Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and the Test-Negative Design

The test-negative design for estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness

Jackson, M. L., & Nelson, J. C. (2013) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.02.053 · Cited by 510 · see citing works

Prevention and Attenuation of Covid-19 with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines

Thompson, M. G., Burgess, J. L., Naleway, A. L., Tyner, H. L., Yoon, S. K., Meece, J. K., Olsho, L. E. W., Caban-Martinez, A. J., Fowlkes, A. L., Lutrick, K., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2107058 · Cited by 469 · see citing works

Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines in Ambulatory and Inpatient Care Settings

Thompson, M. G., Stenehjem, E. A., Grannis, S. J., Ball, S. W., Naleway, A. L., Ong, T. C., DeSilva, M. B., Natarajan, K., Bozio, C. H., Lewis, N., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2110362 · Cited by 459 · see citing works

Theoretical Basis of the Test-Negative Study Design for Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness

Sullivan, S. G., Tchetgen, E. J. T., & Cowling, B. J. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kww064 · Cited by 316 · see citing works

Understanding COVID-19 vaccine efficacy

Lipsitch, M., & Dean, N. E. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe5938 · Cited by 232 · see citing works

The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness

Chua, H., Feng, S., Lewnard, J. A., Sullivan, S. G., Blyth, C. C., Lipsitch, M., & Cowling, B. J. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001116 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Theoretical Framework for Retrospective Studies of the Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

Lewnard, J. A., Patel, M. M., Jewell, N. P., Verani, J. R., Kobayashi, M., Tenforde, M. W., Dean, N. E., Cowling, B. J., & Lopman, B. A. (2021) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001366 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Test-Negative Designs

Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Pearce, N. E. (2019) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001088 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Vaccine effectiveness studies in the field

Evans, S. J. W., & Jewell, N. P. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2110605 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Identifiability and Estimation Under the Test-negative Design With Population Controls With the Goal of Identifying Risk and Preventive Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Schnitzer, M. E., Harel, D., Ho, V., Koushik, A., & Merckx, J. (2021) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001385 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Waning of BNT162b2 Vaccine Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Qatar

Chemaitelly, H., Tang, P., Hasan, M. R., AlMukdad, S., Yassine, H. M., Benslimane, F. M., Al Khatib, H. A., Coyle, P., Ayoub, H. H., Al Kanaani, Z., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2114114 · Cited by 831 · see citing works

BNT162b2 Protection against the Omicron Variant in Children and Adolescents

Price, A. M., Olson, S. M., Newhams, M. M., Halasa, N. B., Boom, J. A., Sahni, L. C., Pannaraj, P. S., Irby, K., Bline, K., Maddux, A. B., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2202826 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against delta, mu, and other emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2: test negative case-control study

Bruxvoort, K. J., Sy, L. S., Qian, L., Ackerson, B. K., Luo, Y., Lee, G. S., Tian, Y., Florea, A., Aragones, M., Tubert, J. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-068848 · Cited by 230 · see citing works

Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Critical Covid-19 in Adolescents

Olson, S. M., Newhams, M. M., Halasa, N. B., Price, A. M., Boom, J. A., Sahni, L. C., Pannaraj, P. S., Irby, K., Walker, T. C., Schwartz, S. P., et al. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2117995 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

Waning effectiveness of the third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine

Patalon, T., Saciuk, Y., Peretz, A., Perez, G., Lurie, Y., Maor, Y., & Gazit, S. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30884-6 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Waning Effectiveness of the Third Dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine

Patalon, T., Saciuk, Y., Peretz, A., Perez, G., Lurie, Y., Maor, Y., & Gazit, S. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.25.22271494 · Cited by 143 · see citing works

Effects of Confounding Bias in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Test-Negative Designs Due to Correlated Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination Behaviors

