ID 892019, 5 pages doi:10.1155/2012/892019”
InfluentialA Benefit-Risk Assessment of Sibutramine in the Management of Obesity
Nisoli, E., & Carruba, M. O. (2003) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-200326140-00004 · Cited by 58
Metabolic syndrome: Evaluation of pathological and therapeutic outcomes
Miranda, P. J., DeFronzo, R. A., Califf, R. M., & Guyton, J. R. (2005) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2004.07.012 · Cited by 61
Mathus-Vliegen, E. M. H., & for the Balance Study Group (2005) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602172 · Cited by 59
“Two large, prospective randomized studies have independently demonstrated that overweight patients who lost approximately 5p of their body weight reduced their risk of developing type II diabetes mellitus by 58p (”
BackgroundDunne, F. (2005) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2005.04.007 · Cited by 59
Hart, C., Hole, D. J., Lawlor, D. A., & Smith, G. D. (2007) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02016.x · Cited by 60
Atorvastatin induces insulin sensitization in Zucker lean and fatty rats
Wong, V. S. C., Stavar, L., Szeto, L., Uffelman, K. D., Wang, C., Fantus, I. G., & Lewis, G. F. (2005) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.05.009 · Cited by 60
Insulin-sensitizing agents: use in pregnancy and as therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome
Checa, M. Á., Requena, A., Salvador, C., Tur, R., Callejo, J., Espinós, J. J., Fábregues, F., Herrero, J. C., & (Reproductive Endocrinology Interest Group of the Spanish Society of Fertility) (2005) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmi015 · Cited by 60
“Weightreducing diet and exercise will also contribute to reducing the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in high risk patients, although these goals are also achieved by pharmacotherapy intervention with metformin (Tuomilehto et al., 2001; Knowler et al., 2002).”
BackgroundExercise interval training: an improved stimulus for improving the physiology of pre-diabetes.
Earnest, C. P. (2008) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.024 · Cited by 58
“In a similar report from the Finish Diabetes Prevention Study, investigators assigned 522 middle age, overweight and obese, men and women (mean age, 55 y; BMI, 31) with IGT to an intervention or control group [8].”
BackgroundMethodResultImprovement of Metabolism among Obese Breast Cancer Survivors in Differing Weight Loss Regimens
Jen, K. ‐. C., Djuric, Z., DiLaura, N. M., Buison, A., Redd, J. N., Maranci, V., & Hryniuk, W. M. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.38 · Cited by 59
Treating diabetes and prediabetes by focusing on obesity management
Khaodhiar, L., Cummings, S., & Apovian, C. M. (2009) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-009-0055-0 · Cited by 56
“In the FDPS, a diet and exercise program produced a 58% reduction in diabetes compared with control [ 15 ].”
ResultBehavioral Treatment of the Patient with Obesity
Alamuddin, N., & Wadden, T. A. (2016) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.008 · Cited by 63
“A 10-year follow-up assessment found that, compared with placebo, the lifestyle intervention maintained a 34% reduction in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, even though the latter subjects had regained most of their lost weight.5 Comparable favorable findings were observed in trials conducted in Finland and Chin…”
ResultFærch, K., Blond, M. B., Bruhn, L., Amadid, H., Vistisen, D., Clemmensen, K. K. B., Vainø, C. T. R., PEDERSEN, C. H., Tvermosegaard, M., Dejgaard, T. F., et al. (2020) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05306-1 · Cited by 60
Birch, J. M., Jones, R. A. P., Mueller, J., McDonald, M., Richards, R., Kelly, M. P., Griffin, S. J., & Ahern, A. L. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13438 · Cited by 58
Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Dietary Intervention on Hemoglobin A1c
DORANS, K. S., Bazzano, L., Qi, L., He, H., Chen, J., Appel, L. J., Chen, C.-S., Hsieh, M.-H., Hu, F. B., Mills, K. T., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38645 · Cited by 67
Guidance concerning the use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
dʼEmden, M. C., Shaw, J. E., Jones, G. R. D., & Cheung, N. W. (2015) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja15.00041 · Cited by 61
Admiraal, W. M., Vlaar, E. M., Nierkens, V., Holleman, F., Middelkoop, B. J., Stronks, K., & van Valkengoed, I. G. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068605 · Cited by 58
“The opportunity to reduce obesity and to prevent type 2 diabetes among high-risk individuals through intensive lifestyle intervention has been established in several efficacy trials [9–12].”
Leisure-time physical activity and type 2 diabetes during a 28 year follow-up in twins
Waller, K. L., Kaprio, J. A., Lehtovirta, M., Silventoinen, K., Koskenvuo, M., & Kujala, U. M. (2010) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1875-9 · Cited by 58
“It has been shown that obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes [3, 4] and that lifestyle interventions, including diet modification and physical activity, are effective in preventing diabetes [5–7].”
