The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 34 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Estrogen plus Progestin and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Recent randomized clinical trials have suggested that estrogen plus progestin does not confer cardiac protection and may increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). In this report, we provide the final results with regard to estrogen plus progestin and CHD from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). METHODS: The WHI included a randomized primary-prevention trial of estrogen plus progestin in 16,608 postmenopausal women who were 50 to 79 years of age at base line. Participants were randomly assigned to receive conjugated equine estrogens (0.625 mg per day) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg per day) or placebo. The primary efficacy outcome of the trial was CHD (nonfatal myocardial infarction or death due to CHD). RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 5.2 years (planned duration, 8.5 years), the data and safety monitoring board recommended terminating the estrogen-plus-progestin trial because the overall risks exceeded the benefits. Combined hormone therapy was associated with a hazard ratio for CHD of 1.24 (nominal 95 percent confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.54; 95 percent confidence interval after adjustment for sequential monitoring, 0.97 to 1.60). The elevation in risk was most apparent at one year (hazard ratio, 1.81 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.09 to 3.01]). Although higher base-line levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with an excess risk of CHD among women who received hormone therapy, higher base-line levels of C-reactive protein, other biomarkers, and other clinical characteristics did not significantly modify the treatment-related risk of CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen plus progestin does not confer cardiac protection and may increase the risk of CHD among generally healthy postmenopausal women, especially during the first year after the initiation of hormone use. This treatment should not be prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [371]
In the citing paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [371]
In the citing paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [371]
In the citing paper
“Although there have been no placebo-controlled trials in children, observational studies have suggested that early treatment can reduce LDL-C burden, improve endothelial function, substantially attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, and improve coronary outcomes [369-371].”
From 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk (2019) · cites this paper as [371]
In the citing paper
“Oestrogen replacement therapy, despite some favourable effects on the lipid profile, has not been demonstrated to reduce CV risk and cannot be recommended for CV prevention in women.166”
From ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias (2011) · cites this paper as [166]
In the citing paper
“Oestrogen replacement therapy, despite some favourable effects on the lipid profile, has not been demonstrated to reduce CV risk and cannot be recommended for CVD prevention in women. 318”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [318]
In the citing paper
“and the higher palatability and acceptance of MeDiets in comparison with low-fat diets 17,18 lend support to our hypothesis.”
From Cohort Profile: Design and methods of the PREDIMED study (2012) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Oestrogen replacement therapy, despite some favourable effects on the lipid profile, has not been demonstrated to reduce CV risk and cannot be recommended for CVD prevention in women.318”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [318]
In the citing paper
“however, hormone replacement therapy does not consistently restore BP, suggesting additional regulatory mechanisms [ 177 ].”
From Sex differences in potassium regulation: evidence, molecular mechanisms and clinical implications (2026) · cites this paper as [177]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Regression Models and Life-Tables
Cox, D. R. (1972) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x · Cited by 39,793
Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators (2002) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.288.3.321 · Cited by 15,889
Hulley, S. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.7.605 · Cited by 6,216
The Protective Effects of Estrogen on the Cardiovascular System
Mendelsohn, M. E., & Karas, R. H. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199906103402306 · Cited by 3,119
Grundy, S. M., Benjamin, I. J., Burke, G. L., Chait, A., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Mitch, W., Smith, S. C., & Sowers, J. R. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1134 · Cited by 2,698
Design of the Women’s Health Initiative Clinical Trial and Observational Study
The Women’s Health Initiative Study Group (1998) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(97)00078-0 · Cited by 2,580
