The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 5 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly common, primarily because of increases in the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Whether type 2 diabetes can be prevented by interventions that affect the lifestyles of subjects at high risk for the disease is not known. METHODS: We randomly assigned 522 middle-aged, overweight subjects (172 men and 350 women; mean age, 55 years; mean body-mass index [weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31) with impaired glucose tolerance to either the intervention group or the control group. Each subject in the intervention group received individualized counseling aimed at reducing weight, total intake of fat, and intake of saturated fat and increasing intake of fiber and physical activity. An oral glucose-tolerance test was performed annually; the diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed by a second test. The mean duration of follow-up was 3.2 years. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) amount of weight lost between base line and the end of year 1 was 4.2+/-5.1 kg in the intervention group and 0.8+/-3.7 kg in the control group; the net loss by the end of year 2 was 3.5+/-5.5 kg in the intervention group and 0.8+/-4.4 kg in the control group (P<0.001 for both comparisons between the groups). The cumulative incidence of diabetes after four years was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group. During the trial, the risk of diabetes was reduced by 58 percent (P<0.001) in the intervention group. The reduction in the incidence of diabetes was directly associated with changes in lifestyle. CONCLUSIONS: Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by changes in the lifestyles of high-risk subjects.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
24 Own result · 14 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cumulative incidence of diabetes after four years was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
“At four years, the cumulative incidence was 11 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 6 to 15 percent) in the intervention group and 23 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 17 to 29 percent) in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the trial, the risk of diabetes was reduced by 58 percent (P<0.001) in the intervention group.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
“the cumulative incidence of diabetes was 58 percent lower in the intervention group than in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 0.7; P<0.001).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reduction in the incidence of diabetes was directly associated with changes in lifestyle.”
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · boosted
“There was a strong inverse correlation between the success score and the incidence of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The success score computed from grades for intervention goals validly reflects the extent of lifestyle changes achieved.
- Also stated in: § T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes had not developed in any of the subjects who reached four or five of the goals (49 subjects in the intervention group and 15 in the control group).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plainn = 49- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to a univariate analysis, the odds ratio for diabetes in subjects in the intervention group who had lost more than 5 percent of their initial weight by the one-year follow-up visit was 0.3 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.7) as compared with those in the intervention group who had lost less weight or none at all;”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the subjects in the intervention group who did not reach the goal of losing 5 percent of their initial weight, the odds ratio for diabetes in those who had achieved the goal with respect to exercise (more than four hours per week) during the first year was 0.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.6) as compared with those in the intervention group who maintained a sedentary lifestyle;”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“on the other hand, the failure to make any changes resulted in an incidence of diabetes that was close to the estimate of 35 percent for this high-risk population.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportion of subjects in the intervention group who succeeded in achieving a particular goal varied from 25 percent (fiber intake) to 86 percent (exercise).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the corresponding odds ratio in the control group was 0.4 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.1 to 1.2).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Achieving a relatively conservative target of more than four hours of exercise per week was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of diabetes in the subjects who did not lose weight.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 21
- Probably not a substantial claim. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The changes in lifestyle in our study not only improved glucose tolerance but also reduced the magnitude of several other cardiovascular risk factors.13”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [13] source
The Results report lower fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose after one year in the lifestyle-intervention group. They also report improved anthropometric measures, lower triglycerides, and greater reductions in blood pressure than in the control group. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The results from previous studies in Sweden 17 and China 18 also provide evidence that changes in lifestyle are effective in preventing diabetes, and the magnitude of the benefit in these studies was similar to that in our study.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] source
The paper’s ‘Prevalence of Type 2 diabetes and IGT at follow-up’ section reports diabetes in 10.6% of the Swedish lifestyle-intervention group versus 28.6% of the untreated IGT reference group, supporting the cited point that lifestyle changes may prevent or postpone diabetes. The comparison with ‘our study’ is the citing authors’ own assessment, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the net loss by the end of year 2 was 3.5±5.5 kg in the intervention group and 0.8±4.4kg in the control group (P<0.001 for both comparisons between the groups).”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“At two years, the decrease in weight remained significantly greater in the intervention group (3.5±5.5 kg) than in the control group (0.8±4.4 kg) (P<0.001).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean (±SD) amount of weight lost be- tween base line and the end of year 1 was 4.2±5.1 kg in the intervention group and 0.8±3.7 kg in the control group”
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
“During the first year, the mean (±SD) body weight decreased by 4.2±5.1 kg (4.7±5.4 percent) in the intervention group and by 0.8±3.7 kg (0.9±4.2 percent) in the control group (P<0.001)”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § RESULTS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of diabetes was 63 percent lower among men in the intervention group (95 percent confidence interval, 18 to 79 percent; P=0.01) and 54 percent lower among women (95 percent confidence interval, 26 to 81 percent; P=0.008).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Waist circumference, the fasting plasma glucose concentration, the plasma glucose concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge, and the serum insulin concentration two hours after glucose challenge decreased significantly more among subjects in the intervention group than among those in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average proportion of subjects in whom impaired glucose tolerance progressed to diabetes was 3 percent per year in the intervention group and 6 percent per year in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes was diagnosed in a total of 86 subjects -27 in the intervention group and 59 in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At this time, the mean change from base line in the fasting plasma glucose concentration was -2±12 mg per deciliter (-0.1±0.7 mmol per liter) in the intervention group and +3±14 mg per deciliter (+0.2±0.8 mmol per liter) in the control group (P<0.001);”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to our results, 22 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance must be treated in this way for one year -or 5 subjects for five years -to prevent one case of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the corresponding odds ratio in the control group was 0.6 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 1.1).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subjects in the intervention group were more likely to report changes in dietary and exercise habits.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported dietary and exercise habits accurately reflect actual lifestyle changes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absolute incidence of diabetes was 32 cases per 1000 person-years in the intervention group and 78 per 1000 personyears in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainn = 86- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were also significantly greater decreases in the intervention group than in the control group in the serum insulin concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge, as well as in the triglyceride concentration and blood pressure (data not shown).”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > RESULTS