Doll, M. K., Pettigrew, S. M., Ma, J., & Verma, A. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac234 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Protection against omicron (B.1.1.529) BA.2 reinfection conferred by primary omicron BA.1 or pre-omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection among health-care workers with and without mRNA vaccination: a test-negative case-control study

Carazo, S., Skowronski, D. M., Brisson, M., Sauvageau, C., Brousseau, N., Gilca, R., Ouakki, M., Barkati, S., Fafard, J., Talbot, D. C., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00578-3 · Cited by 109 · see citing works

Effectiveness of an inactivated Covid-19 vaccine with homologous and heterologous boosters against Omicron in Brazil

Ranzani, O., Hitchings, M. D. T., de Melo, R. L., de França, G. V. A., Fernandes, C. D. F. R., Lind, M. L., Torres, M. S. S., Tsuha, D. H., David, L. C. S., Said, R., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33169-0 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Short term, relative effectiveness of four doses versus three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in people aged 60 years and older in Israel: retrospective, test negative, case-control study

Gazit, S., Saciuk, Y., Perez, G., Peretz, A., Pitzer, V. E., & Patalon, T. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071113 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Breakthrough infections after COVID-19 vaccination: Insights, perspectives and challenges

Amanatidou, E., Gkiouliava, A., Pella, E., Serafidi, M., Tsilingiris, D., Vallianou, N. G., Karampela, Ι., & Dalamaga, Μ. (2022) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2022.100180 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Durability of the Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine in the Prevention of COVID-19 Infections and Hospitalizations in the US Before and During the Delta Variant Surge

Polinski, J. M., Weckstein, A. R., Batech, M., Kabelac, C. A., Kamath, T. V., Harvey, R. A., Jain, S., Rassen, J. A., Khan, N. S., & Schneeweiß, S. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.2959 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Waning effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 covid-19 vaccines over six months since second dose: OpenSAFELY cohort study using linked electronic health records

Horne, E. M. F., Hulme, W. J., Keogh, R. H., Palmer, T., Williamson, E., Parker, E. P. K., Green, A. C. A., Walker, V. M., Walker, A. J., Curtis, H. J., et al. (2022) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-071249 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Factors Associated With Severe COVID-19 Among Vaccinated Adults Treated in US Veterans Affairs Hospitals

Vo, A. D., La, J., Wu, J. T.-Y., Strymish, J. M., Ronan, M. V., Brophy, M. T., Do, N., Branch‐Elliman, W., Fillmore, N. R., & Monach, P. A. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.40037 · Cited by 59 · see citing works

Effectiveness of rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and BBIBP-CorV vaccines for risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and death due to COVID-19 in people older than 60 years in Argentina: a test-negative, case-control, and retrospective longitudinal study

Rearte, A., Castelli, J. M., Rearte, R., Fuentes, N., Pennini, V., Pesce, M., Barbeira, P. B., Iummato, L. E., Laurora, M., Bartolomeu, M. L., et al. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00011-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Effectiveness of rVSV-ZEBOV vaccination during the 2018–20 Ebola virus disease epidemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a retrospective test-negative study

Meakin, S. R., Nsio, J. M., Camacho, A., Kitenge, R., Coulborn, R. M., Gignoux, E., Johnson, J. K., Sterk, E., Musenga, E. M., Mustafa, S. H. B., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00419-5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works

Expert review of global real-world data on COVID-19 vaccine booster effectiveness and safety during the omicron-dominant phase of the pandemic

Solante, R., Álvarez, C., Burhan, E., Chariyalertsak, S., Chiu, N., Chuenkitmongkol, S., Dung, D. V., Hwang, K., Ibarra, J. O., Kiertiburanakul, S., et al. (2022) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2023.2143347 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Estimated Protection of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Against Reinfection With the Omicron Variant Among Messenger RNA–Vaccinated and Nonvaccinated Individuals in Quebec, Canada