Hormone Therapy To Prevent Disease and Prolong Life in Postmenopausal Women
Grady, D., Rubin, S. M., Petitti, D. B., Fox, C. S., Black, D. M., Ettinger, B. B., Ernster, V. L., & Cummings, S. R. (1992) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-117-12-1016 · Cited by 2,329
Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes During 6.8 Years of Hormone Therapy
Grady, D. G., Herrington, D. M., Bittner, V., Blumenthal, R. S., Davidson, M., Hlatky, M. A., Hsia, J. A., Hulley, S. B., Herd, A. J., Khan, S. S., et al. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.1.49 · Cited by 1,921
Self-citationEffect of Statin Therapy on C-Reactive Protein Levels
Albert, M. A., Danielson, E., Rifai, N., Ridker, P. M., & for the PRINCE Investigators (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.1.64 · Cited by 1,644
Effects of Estrogen Replacement on the Progression of Coronary-Artery Atherosclerosis
Herrington, D. M., Reboussin, D. M., Brosnihan, K. B., Sharp, P. C., Shumaker, S. A., Snyder, T. E., Furberg, C. D., Kowalchuk, G. J., Stuckey, T. D., Rogers, W. J., et al. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200008243430801 · Cited by 1,242
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 35 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,001
Vasomotor hot flushes and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in recently post-menopausal women
Tuomikoski, P., Haapalahti, P., Ylikorkala, O., & Mikkola, T. S. (2010) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853891003657319 · Cited by 19
Osteoporosis and Strength Training
Going, S. B., & Laudermilk, M. (2009) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827609334979 · Cited by 19
Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopause: a reappraisal
Caufriez, A. (2007) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2007.06.015 · Cited by 19
Rationale, design and methods of the CASHMERE study†
Simon, T., Boutouyrie, P., Gompel, A., Christin‐Maître, S., Laurent, S., Thuillez, C., Zannad, F. M., Bernaud, C., Jaillon, P., & on behalf of the CASHMERE investigators (2004) · Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2003.00233.x · Cited by 19
Dupuy, A., Carrière, I., Scali, J., Cristol, J., Ritchie, K. A., Dartigues, J. F., Gambert, P., & Ancelin, M. (2008) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130701877108 · Cited by 19
Sawka, A. M., Huh, A., Dolovich, L. R., Papaioannou, A., Eva, K. W., Thabane, L., Gafni, A., Cullimore, A. J., Macdougall, M., Steiner, M. S., et al. (2004) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30418-2 · Cited by 19
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women
Gorodeski, E. Z., & Gorodeski, G. I. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369443-0/50039-9 · Cited by 19
Aspirin Use, Dose, and Clinical Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women With Stable Cardiovascular Disease
Berger, J. S., Brown, D., Burke, G. L., Oberman, A., Kostis, J. B., Langer, R. D., Wong, N. D., & Wassertheil-Smoller, S. W. (2009) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.108.791269 · Cited by 19
Self-citationNess, J., & Aronow, W. S. (2006) · American Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.1097/00045391-200603000-00004 · Cited by 19
Drospirenone for Oral Contraception and Hormone Replacement Therapy
Motivala, A. A., & Pitt, B. (2007) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200767050-00001 · Cited by 19
Do Estrogen Receptor β Polymorphisms Play A Role in the Pharmacogenetics of Estrogen Signaling?
Nott, S. L., Huang, Y., Fluharty, B. R., Sokolov, A., Huang, M., Cox, C. R., & Muyan, M. (2008) · Current pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine (Online)/Current pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine · doi:10.2174/187569208786733820 · Cited by 19
Brennan, R. M., Crespo, C. J., & Wactawski‐Wende, J. (2004) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000119982.77837.c4 · Cited by 19
Mendiberri, J., Rauschemberger, M. B., Sellés, J., & Massheimer, V. (2005) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2005.09.012 · Cited by 19
A study of women on long-term hormone replacement therapy and their attitude to suggested cessation
Horner, E., Fleming, J., & Studd, J. W. W. (2006) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130601024629 · Cited by 19
Ropponen, A., Aittomäki, K., Tikkanen, M. J., & Ylikorkala, O. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0727 · Cited by 19
Effects of two continuous hormone therapy regimens on C-reactive protein and homocysteine
Barnes, J. F., FARISH, E., Rankin, M., & Hart, D. M. (2005) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/00042192-200512010-00016 · Cited by 19
Mastorakos, G. P., Sakkas, E. G., Xydakis, A. M., & Creatsas, G. C. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1365.030 · Cited by 19
Hormone therapy in the WHI era
Burger, H. (2006) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.2006.00533.x · Cited by 19
Risks and benefits of hormone therapy: has medical dogma now been overturned?