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We required confirmation of the diagnosis of diabetes by a second oral glucose-tolerance test; if the diagnosis was not confirmed by the second test, the subject followed the program according to the original random assignment.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The end-points committee excluded one subject who had diabetes at base line whose diagnosis of diabetes was confirmed at her two-year visit.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the National Public Health Institute in Helsinki, Finland, and all the study subjects gave written informed consent.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyses of end points were based on the intention-to-treat principle.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasonably low dropout rate in our study also indicates that subjects with impaired glucose tolerance are willing and able to participate in a demanding intervention program if it is made available to them.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In March 2000, an independent statistician completed the first analysis of data, which included all cases of diabetes diagnosed before that date.On the basis of the results of this analysis, the endpoints committee recommended that the trial be ended.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The independent end-points committee confirmed all newly diagnosed cases of diabetes.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects who withdrew from the study were considered to be at risk for diabetes until their last oral glucosetolerance test, at which point data were censored.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Withdrawal from the study and censoring at the last oral glucose-tolerance test do not bias the estimated intervention effect.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Laboratory staff did not know the subjects' group assignments, and the subjects were not informed of their plasma glucose concentrations during follow-up unless diabetes was diagnosed.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study centers did not exchange information concerning the number of subjects who reached the end point, and the end-point data were linked to the group assignment at the study center only after a total of 80 subjects had reached the end point, as stated in the study plan.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Assessment of the End Points
plainn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The glucose measurements were standardized by the central laboratory in Helsinki, whose staff analyzed 60 to 80 plasma samples from each center in duplicate.A linear-regression equation was calculated for each center, with the use of the plasma glucose measurement determined at the Helsinki laboratory as the standard.These equations were used to correct the locally measured plasma glucose values.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Biochemical Assessments
plainn = 80- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects who enrolled in the study were randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group by the study physician, with the use of a randomization list, with stratification according to center, sex, and the mean plasma glucose concentration two hours after oral glucose challenge (140 to 169 mg per deciliter or 170 to 200 mg per deciliter [7.8 to 9.4 mmol per liter or 9.5 to 11.0 mmol”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the staff members involved in the intervention had to be aware of the group assignment; thus, the study was only partly blinded.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Study Design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the study, 40 subjects (8 percent) withdrew -23 in the intervention group and 17 in the control group.”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > Cumulative Probability of Remaining Free of Diabetes
plainn = 40- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many also have hypertension and an atherogenic serum lipid profile.[19][20][21][22]”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [19][20][21][22]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
The success score computed from grades for intervention goals validly reflects the extent of lifestyle changes achieved.
“subjects were given a grade for each goal of the intervention at the one-year visit (with 0 indicating that it was not achieved or 1 indicating that it was achieved), and a success score was computed as the sum of these grades.”
“At the one-year visit, each subject received a grade of 0 for each intervention goal that had not been achieved and a grade of 1 for each goal that had been achieved; the success score was computed as the sum of the grades.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Withdrawal from the study and censoring at the last oral glucose-tolerance test do not bias the estimated intervention effect.
“Subjects who withdrew from the study were considered to be at risk for diabetes until their last oral glucosetolerance test, at which point data were censored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The study subjects with impaired glucose tolerance are representative of the high-risk subjects to whom the prevention conclusion generalizes.
“middle-aged, overweight subjects (172 men and 350 women; mean age, 55 years; mean body-mass index [weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], 31) with impaired glucose tolerance”
“high-risk subjects”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported dietary and exercise habits accurately reflect actual lifestyle changes.
“The study subjects were asked about their healthrelated behavior at base line and subsequently at each annual follow-up examination (Table 3).”
“They completed a three-day food diary at base line and at each annual visit, using a booklet illustrating the sizes of portions of food.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although lifestyle interventions393 and weight loss394 reverse T2DM in early stages, when insulin is still secreted, T2DM patients may become dependent on anti-diabetic drugs in later stages.”
From Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. (2016) · cites this paper as [393]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In four of these studies ( 2 – 5 ), diabetes rates decreased in relation to substantial reductions in body weight, whereas in the Indian trial ( 6 ) lifestyle intervention was successful despite no weight loss.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lifestyle modification in both studies reduced incident diabetes by 58% and, in the DPP, had a greater effect than metformin (31%).”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [260]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The most robust research available related to eating patterns for prediabetes or type 2 diabetes prevention are Mediterranean-style, low-fat, or lowcarbohydrate eating plans (26,69,74,75).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, physical training can play a significant role in the prevention of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [22–25].”
From Patients with type 2 diabetes have normal mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle (2007) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Randomized controlled trials have shown that individuals at high risk for developing diabetes (those with IFG, IGT, or both) can be given interventions that significantly decrease the rate of onset of diabetes (10–16).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Interventions that focussed on physical activity during early pregnancy have been shown to reduce the development of GDM [23, 27] and type 2 diabetes in at risk individuals [16, 56].”
From Effectiveness of pre-pregnancy lifestyle in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 257,876 pregnancies (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Diet-induced fat loss is recommended for obese patients who have these cardiometabolic risk factors, because even moderate (e.g., 10%) weight loss improves all risk factors simultaneously (1-3).”
From Long-term Effects of Large-volume Liposuction on Metabolic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Small long-term reductions in body weight (fat) improve glucose tolerance and the other metabolic CHD risk factors evaluated in the present study (2,3,12-14).”
From Long-term Effects of Large-volume Liposuction on Metabolic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease (2008) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The composite outcome, as defined by the CDC in its 2021 standards,29 comprises elements that have each been associated with reduced risk of progression to diabetes.30-34”
From An AI-Powered Lifestyle Intervention vs Human Coaching in the Diabetes Prevention Program: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Regular physical activity, which can contribute to both weight loss and prevention of weight regain, and behavioral strategies are also important components of lifestyle therapy for weight management (26,74,83,135 -137).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the ef fi cacy of interventions for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes has mainly been demonstrated among individuals who have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) with or without elevated fasting glucose, not for individuals with isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or for those with prediabetes de fi ned by A1C criteria (5 -8).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The DPP and other clinical trials12–16 have established the feasibility of interruption of the worsening of hyperglycaemia in overweight people who have raised fasting or postload glycaemia.”