BackgroundPhysical activity for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders
Montesi, L., Moscatiello, S., Malavolti, M., Marzocchi, R., & Marchesini, G. (2013) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-013-0953-7 · Cited by 63
“A perfectly identical risk reduction of 58 % is associated with lifestyle changes in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) [45].”
BackgroundInfluentialCoppell, K. J., Tipene-Leach, D. C., Pahau, H. L. R., Williams, S. M., Abel, S., Iles, M., Hindmarsh, J. H., & Mann, J. I. (2009) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.05.009 · Cited by 59
Shang, X., Li, J., Tao, Q., Li, J., Li, X., Zhang, L., Liu, X., Wang, Q., Shi, X.-Z., Zhao, Y., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066479 · Cited by 59
“Randomized controlled trials demonstrated that lifestyle intervention could reduce the incidence of diabetes, and body mass index (BMI) played an important role in the process [14–16].”
BackgroundInterventions to Preserve Beta-Cell Function in the Management and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Page, K. A., & Reisman, T. (2013) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-013-0363-2 · Cited by 62
“The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) also showed a 58 % reduction in the incidence of T2DM in individuals with IGT who were assigned to a lifestyle intervention that included weight loss and increased physical activity [34] (Table 1).”
Jena, P. K., Singh, S., Prajapati, B., Nareshkumar, G., Mehta, T. A., & Seshadri, S. (2014) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-014-0772-y · Cited by 60
Lappalainen, T., Kolehmainen, M., Schwab, U., Tolppanen, A., Stančáková, A., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Aunola, S., Ilanne‐Parikka, P., et al. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.01.006 · Cited by 62
“The study design and the intervention programme have been described earlier [11,13].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationChacón, F., Mora, F., Gervás-Ríos, A., & Gilaberte, I. (2011) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-10-22 · Cited by 61
Lifestyle Intervention in Obese Arab Women
Kalter‐Leibovici, O. (2010) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.103 · Cited by 62
Weiss, E. P., Albert, S. G., Reeds, D. N., Kress, K. S., Ezekiel, U. R., McDaniel, J. L., Patterson, B. W., Klein, S., & Villareal, D. T. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-2913 · Cited by 61
Does Menopause Increase Diabetes Risk? Strategies for Diabetes Prevention in Midlife Women
Kim, C. (2012) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.11.95 · Cited by 61
“05), even though less than half of the participants in the intervention group achieved their weight loss goals [76].”
BackgroundMethodDevelopment of the CANRISK questionnaire to screen for prediabetes and undiagnosed type 2 diabetes
Kaczorowski, J. A., Robinson, C. A., & Nerenberg, K. A. (2009) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/s1499-2671(09)34008-3 · Cited by 60
Lakerveld, J., Bot, S. D. M., Chinapaw, M. J., van Tulder, M. W., van Oppen, P., Dekker, J. M., & Nijpels, G. (2008) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/1472-6823-8-6 · Cited by 59
“In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, a lifestyle intervention in middle-aged, overweight persons resulted in a 58% reduction or postponement of the overall incidence of diabetes [14].”
The 2012 SEMDSA Guideline for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes (Revised)
(2012) · Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa · doi:10.1080/22201009.2012.10872287 · Cited by 58
Tsur, A., Feldman, B., Feldhamer, I., Hoshen, M., Leibowitz, G., & Balicer, R. D. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-1050 · Cited by 59
Life at Age 100: An International Research Agenda for Centenarian Studies
Jopp, D. S., Boerner, K., Ribeiro, Ó. M., & Rott, C. (2016) · Journal of Aging & Social Policy · doi:10.1080/08959420.2016.1161693 · Cited by 59
“Increased longevity is due to several developments, including a reduction of late-life mortality, medical advances in treating and preventing many common diseases, and improvements in life conditions and lifestyles (e.g., Christensen et al., 2009; Tuomilehto et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSalinero-Fort, M. Á., de Burgos‐Lunar, C., Lahoz, C., Mostaza, J. M., Abánades-Herranz, J. C., Cuesta, F. L., Cabo, E. E.-D., García-Iglesias, F., González-Alegre, T., Fernández-Puntero, B., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158489 · Cited by 65
Urinary bisphenol A is associated with insulin resistance and obesity in reproductive‐aged women
Hong, S., Sung, Y., Hong, Y. S., Ha, E., Jeong, K., Chung, H., & Lee, H. (2016) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13270 · Cited by 61
Impact Of The YMCA Of The USA Diabetes Prevention Program On Medicare Spending And Utilization
Alva, M. L., Hoerger, T. J., Jeyaraman, R., Amico, P. R., & Smith, L. R. (2017) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2016.1307 · Cited by 59
Geng, Z., Tang, F., Ding, Y., Li, S., & Wang, X. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13018-7 · Cited by 61
Kraus, W. E., Yates, T., Tuomilehto, J., Sun, J.-L., Thomas, L., McMurray, J. J. V., Bethel, M. A., & Holman, R. R. (2018) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000523 · Cited by 59
Self-citationHarris, T. J., Limb, E. S., Hosking, F. J., Carey, I. M., DeWilde, S., Furness, C., Wahlich, C., Ahmad, S., Kerry, S., Whincup, P. H., et al. (2019) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002836 · Cited by 58
Prevention of type 2 diabetes in a primary health care setting
Kilkkinen, A., Heistaro, S., Laatikainen, T. K., Janus, E. D., Chapman, A., Absetz, P., & Dunbar, J. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.09.027 · Cited by 59
Treatment of the metabolic syndrome: The impact of lifestyle modification
Pritchett, A. M., Foreyt, J. P., & Mann, D. L. (2005) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-005-0030-4 · Cited by 62
“Similarly, the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group randomized 552 men and women at risk for developing diabetes to either a lifestyle counseling intervention versus control [ 42 ].”
MethodInsulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome
Schröder, A. K., Tauchert, S., Ortmann, O., Diedrich, K., & Weiss, J. M. (2004) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890410035296 · Cited by 59
Cost-effective measures to prevent obesity: epidemiological basis and appropriate target groups
Seidell, J. C., Nooyens, A. J., & Visscher, T. L. S. (2005) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2004402 · Cited by 61
“In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (Tuomilehto et al. 2001) a small weight gain (3”
BackgroundPrimary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in People With Dysglycemia
Bianchi, C., Miccoli, R., Penno, G., & Prato, S. D. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-s256 · Cited by 56
Kennedy, L. (2007) · Yearbook of Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0084-3741(08)70005-2 · Cited by 59
RABASA-LHORET, R. P. R., & Chiasson, J. (2004) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0470862092.d0612 · Cited by 64
Yates, T., Davies, M., Gorely, T., Bull, F., & Khunti, K. (2008) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.06.010 · Cited by 58
Understanding of diabetes prevention studies: questionnaire survey of professionals in diabetes care
Mühlhauser, I., Kasper, J., Meyer, G., & Federation of European Nurses in Diabetes (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0290-8 · Cited by 59
“Results of the lifestyle intervention arms were used [ 10 , 12].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMaiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Giugliano, D., & Esposito, K. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.009 · Cited by 58
Spatial epidemiology of diabetes: Methods and insights
Cuadros, D. F., Li, J., Musuka, G., & Awad, S. F. (2021) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.1042 · Cited by 61
Kastarinen, M., Juutilainen, A., Kastarinen, H., Salomaa, V., Karhapää, P., Tuomilehto, J., Grönhagen-Riska, C., Jousilahti, P., & Finne, P. (2009) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02197.x · Cited by 58
Self-citationFritz, T., Caidahl, K., Osler, M. E., Östenson, C., Zierath, J. R., & Wändell, P. E. (2011) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03348.x · Cited by 63
Simpson, S. A., McNamara, R. L., Shaw, C., Kelson, M. J., Moriarty, Y., Randell, E., Cohen, D. R., Alam, M. F., Copeland, L., Duncan, D., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19500 · Cited by 64
β-Cell preservation with thiazolidinediones
Campbell, I. W., & Mariz, S. (2006) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2006.08.015 · Cited by 57
Carter, P., Gray, L. J., Talbot, D. C. S., Morris, D. H., Khunti, K. K., & Davies, M. J. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.174 · Cited by 58
Addressing the burden of diabetes in the 21st century: better care and primary prevention.
Engelgau, M., Narayan, K. M. V., Saaddine, J., & Vinicor, F. (2003) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1097/01.asn.0000070143.71933.b0 · Cited by 70
Dodevska, M. S., Sobajic, S. S., Djordjević, P., Dimitrijevic-Sreckovic, V. S., Spasojević‐Kalimanovska, V., & Djordjevic, B. I. (2015) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0831-3 · Cited by 63
“The goal of reducing body weight for 5 % is one of the important factors in decreasing the risk of T2DM onset in obese individuals, and it is obvious that this specific goal was not reached in 12 months in both groups and that could be another reason for moderate general effect on T2DM risk factors [4].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSimmons, D. S., Rush, E. C., Crook, N., & on behalf of the Te Wai o Rona: Diabetes Prevention Strategy Team (2008) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980008002711 · Cited by 58
“This target was agreed upon as it was felt that the intervention was likely to be less effective than either the Diabetes Prevention Program or the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (FDPS)((1,4)), but more effective than expected with minimising weight gain over the study period((16)).”