Shapiro, S., de Villiers, T. J., Pines, A., Sturdee, D. W., Baber, R., Panay, N., Stevenson, J. C., Mueck, A. O., & Burger, H. (2014) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.905529 · Cited by 19
Estimation of the 2-sample hazard ratio function using a semiparametric model
Yang, S., & Prentice, R. L. (2010) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxq061 · Cited by 18
Lin, J. C. H., Cheng, W., Czer, L. S. C., Robertis, M. A. D., Mirocha, J., Ruzza, A., Kass, R. M., Khoynezhad, A. B., Ramzy, D., Esmailian, F., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.113.000266 · Cited by 18
Oskarsson, V., Orsini, N., Sadr‐Azodi, O., & Wolk, A. (2014) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.131064 · Cited by 18
Effect of tamoxifen on the coronary vascular reactivity of spontaneously hypertensive female rats
Borgo, M. V., Lopes, A. B., Gouvêa, S. A., Romero, W. G., Moysés, M. R., Bissoli, N. S., & Abreu, G. R. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500099 · Cited by 18
Lipoprotein(a): A Lipoprotein Whose Time Has Come
Kelly, E. M., & Hemphill, L. (2017) · Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11936-017-0549-z · Cited by 19
Chronic estradiol exposure – harmful effects on behavior, cardiovascular and reproductive functions
MohanKumar, S. M. J., Balasubramanian, P., Subramanian, M., & MohanKumar, P. S. (2018) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-18-0116 · Cited by 18
DeLeon‐Pennell, K. Y., & Lindsey, M. L. (2019) · Expert Review of Proteomics · doi:10.1080/14789450.2019.1664293 · Cited by 18
Gender Differences in Anticoagulation and Antithrombotic Therapy
Rauch, U. (2012) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_23 · Cited by 18
Two hormone replacement therapy (HRT) regimens for middle-eastern postmenopausal women
Elfituri, A., Sherif, F. M., Elmahaishi, M. S., & Chrystyn, H. (2005) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.12.003 · Cited by 18
Blumenfeld, Z., Boulman, N., Leiba, R., Siegler, E., Shachar, S. S., Linn, R., & Levy, Y. (2007) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365510601113241 · Cited by 18
The role of gender differences in beta-adrenergic receptor responsiveness of diabetic rat heart
Bilginoğlu, A., Çiçek, F. A., Uğur, M., Gürdal, H., & Turan, B. (2007) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-007-9528-0 · Cited by 18
Izumiyama, K., Osanai, T., Sagara, S., Yamamoto, Y., Itoh, T., Sukekawa, T., Nishizaki, F., Magota, K., & Okumura, K. (2012) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2011.232 · Cited by 19
Effects of oral estradiol and levonorgestrel on cardiovascular risk markers in postmenopausal women
Terauchi, M., Honjo, H., Mizunuma, H., & Asô, T. (2012) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-012-2222-9 · Cited by 18
Endometrial bleeding during hormone therapy: The effect of progestogens
Archer, D. F. (2007) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.02.022 · Cited by 18
Oral contraceptives, hormone therapy and cardiovascular risk
Shapiro, S. (2008) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130802322848 · Cited by 18
Kim, H., Kim, M., Shim, W., Park, S., Kim, Y. H., Na, J. O., Shin, M., Kim, Y.-J., Yoon, H. J., Shin, G. J., et al. (2015) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2015.5381 · Cited by 18
Natural hormone therapy for menopause
Mahmud, K. (2009) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590903184134 · Cited by 18
Hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease in the early postmenopause: the WHI data revisited