From 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (2009) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similar to the DPP trial, the FDPS also demonstrated a 70% reduction in diabetes incidence after adjustment for baseline confounders in individuals who met their PA activity goal (>4 hr-week) but did not meet the accompanying weight loss goal (>5% weight loss) [95] .”
From Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health: A clinical practice statement of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology Part II: Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, minimum and goal intensities for exercise training, prescriptive methods, and special patient populations (2022) · cites this paper as [95]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Five clinical trials that examined the effects of reputedly healthy, energy-restricted diets together with increased physical activity in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, a prediabetic stage, showed risk reductions between 30 and 70% ( 2 – 6 ).”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The results of these studies provide convincing evidence that lifestyle modification reduces the incidence of diabetes among high-risk individuals.”
From Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With the Mediterranean Diet (2011) · cites this paper as [3]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Regular physical activity by itself (155,156) or as part of a comprehensive lifestyle plan (26,74,83,151) can prevent progression to type 2 diabetes in highrisk individuals.”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In both the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (60) and the U.S. Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) (61), lifestyle intervention significantly reduced diabetes incidence by 58%.”
From Globalization of Diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These interventions include intensive lifestyle modification programs that have been shown to be very effective (≥58% reduction after 3 years) and use of the pharmacologic agents metformin, acarbose, orlistat, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), each of which has been shown to decrease incident diabetes to various degrees.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Lifestyle interventions are proven to effectively prevent type-2 diabetes [16].”
From Effectiveness of pre-pregnancy lifestyle in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus—a systematic review and meta-analysis of 257,876 pregnancies (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although interventions can clearly reduce diabetes incidence over a period of a few years,1–5 it is not well known how long their effects persist, especially when interventions cease or become less intensive.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several large type 2 diabetes prevention RCTs (26,74,83,84) used low-fat eating plans to achieve weight loss and improve glucose tolerance, and some demonstrated decreased incidence of diabetes (26,74,83).”
From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intensive lifestyle intervention has also been shown to prevent or delay the development of type 2 diabetes in other studies.15, 26”
From Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Combination therapy with insulin and oral glucose‐lowering agents (SUs 13 , 14 , fast‐acting insulin secretagogues [glinides] 15 , 16 , 17 ), biguanides 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , α‐glucosidase inhibitors 22 , 23 , insulin sensitizers 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , and, DPP‐4 inhibitors 28 , and SGLT2 inhibitors 29 or GLP‐1 receptor agonists 30 are shown to improve glycemic control and reduce the insulin dose being”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and the Finnish trials, lifestyle intervention including modest weight loss was effective in preventing the development of diabetes in a high risk population [15,16].”
From The case for low carbohydrate diets in diabetes management (2005) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“All three of these large intervention studies showed a reduction in risk to develop Type 2 diabetes by up to 58% compared to placebo.”
From The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (2003) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“Despite these recommendations and the demonstration that interventions can delay and sometimes prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance (26,27), there is as yet no published evidence that treatment based on screening has an effect on long-term complications.”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Clearly lifestyle interventions, including exercise training and at least mild weight reduction with caloric restriction, showed a nearly 60% reduction in the risk of developing DM, which was considerably better than that noted in patients treated with metformin (73,74).”
From Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (2009) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Clearly lifestyle interventions, including exercise training and at least mild weight reduction with caloric restriction, showed a nearly 60% reduction in the risk of developing DM, which was considerably better than that noted in patients treated with metformin (73,74).”
From Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (2009) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Both microalbuminuria and retinopathy increase with diabetes duration and severity is related to glycaemic control163,164.”
From Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future (2014) · cites this paper as [164]
In the citing paper
“Several trials have demonstrated reductions in the risk of developing diabetes among prediabetic individuals after lifestyle and drug-based interventions.15,24–28”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“In the first trial, the benefits were dependent on the number of goals achieved by the participant (weight reduction >5%, fat intake< 30%, saturated fat intake < 10%, fiber intake >15g/1000 kcal, exercise > 4h/week),28 while in the DPP the most important determinant of risk reduction was weight loss (each 1-kg decrease reduced the risk by 16%).90”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study and, the largest to date, the US DPP with a 3-year follow-up found a 58% risk reduction after interventions aimed at weight loss, dietary change and increase in physical activity.25,28”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“The accretion of lean tissue with exercise has a potentially beneficial effect in preventing diabetes and metabolic syndrome [330], functional dependency, falls, and fractures as well as in the treatment of chronic diseases and disabilities that are often accompanied by disuse, catabolism, and sarcopenia.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [330]
In the citing paper
“The accretion of lean tissue with exercise has a potentially beneficial effect in preventing diabetes and metabolic syndrome [330], functional dependency, falls, and fractures as well as in the treatment of chronic diseases and disabilities that are often accompanied by disuse, catabolism, and sarcopenia.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [330]
In the citing paper
“There is good evidence that complex interventions, including dietary changes, can prevent the progression of impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes (1,2).”
From Systematic review and meta-analysis of different dietary approaches to the management of type 2 diabetes (2013) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Given the availability of effective interventions for delaying or preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes and the increasing burden of the condition worldwide, earlier identification of individuals at risk is particularly important3-6.”