InfluentialLuoto, R. M., Kinnunen, T. I., Aittasalo, M., Ojala, K., Mansikkamäki, K., Toropainen, E., Kolu, P., & Vasankari, T. J. (2010) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-10-39 · Cited by 62
Nolan, C., Deehan, A., Wylie, A., & Jones, R. (2012) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423612000059 · Cited by 58
Surgery as an Effective Early Intervention for Diabesity
Dixon, J. B., Pories, W. J., O’Brien, P. E., Schauer, P. R., & Zimmet, P. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.2.472 · Cited by 57
“Theoretically, weight loss is such a therapy (11,12).”
BackgroundInsulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction: A Mutual Relationship in Cardiometabolic Risk
Turco, S. D., Gaggini, M., Daniele, G., Basta, G., Folli, F. B., Sicari, R., & Gastaldelli, A. (2013) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612811319130010 · Cited by 58
Yaturu, S. (2011) · Journal of Diabetes Mellitus · doi:10.4236/jdm.2011.14012 · Cited by 64
“Finnish study [132]: This study from Finland included middle-aged obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) who were randomized to receive either”
MethodThe Sydney Diabetes Prevention Program: A community-based translational study
Colagiuri, S., Vita, P., Cardona, M., Singh, M. F., Farrell, L., Milat, A., Haas, M. R., & Bauman, A. E. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-328 · Cited by 60
“The Finnish [ 5 ] and US [6] studies achieved a 58% reduction in diabetes incidence through lifestyle modification while the Chinese Da Qing study [7] achieved a 40% reduction in type 2 diabetes.”
Accessing Biomedical Literature in the Current Information Landscape
Khare, R., Leaman, R., & Lu, Z. (2014) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0709-0_2 · Cited by 62
Zhang, X., Qin, J., Zhao, Y., Shi, J., Lan, R. F., Gan, Y., Ren, H., Zhu, B., Qian, M., & Du, B. (2015) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.12.002 · Cited by 58
“A healthy diet and physical activity to achieve weight loss are an efficient way to prevent or postpone the development of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals [5].”
BackgroundCombatting type 2 diabetes by turning up the heat
Schrauwen, P., & Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M. (2016) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-016-4068-3 · Cited by 63
“For example, even though exercise has only minor effect on body weight, it is known to have a beneficial effect on many metabolism-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes [4],”
BackgroundRepin, N. V., Kay, B. A., Cui, S. W., Wright, A. J., Duncan, A. M., & Goff, H. D. (2017) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c7fo00331e · Cited by 58
de Carvalho, C. M., de Paula, T. P., Viana, L. V., Machado, V. M., de Almeida, J. C., & de Azevedo, M. J. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.157263 · Cited by 61
Prevalence of Major Behavioral Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Siegel, K. R., Bullard, K. M., Imperatore, G., Ali, M. K., Albright, A. L., Mercado, C. I., Li, R., & Gregg, E. W. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-1775 · Cited by 61
“Large randomized controlled studies in China (2), Finland (3), the U.”
BackgroundChung, M., Song, J., Lee, J., Shin, E. J., Park, J. H., Lee, S., Hwang, J., & Choi, H. (2018) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2018.11.001 · Cited by 63
“Although genetic factors contribute to the development of NAFLD, environmental factors, including diet and exercise, which have an influence on epigenetic factors, are also key determinants [4,5].”
BackgroundEffect of Dietary Factors on Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Cohort Studies
Murakami, K., Okubo, H., & Sasaki, S. (2005) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.51.292 · Cited by 56
Kasila, K., Poskiparta, M., Karhila, P., & Kettunen, T. (2003) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1046/j.1365-277x.2003.00437.x · Cited by 58
Metadata
- Authors
- Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., Salminen, V., Aunola, S., Cepaitis, Z., Moltchanov, V., Hakumäki, M., Mannelin, M., Martikkala, V., Sundvall, J., & Uusitupa, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Social Insurance Institution (FI)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Oulu Deaconess Institute (FI)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2001-05-03
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1343-1350
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2332951586
- Cited by
- 10,873
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 198 · 2024: 256 · 2023: 223 · 2022: 289 · 2021: 341 · 2020: 346 · 2019: 336 · 2018: 430 · 2017: 402 · 2016: 441 · 2015: 476 · 2014: 549 · 2013: 566 · 2012: 553
- FWCI
- 320.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes prevention, impaired glucose tolerance, lifestyle intervention, weight loss, nutrition counseling, saturated fat intake, dietary fiber, physical activity, overweight adults, diabetes incidence
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fiber, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk, Weight Loss, Exercise, Incidence, Glucose Intolerance, Diet, Fat-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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