Pines, A., Sturdee, D. W., Birkhäuser, M., & Meno, O. B. O. T. I. (2007) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130701401073 · Cited by 18
Nitric oxide in postmenopausal women taking three different HRT regimens
Kesim, M., Aydın, Y., Erdemir, M., & Atis, A. (2004) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.04.002 · Cited by 18
Effects of low-dose continuous combined HRT on vascular function in women with type 2 diabetes
Kernohan, A. F., Spiers, A., Sattar, N. A., Hillier, C., Cleland, S., SMALL, M. P., Lumsden, M.-A., Connell, J., & Petrie, J. R. (2004) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.3132/dvdr.2004.012 · Cited by 18
Hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women: Past problems and future possibilities
Schmidt, J. W., Wollner, D. A., Curcio, J. J., Riedlinger, J. E., & Kim, L. S. (2006) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590600927017 · Cited by 18
The 2025 Menopausal Hormone Therapy Guidelines - Korean Society of Menopause
Kim, Y. J., Cho, M. K., Chung, Y., Hong, S.-H., Hwang, K. R., Jeon, G., Joo, J. K., Kim, S. K., Lee, D. O., Lee, D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Menopausal Medicine · doi:10.6118/jmm.25103 · Cited by 17
Liu, Y., Yuan, Y., Day, A. J., Zhang, W., John, P., Ng, D. J., & Banov, D. (2022) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001937 · Cited by 21
Intention-to-Treat Comparisons in Randomized Trials
Prentice, R. L., & Aragaki, A. K. (2022) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/21-sts830 · Cited by 17
Daniel, J. M., Lindsey, S. H., Mostany, R., Schrader, L. A., & Zsombok, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101068 · Cited by 19
Treatment adherence in the Estonian postmenopausal hormone therapy (EPHT) trial [ISRCTN35338757]
Vorobjov, S., Hovi, S., Veerus, P., Pisarev, H., Rahu, M., & Hemminki, E. (2005) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.05.001 · Cited by 17
Metformin ameliorates ovariectomy-induced vascular dysfunction in non-diabetic Wistar rats
Oliveira, P. W. C., de Sousa, G. J., Caliman, I. F., Lamas, A. Z., Medeiros, A. R. S., de Andrade, T. U., Abreu, G. R., de Figueiredo, S. G., & Bissoli, N. S. (2014) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20130553 · Cited by 17
Individualizing Hormone Therapy to Minimize Risk: Accurate Assessment of Risks and Benefits
Shoupe, D. (2011) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.11.42 · Cited by 17
Menopausal hormone therapy for primary prevention: why the USPSTF is wrong
Langer, R. D., Simon, J. A., Pines, A., Løbo, R. A., Hodis, H. N., Pickar, J. H., Archer, D. F., Sarrel, P. M., & Utian, W. H. (2017) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000983 · Cited by 18
Palma, F., Fontanesi, F., Facchinetti, F., & Cagnacci, A. (2019) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2019.1621835 · Cited by 17
Iribarren, A., Diniz, M. A., Merz, C. N. B., SHUFELT, C. L., & Wei, J. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.106762 · Cited by 18
Women's needs for CAM information to manage menopausal symptoms
Armitage, G. D., Suter, E., Verhoef, M., Bockmuehl, C., & Bobey, M. (2007) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130701342475 · Cited by 17
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease in women
Stefanick, M. L. (2010) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.02.015 · Cited by 17
Homocysteine Lowering with Folic Acid and Vitamin B Supplements
Carlsson, C. M. (2006) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200623060-00004 · Cited by 17
What is the effect of estrogen on blood pressure after menopause?