From Metabolite profiles and the risk of developing diabetes (2011) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“In metabolic syndrome patients with IFG (or IGT if assessed), weight reduction, increased physical activity, or both will delay (or prevent) the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.145,174”
From Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement (2005) · cites this paper as [174]
In the citing paper
“However, they should abstain from sucrose‐rich sweets and juices, which are thought likely to worsen glycemic control and promote the metabolic syndrome 15 , 16 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Despite lack of consensus on its role in improving glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes, long‐term exercise is shown to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease and improve quality of life (QOL) 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 (grade B: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“While the risk of hypoglycemia with DPP‐4 inhibitor monotherapy is small, combination therapy with an SU or insulin often increases the risk of hypoglycemia, suggesting the rationale for reducing the dose of either partnering agent 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“While the risk of hypoglycemia with DPP‐4 inhibitor monotherapy is small, combination therapy with an SU or insulin often increases the risk of hypoglycemia, suggesting the rationale for reducing the dose of either partnering agent 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“A number of reports in the literature suggest that real‐time continuous glucose monitoring (rt‐CGM) may be more effective than self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in improving glycemic control not only in pediatric and adult patients with type 1 diabetes but in adult patients with type 2 diabetes 13 , 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Diabetic retinopathy is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy and macroangiopathy 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Anti‐dyslipidemic agents (e.g., fibrates, statins) are shown likely to be effective in inhibiting the progression of diabetic nephropathy in patients with intact renal function 14 , 15 , 16 (grade B: 81% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Foot ulcer treatment has been shown to be effective in maintaining the QOL of affected patients 14 , 15 (grade A: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Lipid control has been shown to be effective in the primary and secondary prevention of diabetic macroangiopathy 14 , 15 (grade A: 100% agreement).”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Given that mental/psychological factors have been shown to significantly affect the patient’s diabetes management and prognosis, mental/psychological counseling is to be offered with sufficient care given to addressing individual differences in mental/psychological maturity 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Not only aerobic exercise but muscle training is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, with their combination shown to markedly decrease the risk further 14 , 15 .”
From Japanese clinical practice guideline for diabetes 2019 (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“which may have important therapeutic implications for prevention and treatment of T2DM in this ethnic group and possibly explain the lower efficacy of lifestyle intervention in the Indian diabetes prevention study compared with the U.S. and Finnish diabetes prevention studies (33-35).”
From Increased prevalence of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian-Indian men (2006) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that weight loss and increased physical activity reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals, including American Indians, who have IGT (27,28).”
From Effects of Traditional and Western Environments on Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Pima Indians in Mexico and the U.S. (2006) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“However, randomized controlled trial evidence of dietary interventions and diabetes prevention only exists for low-fat, low-calorie, plus/minus high-fiber diets (22,32).”
From Diabetes and Cancer (2010) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“In the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Program, weight loss counseling targeted to 5% total body weight, decreased total and saturated fat consumption, increased fiber consumption and increased activity to 30 min/day resulted in a 58% reduction in incident T2DM in individuals with IGT and BMI greater than 25 kg/m2.”
From The Vasculature in Prediabetes (2018) · cites this paper as [188]
In the citing paper
“In adults at risk for diabetes, a program of diet and physical activity reduced the risk of diabetes by 58%, with size of the decrease related to the extent of change in lifestyle.159”
From Obesity‐Related Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment: A Position Paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension (2013) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of interventions for primary prevention of type 2 diabetes (10–16) has primarily been demonstrated among individuals with IGT, not individuals with IFG (who do not also have IGT).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“These interventions include intensive lifestyle modification programs that have been shown to be very effective (≥58% reduction after 3 years) and use of the pharmacologic agents metformin, acarbose, orlistat, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), each of which has been shown to decrease incident diabetes to various degrees.”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, regular exercise may prevent type 2 diabetes in high-risk individuals (10–12).”
From Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009 (2009) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 2. C HANGES IN S ELECTED C LINICAL AND M ETABOLIC V ARIABLES FROM B ASE -L INE TO THE E ND OF Y EAR 1 IN THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
“Change in serum insulin (mg/ml) Fasting 2 Hr after oral glucose challenge”
§ PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS BY CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AMONG SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE > T ABLE 1. B ASE -L INE C HARACTERISTICS OF THE S UBJECTS IN THE I NTERVENTION AND C
“Serum insulin ( m U/ml) Fasting 2 Hr after oral glucose challenge”
Citations
Cites
Pan, X.-R., Li, G.-W., Hu, Y.-H., Wang, J.-X., Yang, W.-Y., An, Z.-X., Hu, Z.-X., Juan-Lin, Xiao, J.-Z., Cao, H.-B., et al. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.4.537 · Cited by 4,320
Diabetes mellitus: a "thrifty" genotype rendered detrimental by "progress"?
Neel, J. V. (1962) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 3,172
(1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)12131-1 · Cited by 1,313
Borch‐Johnsen, K., Neil, A., Balkau, B., Larsen, S. H., Nissinen, A. E. T., Pekkanen, J., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Hiltunen, L. A., Kivelä, S., Tuomilehto, J. O., et al. (1999) · The Lancet · Cited by 1,272
Self-citationPhysical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women
Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., Rosner, B., Hennekens, C. H., Speizer, F. E., Rimm, E. B., & Krolewski, A. S. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90664-b · Cited by 1,164
Eriksson, K. F., & Lindg�rde, F. (1991) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400196 · Cited by 1,092
Natural History of Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Partanen, J., Niskanen, L., Lehtinen, J., Mervaala, E., Siitonen, O., & Uusitupa, M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199507133330203 · Cited by 656
Self-citationUndiagnosed NIDDM: Clinical and Public Health Issues
Harris, M. I. (1993) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.16.4.642 · Cited by 460
Haffner, S. M., Mykkänen, L., Festa, A., Burke, J. P., & Stern, M. P. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.9.975 · Cited by 455
Eriksson, J., Lindström, J., Valle, T., Aunola, S., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Lauhkonen, M., Lehto, P., et al. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051229 · Cited by 368
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Neel JV, 1962, Am J Hum Genet, 14, 353
- Tuomilehto J, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Zimmet P, Alberti K, Knowler W. Primary prevention of diabetes mellitus. In: Alberti K, Zimmet P, DeFronzo R, Keen H, eds. International textbook of diabetes mellitus. Chichester, England: John Wiley, 1997:1799-827.
- 1994, WHO Tech Rep Ser, 844, 1
- 1985, WHO Tech Rep Ser, 727, 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 3,201–3,300 of 10,870
Long-term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight
Padwal, R. S., Sk, L., & Dc, L. (2002) · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004094 · Cited by 42
Continuous Glucose Monitoring for Prediabetes: What Are the Best Metrics?