Carazo, S., Skowronski, D. M., Brisson, M., Sauvageau, C., Brousseau, N., Gilca, R., Ouakki, M., Barkati, S., Fafard, J., Talbot, D. C., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36670 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Vaccine-induced and naturally-acquired protection against Omicron and Delta symptomatic infection and severe COVID-19 outcomes, France, December 2021 to January 2022

Castillo, M. S., Khaoua, H., & Courtejoie, N. (2022) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.16.2200250 · Cited by 45 · see citing works

Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes among individuals with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases tested between March 1 and Nov 22, 2021, in Ontario, Canada: a population-based analysis

Widdifield, J., Kwong, J. C., Chen, S., Eder, L., Benchimol, E. I., Kaplan, G. G., Hitchon, C. A., Aviña-Zubieta, J. A., Lacaille, D. V., Chung, H., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(22)00096-0 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Estimating protection afforded by prior infection in preventing reinfection: applying the test-negative study design

Ayoub, H. H., Tomy, M., Chemaitelly, H. S., Altarawneh, H. N., Coyle, P. V., Tang, P., Hasan, M. R., Kanaani, Z. A., Al‐Kuwari, E., Butt, A. A., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwad239 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fernández-García, S., del Campo-Albendea, L., Sambamoorthi, D., Sheikh, J., Lau, K. M., Osei-Lah, N., Ramkumar, A., Naidu, H., Stoney, N., Sundaram, P., et al. (2024) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014247 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Association of 2024–2025 Covid-19 Vaccine with Covid-19 Outcomes in U.S. Veterans

Cai, M., Xie, Y., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2025) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2510226 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness

Li, K. Q., Shi, X., Miao, W., & Tchetgen, E. T. (2023) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2023.2220935 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Long-term Real-world Protection Afforded by Third mRNA Doses Against Symptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections, Coronavirus Disease 19-related Emergency Attendances and Hospitalizations Amongst Older Singaporeans During an Omicron XBB Wave

Wee, L. E., Pang, D., Chiew, C. J., Tan, J. S. H., Lee, V., Ong, B., Lye, D. C., & Tan, K. B. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad345 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness and Progress Towards a Universal Influenza Vaccine

Cowling, B. J., & Okoli, G. N. (2024) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02083-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Current Challenges With the Use of Test-Negative Designs for Modeling COVID-19 Vaccination and Outcomes

Shi, X., Li, K. Q., & Mukherjee, B. (2022) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwac203 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Effectiveness and protection duration of Covid-19 vaccines and previous infection against any SARS-CoV-2 infection in young adults

Rennert, L., Ma, Z., McMahan, C. S., & Dean, D. M. D. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31469-z · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Challenges in Estimating the Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination Using Observational Data

Hulme, W. J., Williamson, E., Horne, E. M. F., Green, A. C. A., McDonald, H. I., Walker, A. J., Curtis, H. J., Morton, C. E., MacKenna, B., Croker, R., et al. (2023) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m21-4269 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Tracking immune correlates of protection for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants

Nilles, E. J., Paulino, C. T., Aubin, M. D. S., Duke, W., Jarolı́m, P., Sánchez, I. M., Murray, K. O., Lau, C. L., Gutiérrez, E. Z., Skewes-Ramm, R., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00001-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Estimands and Estimation of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Under the Test-Negative Design

Schnitzer, M. E. (2022) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000001470 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Estimating protection afforded by prior infection in preventing reinfection: Applying the test-negative study design

Ayoub, H. H., Tomy, M., Chemaitelly, H., Altarawneh, H. N., Coyle, P., Tang, P., Hasan, M. R., Kanaani, Z. A., Kuwari, E. A., Butt, A. A., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.01.02.22268622 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Waning of 2-dose BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection accounting for depletion-of-susceptibles bias

Andrejko, K. L., Pry, J. M., Myers, J. F., Mehrotra, M., Lamba, K., Lim, E., Fukui, N., DeGuzman, J. L., Openshaw, J., Watt, J., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwad017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in Latin America, 2021: a multicenter regional case–control study