Lobo, R. A. (2006) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/01.gme.0000225142.06588.63 · Cited by 17
Association Between Extent of Thiazolidinedione Exposure and Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Dore, D. D., Trivedi, A. N., Mor, V., & Lapane, K. L. (2009) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1592/phco.29.7.775 · Cited by 17
Study design elements for rigorous quasi-experimental comparative effectiveness research
Maciejewski, M. L., Curtis, L. H., & Dowd, B. E. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.2217/cer.13.7 · Cited by 18
Role of the Nonhuman Primate for Research Related to Women's Health
Archer, D. F. (2004) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.45.2.212 · Cited by 17
Avis, N. E., Coeytaux, R. R., Levine, B. J., Isom, S. P., & Morgan, T. M. (2016) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000735 · Cited by 17
Biostatistics: a fundamental discipline at the core of modern health data science
Lee, K. J., Moreno‐Betancur, M., Kasza, J., Marschner, I. C., Barnett, A. G., & Carlin, J. B. (2019) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50372 · Cited by 17
Menopause, micronutrients, and hormone therapy
Wylie‐Rosett, J. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1223 · Cited by 17
Erkkola, R., Mattila, L., Powles, T. J., Heikkinen, J. E., Toivola, B., Korhonen, P. A., & Mustonen, M. V. J. (2005) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-005-5701-x · Cited by 17
Treatment of Anemia in Heart Failure
Jelani, Q., & Katz, S. D. (2010) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0b013e3181e71150 · Cited by 17
Vogelvang, T. E., Mijatovic, V., Kenemans, P., Teerlink, T., & van der Mooren, M. J. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.05.093 · Cited by 17
Preston, R. A. (2007) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130601114909 · Cited by 17
Hormone replacement therapy and risk for coronary heart disease
Windler, E. E. T., Zyriax, B., Eidenmüller, B., & Boeing, H. (2007) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.01.004 · Cited by 17
Guidelines for hormone treatment of women in the menopausal transition and beyond
The IMS Executive Committee (2005) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.02.007 · Cited by 17
Feero, W. G. (2004) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2004.04.014 · Cited by 17
Postmenopausal hormones and coronary artery disease: potential benefits and risks
Lobo, R. A. (2007) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130701578631 · Cited by 17
Rossouw, J. E. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1386.046 · Cited by 17
Self-citationThe Discrepancy between Observational Studies and Randomized Trials of Menopausal Hormone Therapy
Grodstein, F., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-9-200405040-00026 · Cited by 17
Self-citationDesign of Clinical Trials and Studies
Stoney, C. M., & Johnson, L. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-849905-4.00018-6 · Cited by 18
Cardiovascular health in the menopausal woman: impact of the timing of hormone replacement therapy
Rosano, G. M. C., Vitale, C., Spoletini, I., & Fini, M. (2012) · Climacteric · doi:10.3109/13697137.2012.658899 · Cited by 17
Robinson, G. K. (2018) · The American Statistician · doi:10.1080/00031305.2017.1415971 · Cited by 17
Nyrønning, L. Å., Videm, V., Romundstad, P., Hultgren, R., & Mattsson, E. J. R. (2019) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2019.02.032 · Cited by 18
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeuticsof Antidepressants
Ciraulo, D. A., Shader, R. I., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2010) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7_2 · Cited by 17
Archer, D. F. (2006) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.1342 · Cited by 16
Use acupuncture to relieve perimenopausal syndrome: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
Li, Y., Zheng, H., Zheng, Q., Zhao, L., Qin, E., Wang, Y., Zeng, Q., Zheng, H., Zhao, Y., Sun, W., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-198 · Cited by 16
Focusing on Inflammation in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis
Call, J. T., Deliargyris, E., & Newby, L. K. (2004) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/01.crd.0000111822.34362.71 · Cited by 16
Menopause in crisis post-Women's Health Initiative? A view based on personal clinical experience
Neves-e-Castro, M. (2003) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deg487 · Cited by 16
A novel mechanism of non-feminizing estrogens in neuroprotection
Engler-Chiurazzi, E. B., Covey, D. F., & Simpkins, J. W. (2016) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.013 · Cited by 16
Ra, J. S., & Kim, S. O. (2020) · Asian Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.anr.2020.07.003 · Cited by 16
Hormone replacement therapy in Germany: Determinants and possible health-related outcomes
Du, Y., Melchert, H.-U., & Schäfer‐Korting, M. (2005) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.01.014 · Cited by 16
Hormone replacement therapy update: who should we be prescribing this to now?
Kocjan, T., & Prelević, G. M. (2003) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/00001703-200312000-00001 · Cited by 17
Can menopausal hormone therapy prevent coronary heart disease?