Zahalka, S. J., Galindo, R. J., Shah, V. N., & Wang, C. C. L. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968241242487 · Cited by 53
Moravcová, K., Karbanová, M., Bretschneider, M. P., Sovová, M., Ožana, J., & Sovová, E. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14102005 · Cited by 37
Decreased Insulin Clearance in Individuals with Elevated 1-h Post-Load Plasma Glucose Levels
Marini, M. A., Frontoni, S., Succurro, E., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077440 · Cited by 40
“Lifestyle changes [1,2] and pharmacotherapy [2–4] in subjects at increased risk for type 2 diabetes, such as IGT individuals, have been demonstrated to be effective in reducing its incidence.”
Probiotic Mechanisms Affecting Glucose Homeostasis: A Scoping Review
Pintarič, M., & Langerholc, T. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12081187 · Cited by 48
“The latter include an unhealthy lifestyle such as poor diet, obesity and lack of physical activity [11,12].”
BackgroundA Proposed Strategy against Obesity: How Government Policy Can Counter the Obesogenic Environment
Temple, N. J. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15132910 · Cited by 52
“Interventions consisting of dietary change and physical activity lowered the estimated risk by about 58% [19,20].”
BackgroundShift Work and Metabolic Syndrome Updates: A Systematic Review
Schettini, M. A. S., Passos, R. F. D. N., & Koike, B. D. V. (2023) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1770798 · Cited by 50
Chen, X., Liu, D., He, W., Hu, H., & Wang, W. (2023) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04402-1 · Cited by 43
“Without any health intervention, approximately 30% of people with prediabetes will experience diabetes within 5 years [6].”
BackgroundYank, V. A., Xiao, L., Wilson, S. R., Stafford, R. S., Rosas, L. G., & Ma, J. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20510 · Cited by 41
“Losing as little as 5% of baseline weight is clinically significant (2-8).”
BackgroundOvenseri-Ogbomo, G. O., Abokyi, S., Koffuor, G. A., et al. (2013) · Nigerian Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0300-1652.119602 · Cited by 40
Bersamin, A., Wolsko, C. V., Luick, B. R., Boyer, B. B., Lardon, C., Hopkins, S. E., Stern, J. S., & Zidenberg‐Cherr, S. (2013) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2012.758691 · Cited by 40
“…have been shown to significantly increase walking and decrease adiposity among overweight/obese sedentary individuals (Tudor-Locke et al. 2004), and, when used in conjunction with dietary intervention to produce weight loss, to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes (Tuomilehto et al. 2001).”
BackgroundLiu, S.-C., Chien, K., Wang, C., Chen, W.-C., & Cleunghen, C.-H. (2013) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep13148.or · Cited by 40
Steemburgo, T., de Azevedo, M. J., Gross, J. L., et al. (2013) · Lifestyle Genomics · doi:10.1159/000350741 · Cited by 40
Critchley, C. R., Hardie, E. A., & Moore, S. M. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1183 · Cited by 44
Sakane, N., Kotani, K., Takahashi, K., Sano, Y., Tsuzaki, K., Okazaki, K., Sato, J., Suzuki, S., Morita, S., Oshima, Y., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007316 · Cited by 40
Matvienko, O. A., & Hoehns, J. D. (2009) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2009.05.090012 · Cited by 42
Friedman, A. N., Marrero, D. G., Ma, Y., Ackermann, R. T., Narayan, K. M. V., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Watson, K. E., Knowler, W. C., & Horton, E. S. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0148 · Cited by 40
Liu, W. Y., Lu, D. J., Du, X., Sun, J., Ge, J., Wang, R. W., Wang, R., Zou, J., Xu, C., Ren, J., et al. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-48 · Cited by 41
“Meanwhile, epidemiological studies showed that 25% of patients with pre-diabetes progress to type 2 diabetes in 5 years [30] and several prospective studies even suggested that the rate may be even higher, averaging 10-12% annually [31-33].”
BackgroundStefanov, T., Vekova, A., Bonova, I., Tzvetkov, S., Kurktschiev, D. P., Blüher, M., & Temelkova-Kurktschiev, T. S. (2013) · Central European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.21101/cejph.a3801 · Cited by 39
Muramoto, A., Tsushita, K., Kato, A., Ozaki, N., Tabata, M., Endo, M., Oike, Y., & Oiso, Y. (2011) · Nutrition and Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2011.16 · Cited by 39
Comparative Effectiveness of Lifestyle Intervention Efforts in the Community
Piatt, G., Seidel, M. C., Powell, R. O., & Zgibor, J. C. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0824 · Cited by 43
Davis, M., Sullivan, S., Ziewacz, J. E., & El‐Sayed, A. M. (2012) · Surgical Neurology International · doi:10.4103/2152-7806.96071 · Cited by 39
Intermittent fasting: a dietary intervention for prevention of diabetes and cardiovascular disease?
Brown, J. E. P., Mosley, M., & Aldred, S. (2013) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/1474651413486496 · Cited by 46
“Several large studies have identified pre-diabetic individuals as subjects in whom to investigate lifestyle changes to prevent the progression to a fulminant diabetic state (6-10).”
BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus as a disorder of galanin resistance
Fang, P., Shi, M., Zhu, Y. N., et al. (2015) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2015.11.007 · Cited by 40
“Whereas the healthy lifestyle, such as low fat diet, weight reduction and frequent physical activity may prevent and reduce the development of insulin resistance and diabetes (Qi et al., 2008; Tuomilehto et al., 2001).”
BackgroundCezaretto, A., Ferreira, S. R. G., Sharma, S., Sadeghirad, B., & Kolahdooz, F. (2016) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2016.04.009 · Cited by 43
“However, implementing interventions to improve lifestyle [12,13], and to promote long-term maintenance of healthy behaviors, remains a challenge for health professionals.”
BackgroundAugustin, L. S. A., Libra, M., Crispo, A., Grimaldi, M., Laurentiis, M. D., Rinaldo, M., D’Aiuto, M., Catalano, F., Banna, G. L., Ferraù, F., et al. (2017) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3064-4 · Cited by 46
Lim, S. S., Dunbar, J., Versace, V. L., Janus, E. D., Wildey, C., Skinner, T. C., & O'Reilly, S. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.02.026 · Cited by 39
“[7] Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al.”