Kahn, R. J., Janusz, C. B., Castro, M. C., Matos, A. D. R., Domingues, C. M. A. S., Ponmattam, J., Rey-Benito, G. J., Toscano, C. M., de Oliveira, L. H., Rearte, A., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2023.100474 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 XBB.1.5-adapted vaccine against COVID-19 hospitalization related to the JN.1 variant in Europe: a test-negative case-control study using the id.DRIVE platform

Nguyen, J. L., Mitratza, M., Volkman, H. R., de Munter, L., Tran, T. M. P., Marques, C., Mustapha, M. M., Valluri, S. R., Yang, J., Antón, A., et al. (2024) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102995 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Persistent Health Issues, Adverse Events, and Effectiveness of Vaccines during the Second Wave of COVID-19: A Cohort Study from a Tertiary Hospital in North India

Kaur, U., Bala, S., Joshi, A. U., Reddy, N. T. S., Japur, C., Chauhan, M., Pedapanga, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, A., Mishra, V. K., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10071153 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Estimated Impact of the US COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign—Getting to 94% of Deaths Prevented

Jones, M., Khader, K., & Branch‐Elliman, W. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.20391 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

COVID-19 Vaccines against Omicron Variant: Real-World Data on Effectiveness

Kherabi, Y., Launay, O., & Nguyen, L. B. L. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14102086 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness rates by week and sources of bias: a retrospective cohort study

Ostropolets, A., & Hripcsak, G. M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061126 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

BNT162b2 Effectiveness Against Delta and Omicron Variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Adolescents Aged 12–17 Years, by Dosing Interval and Duration

Ionescu, I. G., Skowronski, D. M., Sauvageau, C., Chuang, E., Ouakki, M., Kim, S. H., & Serres, G. D. (2023) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiad006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Typhoid conjugate vaccine effectiveness in Malawi: evaluation of a test-negative design using randomised, controlled clinical trial data

Liang, Y., Driscoll, A. J., Patel, P. D., Datta, S., Voysey, M., French, N., Jamka, L. P., Henrion, M., Ndeketa, L., Laurens, M. B., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00466-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Effectiveness of Monovalent mRNA Vaccines Against Omicron XBB Infection in Singaporean Children Younger Than 5 Years

Wee, L. E., Tang, N., Pang, D., Chiew, C. J., Yung, C.-F., Chong, C. Y., Lee, V., Ong, B. K. C., Lye, D. C., & Tan, K. B. (2023) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.4505 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Incidence and Estimated Vaccine Effectiveness Against Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Persons Tested in US Retail Locations, May 1 to August 7, 2021

Tabak, Y. P., Sun, X., Brennan, T. A., & Chaguturu, S. K. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43346 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Trends in Risk Factors and Symptoms Associated With SARS-CoV-2 and Rhinovirus Test Positivity in King County, Washington, June 2020 to July 2022

Hansen, C., Perofsky, A. C., Burstein, R., Famulare, M., Boyle, S., Prentice, R. A., Marshall, C., McCormick, B., Reinhart, D., Capodanno, B., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.45861 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Impact of Vaccination, Prior Infection, and Therapy on Omicron Infection and Mortality

Wang, X., Zein, J., Ji, X., & Lin, D.-Y. (2022) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiac460 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Association between primary or booster COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and Omicron lineage BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: A test-negative case–control analysis

Lind, M. L., Robertson, A. J., Silva, J. D. S., Warner, F. J., Coppi, A. C., Price, N. D., Duckwall, C., Sosensky, P., Giuseppe, E. C. D., Borg, R., et al. (2022) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004136 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Rates of infection with other pathogens after a positive COVID-19 test versus a negative test in US veterans (November, 2021, to December, 2023): a retrospective cohort study

Cai, M., Xu, E., Xie, Y., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2025) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00831-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Dynamics of Trust and Consumption of COVID-19 Information Implicate a Mechanism for COVID-19 Vaccine and Booster Uptake