Brinton, E. A., Hodis, H. N., Merriam, G. R., Harman, S. M., & Naftolin, F. N. (2008) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2008.03.002 · Cited by 16
Cho, L., & Mukherjee, D. (2005) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000087635 · Cited by 18
Schaefers, M., Muysers, C., Alexandersen, P., & Christiansen, C. (2009) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e31818ebfba · Cited by 17
Metabolic Syndrome Emerging from Menopause
Han, M. S. (2011) · Journal of Menopausal Medicine · doi:10.6118/jksm.2011.17.3.127 · Cited by 16
Cognitive benefits of hormone therapy: Cardiovascular factors and healthy-user bias
Wharton, W., Dowling, N. M., Khosropour, C. M., Carlsson, C. M., Asthana, S., & Gleason, C. E. (2009) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.09.014 · Cited by 16
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease: An overview of main findings
Canonico, M., Straczek, C., Oger, E., Plu‐Bureau, G., & Scarabin, P. (2006) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.04.019 · Cited by 16
Use of hormones in the menopausal transition period in the Netherlands between 1993 and 1997
van Duijnhoven, F. J. B., van Gils, C. H., Bezemer, I. D., Peeters, P. H. M., van der Schouw, Y. T., & Grobbee, D. E. (2005) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.08.002 · Cited by 16
Bramson, C., Ouellet, D., Roman, D., Randinitis, E. J., & Gardner, M. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270005283278 · Cited by 16
Opposition to unpopular research results: Finnish professional reactions to the WHI findings
Hemminki, E. (2004) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2003.12.019 · Cited by 16
Al‐Azzawi, F., Wahab, M., Sami, S. A., Proudler, A. J., Thompson, J. R., & Stevenson, J. S. (2004) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697130400001364 · Cited by 16
Harnessing Hormonal Signaling for Cardioprotection
Ballard, V. L. T., & Edelberg, J. M. (2005) · Science of Aging Knowledge Environment · doi:10.1126/sageke.2005.51.re6 · Cited by 16
Commentary: Observation versus intervention--what's different?
Barrett-Connor, E. L. (2004) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyh123 · Cited by 16
Cardio-Metabolic Health and HRT in Menopause: Novel Insights in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and RAAS
Renke, G., Kemen, E., Scalabrin, P., Braz, C., Baesso, T., & Pereira, M. B. (2023) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573403x19666230206130205 · Cited by 15
Perceived Control and Hot Flashes in Treatment-Seeking Breast Cancer Survivors and Menopausal Women
Carpenter, J. S., Wu, J., Burns, D. S., & Yu, M. (2011) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0b013e31822e78eb · Cited by 15
An update on menopausal hormone replacement therapy in women and cardiovascular disease
Valdiviezo, C., Lawson, S. M., & Ouyang, P. (2013) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e32835ed58b · Cited by 17
Prakash, C., Johnson, K. A., Schroeder, C. M., & Potchoiba, M. J. (2008) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.108.021808 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Manson, J. E., Hsia, J., Johnson, K. C., Rossouw, J. E., Assaf, A. R., Lasser, N. L., Trevisan, M., Black, H. R., Heckbert, S. R., Detrano, R., Strickland, O. L., Wong, N. D., Crouse, J. R., Stein, E., & Cushman, M.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island (US)
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2003-08-07
- Volume
- 349
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 523-534
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W1981922048
- Cited by
- 2,065
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 73 · 2013: 109 · 2012: 99
- FWCI
- 123.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- estrogen plus progestin, coronary artery disease, hormone replacement therapy, Women's Health Initiative, postmenopausal women, conjugated equine estrogens, medroxyprogesterone acetate, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular risk, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, trial termination
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Coronary Disease, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Estrogens, Conjugated (USP), Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Diseases, Humans, Middle Aged, Myocardial Infarction, Risk Factors, Proportional Hazards Models, Case-Control Studies, Treatment Outcome, Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Postmenopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Progesterone Congeners
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