BackgroundMcManus, R., Miller, D. A., Mottola, M. F., Giroux, I., & Donovan, L. (2017) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117117738210 · Cited by 39
Alfawaz, H., Wani, K., Alnaami, A. M., Al‐Saleh, Y., Aljohani, N., Al-Attas, O. S., Alokail, M. S., Kumar, S., & Al‐Daghri, N. M. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030383 · Cited by 41
“This knowledge sharing included distributing pamphlets and booklets with information related to lifestyle modifications in earlier programmes, done elsewhere [17,18].”
MethodAl‐Hamdan, R., Avery, A., Aldisi, D. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.13531 · Cited by 40
Primary prevention of type-2 diabetes in developing countries.
Dagogo-Jack, S. E. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 40
The Singapore Impaired Glucose Tolerance Follow-Up Study
Wong, M.-S., Gu, K., Heng, D., Chew, S., Chew, L. S., & Tai, E. S. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3024 · Cited by 40
Kim, S. H., Liu, A., Ariel, D., Abbasi, F., Lamendola, C. A., Grove, K., Tomasso, V., & Reaven, G. M. (2013) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-3134-3 · Cited by 41
“Although difficult to compare with other studies, the decline in fasting glucose was greater than has been reported during moderate weight loss in the prediabetes population [3, 5].”
ResultThe Forgotten Role of Glucose Effectiveness in the Regulation of Glucose Tolerance
Dube, S., Errazuriz, I., Basu, A., & Basu, R. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0605-6 · Cited by 40
Streets, P. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7310.453a · Cited by 40
Lifestyles Matter in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Uusitupa, M. I. J. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.9.1650 · Cited by 40
Self-citationRasmussen, S. S., Glümer, C., Sandbæk, A., Lauritzen, T., & Borch‐Johnsen, K. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0530-y · Cited by 40
“risk profile in the ADDITION study differed from the control groups in these trials by being older, including more men and having a 7–12 mmHg higher systolic BP, but BMI and waist circumference were smaller [4, 5 ]. Despite our high-risk approach, the IGT group in the Hoorn study (a classic population-based study) was…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSennott, J., Morrissey, J., Standley, P. R., & Broderick, T. L. (2008) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.pathophys.2008.06.001 · Cited by 43
“An active lifestyle reduces the prevalence of obesity nd prevents hyperglycemia and impaired fasting glucose, ll of which are significant risk factors in the development f cardiovascular disorders [2,3].”
BackgroundInfluentialPerreault, L., Bergman, B. C., Playdon, M. C., Man, C. D., Cobelli, C., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90354.2008 · Cited by 44
Predicting Impaired Glucose Tolerance Using Common Clinical Information
Nelson, K. M., & Boyko, E. J. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.7.2058 · Cited by 40
Bonora, E. (2007) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01441.x · Cited by 40
Physical Activity May Facilitate Diabetes Prevention in Adolescents
Thomas, A. S., Greene, L. F., Ard, J. D., Oster, R. A., Darnell, B. E., & Gower, B. A. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0780 · Cited by 40
Pharmacotherapy for Prehypertension — Mission Accomplished?
Schunkert, H. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme068057 · Cited by 40
Prevention of type 2 diabetes: data from recent trials
Kanaya, A. M., & Narayan, K. M. V. (2003) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/s0095-4543(03)00034-4 · Cited by 39
“The first two studies of lifestyle intervention had methodologic flaws that cast some doubt on the validity of their findings [14,15]; however, two recent well-designed, multicenter, randomized controlled trials have strikingly similar findings: intensive lifestyle modification reduces the risk for type 2 diabetes mor…”
ResultDiabetes and its prevention: Pragmatic solutions for people with schizophrenia
Gough, S. C. L., & Peveler, R. (2004) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.184.47.s106 · Cited by 39
“Although there is now persuasive evidence for the effectiveness of both lifestyle changes (Tuomilehto et al, 2001; Knowler et al, 2002) and pharmacological agents (Chiasson et al, 2002; Knowler et al, 2002) as a means of preventing or delaying type 2 diabetes, s10 8 currently patients with impaired…”
BackgroundCommentary: Current perspectives on obesity and health: black and white, or shades of grey?
Blair, S. N., & LaMonte, M. J. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi259 · Cited by 40
Knowler, W. C., Doherty, L., Edelstein, S. L., Bennett, P. H., Dabelea, D., Hoskin, M., Kahn, S. E., Kalyani, R. R., Kim, C., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(25)00022-1 · Cited by 39
Kim, J. H., Jung, W. S., Choi, N.-J., Kim, D.-O., Shin, D.-H., & Kim, Y. J. (2009) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.04.002 · Cited by 39
“In fact, many studies have shown that diet and exercise slow the onset of diabetes in persons with impaired glucose tolerance [2,3].”
BackgroundCosta-Júnior, J. M., Ferreira, S. M., Kurauti, M. A., Bernstein, D. L., Ruano, E. G., Kameswaran, V., Schug, J., Dias, R. D. F., Zoppi, C. C., Boschero, A. C., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23010001 · Cited by 40
Hawkes, R. E., Miles, L. M., Bower, P., Cotterill, S., & French, D. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2022.2077205 · Cited by 40
“…upon widespread experience of such programmes internationally, with previous diabetes prevention trials from multiple countries (e.g. Knowler et al., 2002; Tuomilehto et al., 2001) suggesting lifestyle programmes to be effective in promoting behavioural change and reducing the incidence of T2DM.”
BackgroundVitamins C, E, and β-Carotene and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lampousi, A., Lundberg, T., Löfvenborg, J. E., & Carlsson, S. (2024) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100211 · Cited by 41
“Lifestyle interventions that induce weight loss, such as diet and exercise, are effective in preventing T2D in high-risk individuals [2,3].”
BackgroundRuusunen, A. A., Voutilainen, S., Karhunen, L. J., Lehto, S. M., Tolmunen, T., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Eriksson, J. G., Tuomilehto, J., Uusitupa, M. I. J., & Lindström, J. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03602.x · Cited by 44
Self-citationSkin Autofluorescence Based Decision Tree in Detection of Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Diabetes
Smit, A. J., Smit, J. M., Botterblom, G. J., & Mulder, D. J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065592 · Cited by 41
“Early detection and screening for IGT and DM are warranted because timely start of treatment in IGT may retard further development to DM, and once DM is present may prevent complications [6,7].”