Juárez, R., Kang, Z., Okihiro, M. M., Garcia, B. K., Phankitnirundorn, K., & Maunakea, A. K. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10091435 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Test negative design for vaccine effectiveness estimation in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic methodology review

Mésidor, M., Liu, Y., Talbot, D. C., Skowronski, D. M., Serres, G. D., Merckx, J., Koushik, A., Tadrous, M., Carazo, S., Jiang, C., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.013 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

A Shot in the Arm for Vaccination Intention: The Media and the Health Belief Model in Three Chinese Societies

Liu, R., Huang, Y. C., Sun, J., Lau, J., & Cai, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19063705 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Effectiveness of COVID-19 Viral Vector Ad.26.COV2.S Vaccine and Comparison with mRNA Vaccines in Cirrhosis

John, B. V., Barritt, A. S., Moon, A. M., Taddei, T. H., Kaplan, D. E., Dahman, B. A., Doshi, A., Deng, Y., Mansour, N., Ioannou, G. N., et al. (2022) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.038 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

mRNA vaccines against COVID‐19: a showcase for the importance of microbial biotechnology

Brüssow, H. (2021) · Microbial Biotechnology · doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13974 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

On Measuring Vaccine Effectiveness with Observational Study Designs

Habibzadeh, F., Habibzadeh, P., & Yadollahie, M. (2022) · Acta Medica Academica · doi:10.5644/ama2006-124.383 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Frailty Reduces Vaccine Effectiveness Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Test-Negative Case Control Study Using National VA Data

Tang, F., Hammel, I. S., Andrew, M. K., & Ruiz, J. G. (2023) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-023-1885-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Using negative controls to adjust for unmeasured confounding bias in time series studies

Hu, J. K., Tchetgen, E. J. T., & Dominici, F. (2023) · Nature Reviews Methods Primers · doi:10.1038/s43586-023-00249-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Potential biases in test-negative design studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness arising from the inclusion of asymptomatic individuals

Ortíz‐Brizuela, E., Carabalí, M., Jiang, C., Merckx, J., Talbot, D. C., & Schnitzer, M. E. (2024) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwae288 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Vaccine Effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Adolescents from 15 to 90 Days after Second Dose: A Population-Based Test-Negative Case-Control Study

OLIVEIRA, E. A., Oliveira, M. C. L., Colosimo, E. A., Silva, A. C. S. E., MAK, R. H. K., Vasconcelos, M. A., Silva, L. R., Martelli, D. R. B., Pinhati, C. C., & Martelli‐Júnior, H. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.09.039 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Vaccine effectiveness and duration of protection against symptomatic infections and severe Covid-19 outcomes in adults aged 50 years and over, France, January to mid-December 2021

Suarez Castillo, M., Khaoua, H., & Courtejoie, N. (2022) · Global Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2022.100076 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Dynamics of Naturally Acquired Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Children and Adolescents

Patalon, T., Saciuk, Y., Hadad, H. O., Peretz, A., Peretz, A., Ben‐Tov, A., & Gazit, S. (2023) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.02.016 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Estimated COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against seroconversion from SARS-CoV-2 Infection, March–October, 2021

Plumb, I. D., Fette, L. M., Tjaden, A. H., Feldstein, L. R., Saydah, S., Ahmed, A., Link‐Gelles, R., Wierzba, T. F., Berry, A. A., Friedman-Klabanoff, D. J., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Protection of homologous and heterologous boosters after primary schemes of rAd26-rAd5, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BBIBP-CorV during the omicron outbreak in adults of 50 years and older in Argentina: a test-negative case–control study

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Comparative Magnitude and Persistence of Humoral SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination Responses in the Adult Population in Germany

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Estimating COVID-19 Vaccination and Booster Effectiveness Using Electronic Health Records From an Academic Medical Center in Michigan

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