BackgroundWikner, C., Gigante, B., Hellénius, M.-L., Fairé, U. D., & Leander, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061763 · Cited by 39
“Previous studies suggest that genetic factors as well as an array of different lifestyle factors are associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes [3,4,5].”
BackgroundWhat is Needed to Reverse the Trends in Childhood Obesity? A Call to Action
Estabrooks, P. A., Fisher, E. B., & Hayman, L. L. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9070-7 · Cited by 40
“success of the weight loss and physical activity Lifestyle Intervention of the Diabetes Prevention Program that reduced conversion to diabetes among high-risk individuals by 58% relative to placebo [36], a result mirrored in similar behavioral interventions in Finland [37] and China [38].”
ResultTsutsui, H., Maeda, T., Toyo’oka, T., Min, J. Z., Inagaki, S., Higashi, T., & Kagawa, Y. (2010) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr100121k · Cited by 39
Minor, T. (2010) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1685 · Cited by 40
Mechanistic studies of lifestyle interventions in type 2 diabetes
Mitra, A. (2012) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v3.i12.201 · Cited by 41
Exercise training for patients with cardiovascular disease
Casillas, J.-M., Grémeaux, V., Damak, S., Feki, A., & Pérennou, D. A. (2007) · Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique · doi:10.1016/j.annrmp.2007.03.007 · Cited by 43
Cardiovascular complications after transplantation: Treatment options in solid organ recipients
Gillis, K. A., Patel, R. K., & Jardine, A. G. (2013) · Transplantation Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.trre.2013.12.001 · Cited by 39
“The risk of diabetes development can be reduced by 58% in high risk individuals by weight loss achieved with a structured diet and exercise plan [65].”
BackgroundCognitive and Behavioral Approaches in the Treatment of Obesity
Dorsten, B. V., & Lindley, E. M. (2008) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2008.08.003 · Cited by 40
Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents
Amed, S., Daneman, D., Mahmud, F. H., & Hamilton, J. K. (2010) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/erc.10.15 · Cited by 39
Transcultural Diabetes Nutrition Algorithm (tDNA): Venezuelan Application
Nieto-Martínez, R. E., Hamdy, O., Marante, D., Marulanda, M. I., Marchetti, A. E., Hegazi, R. A. F., & Mechanick, J. I. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6041333 · Cited by 42
“Epidemiologic and clinical data indicate that weight loss through lower energy intake and increased physical activity may decrease T2D risk more than pharmacotherapy [70,71].”
BackgroundChen, Z., Watanabe, R. M., Stram, D. O., Buchanan, T. A., & Xiang, A. H. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-1433 · Cited by 39
Luu, Y. K., Pessin, J. E., Judex, S., Rubin, J. E., & Rubin, C. T. (2009) · IBMS BoneKEy · doi:10.1138/20090371 · Cited by 41
López-Jaramillo, P. A. (2009) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/s1885-5857(09)72231-5 · Cited by 39
The Role of Lifestyle Change in the Prevention and Treatment of NAFLD
Centis, E., Marzocchi, R., Suppini, A., Grave, R., Villanova, N., Hickman, I. J., & Marchesini, G. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612811319290008 · Cited by 40
Iizuka, T., Iemitsu, K., Takihata, M., Takai, M., Nakajima, S., Minami, N., Umezawa, S., Kanamori, A., Takeda, H., Kawata, T., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Medicine Research · doi:10.14740/jocmr2417w · Cited by 39
“The Diabetes Prevention Studies (DPS) performed in the USA and Finland demonstrated that the risk of developing diabetes is reduced by weight loss (the chief determinant of risk reduction) through changes to dietary and exercise habits [6, 7].”
BackgroundWilson, M. L. (2017) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnur.2017.07.011 · Cited by 43
Kruse, B. C., & Vassar, M. B. (2017) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.10.007 · Cited by 38
Migration and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Ghanaian Populations in Europe:
Boateng, D., Agyemang, C. O., Beune, E., et al. (2017) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.117.004013 · Cited by 39
Howard, B. V., Aragaki, A. K., Tinker, L. F., Allison, M., Hingle, M. D., Johnson, K., Manson, J. E., Shadyab, A. H., Shikany, J. M., Snetselaar, L., et al. (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-0534 · Cited by 39
Impact of weight changes on the incidence of diabetes mellitus: a Korean nationwide cohort study
Kim, E. S., Jeong, J. S., Han, K., Kim, M. K., Lee, S., Park, Y., Baek, K. H., Moon, S. D., Han, J.-H., Song, K., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21550-3 · Cited by 40
Siddiqui, S., Zainal, H., Harun, S. N., Ghadzi, S. M. S., & Ghafoor, S. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.06.069 · Cited by 38
Conversational Agent for Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Change: Web-Based Feasibility Study
Dhinagaran, D. A., Sathish, T., Soong, A., Theng, Y. L., Best, J. D., & Car, L. T. (2021) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/27956 · Cited by 39
Peña, A., Olson, M. L., Hooker, E., Ayers, S. L., Castro, F. G., Patrick, D. L., CORRAL, L., Lish, E., Knowler, W. C., & Shaibi, G. Q. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31196 · Cited by 42
Adenosine receptors and diabetes: Focus on the A2B adenosine receptor subtype
Merighi, S., Borea, P. A., & Gessi, S. (2015) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.06.015 · Cited by 40
Audit of the outcome of pregnancy in diabetic women in Soweto, South Africa, 1992–2002
Huddle, K. (2005) · Journal of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa · doi:10.1080/22201009.2005.10872128 · Cited by 39
“Two studies from different parts of the world have shown that with lifestyle interventions such as diet, exercise and weight loss, the development of type 2 DM in individuals with IGT can be reduced by 58%.(15,16) This is a challenge for us in the future.”
BackgroundLifestyle interventions for type 2 diabetes. Relevance for clinical practice.
Harris, S. B., Petrella, R. J., & Leadbetter, W. (2003) · PubMed Central · Cited by 39
Physical activity, a key factor to quality of life in type 2 diabetic patients
Zanuso, S., Balducci, S., & Jiménez, A. (2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.984 · Cited by 38
“[2–5] and the management of type 2 diabetes, as”
Nutritional fats and the risk of type 2 diabetes and cancer
Stoeckli, R., & Keller, U. B. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.030 · Cited by 40
Wang, J., Yuan, S.-Y., Zhu, L., Fu, H.-J., Li, H., Hu, G., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2004) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.03.002 · Cited by 39
Self-citationA Statewide Intervention Reduces BMI in Adults: Shape Up Rhode Island Results
Wing, R. R., Pinto, A. M., Crane, M. M., Kumar, R., Weinberg, B. M., & Gorin, A. A. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.655 · Cited by 39
Guasch‐Ferré, M., Bulló, M., Costa, B., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Ibarrola-Jurado, N., Estruch, R., Barrio, F., Salas‐Salvadó, J., & for the PREDI-PLAN Investigators (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033437 · Cited by 38
“Strong evidence from several studies has demonstrated that T2DM could be prevented by diet and other lifestyle modifications in high-risk individuals (reviewed by [5]) [6,7].”
BackgroundMazurek, M., Kowalczyk, J. P., Lenarczyk, R., Zielinska, T., Sędkowska, A., Pruszkowska‐Skrzep, P., Swiatkowski, A., Średniawa, B., Kowalski, O., Poloński, L., et al. (2012) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-11-78 · Cited by 37
Kawahara, T., Takahashi, K., Inazu, T., Arao, T., Kawahara, C., Tabata, T., Moriyama, H., Okada, Y., Morita, E., & Tanaka, Y. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-2272 · Cited by 41
“2 years), but was similar to that in the Da Qing study (31, 42, and 46% in 6 years) and was superior to that of the Malmö study (33% in 5 years) (6,12,16,17).”
MethodResultThe Importance of a Postpartum 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Women With Gestational Diabetes
Reinblatt, S. L., Morin, L. M., & Meltzer, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)32230-7 · Cited by 39
“Family history DM (89) 57% (58) 67% (10) 71% (3) 43% (9) 75% 0.”
Prevalence and lifestyle determinants of the metabolic syndrome.
Villegas, R., Creagh, D., Hinchion, R., O’Halloran, D., & Perry, I. J. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 39
Two-Step Approach for the Prediction of Future Type 2 Diabetes Risk
Abdul‐Ghani, M. A., Abdul‐Ghani, T., D, M. P. S. M., Karavic, J., Tuomilehto, J., Bo, I., DeFronzo, R. A., & Groop, L. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-2201 · Cited by 39
Self-citationMensink, M., Blaak, E. E., Vidal, H., de Bruin, T. W., Glatz, J. F. C., & Saris, W. H. M. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1152-2 · Cited by 39
Gresl, T. A., Colman, R. J., Havighurst, T. C., Byerley, L. O., Allison, D. B., Schoeller, D. A., & Kemnitz, J. W. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00651.2002 · Cited by 39
“Recently, it has been shown that a diet and physical activity intervention program in middle-aged obese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance could result in moderate weight loss and a reduced risk of developing of type 2 diabetes (57).”
BackgroundKris‐Etherton, P. M., Binkoski, A. E., Zhao, G., Coval, S. M., Clemmer, K. F., Hecker, H. D., Jacques, H., & Etherton, T. D. (2002) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns2002157 · Cited by 41
Contribution of CB1 blockade to the management of high-risk abdominal obesity
Després, J., Lemieux, I., & Alméras, N. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803278 · Cited by 37
Østergård, T., Nyholm, B., Hansen, T. K., Rasmussen, L. M., Ingerslev, J., Sørensen, K. E., Bøtker, H. E., Saltin, B., & Schmitz, O. (2006) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.06.024 · Cited by 39
“Exercise reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance [8,9] and also improves endothelial function in people with overt type 2 diabetes mellitus [10].”
BackgroundKendall, D. M. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.01.06.dc05-0711 · Cited by 39
Effect of Weight Reduction on Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Obese Patients
Park, H. S., Sim, S. J., & Park, J. Y. (2004) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2004.19.2.202 · Cited by 39
Horizons in Nutritional Science
Otto, B., Spranger, J., Benoit, S. C., Clegg, D. J., & Tschöp, M. H. (2005) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20051446 · Cited by 39
The metabolic syndrome: targeting dyslipidaemia to reduce coronary risk.
Ginsberg, H. N., & Stalenhoef, A. F. H. (2003) · Journal of Cardiovascular Risk · doi:10.1097/00043798-200304000-00007 · Cited by 80
Oral antidiabetic agents: 2004
Lebovitz, H. E. (2004) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2004.05.002 · Cited by 39
Characteristics of US adults with the metabolic syndrome and therapeutic implications
Jacobson, T. A., Case, C. C., Roberts, S., Buckley, A., Murtaugh, K. M., Sung, J., Gause, D. O., Varas‐Lorenzo, C., & Ballantyne, C. M. (2004) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00354.x · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., Salminen, V., Aunola, S., Cepaitis, Z., Moltchanov, V., Hakumäki, M., Mannelin, M., Martikkala, V., Sundvall, J., & Uusitupa, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Social Insurance Institution (FI)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- Oulu Deaconess Institute (FI)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2001-05-03
- Volume
- 344
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 1343-1350
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2332951586
- Cited by
- 10,873
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 198 · 2024: 256 · 2023: 223 · 2022: 289 · 2021: 341 · 2020: 346 · 2019: 336 · 2018: 430 · 2017: 402 · 2016: 441 · 2015: 476 · 2014: 549 · 2013: 566 · 2012: 553
- FWCI
- 320.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes prevention, impaired glucose tolerance, lifestyle intervention, weight loss, nutrition counseling, saturated fat intake, dietary fiber, physical activity, overweight adults, diabetes incidence
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fiber, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Risk, Weight Loss, Exercise, Incidence, Glucose Intolerance, Diet, Fat-Restricted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
