The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), a premalignant plasma-cell disorder, among persons 50 years of age or older has not been accurately determined. We used sensitive laboratory techniques to ascertain the prevalence of MGUS in a large population in a well-defined geographic area. METHODS: We identified all living residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, as of January 1, 1995. We obtained serum that remained after the performance of routine clinical tests at Mayo Clinic or asked subjects for whom such serum was unavailable to provide a sample. Agarose-gel electrophoresis was performed on all serum samples, and any serum sample with a discrete band of monoclonal protein or thought to have a localized band was subjected to immunofixation. RESULTS: Serum samples were obtained from 21,463 of the 28,038 enumerated residents 50 years of age or older (76.6 percent). MGUS was identified in 694 (3.2 percent) of these persons. Age-adjusted rates were higher in men than in women (4.0 percent vs. 2.7 percent, P<0.001). The prevalence of MGUS was 5.3 percent among persons 70 years of age or older and 7.5 percent among those 85 years of age or older. The concentration of monoclonal immunoglobulin was less than 1.0 g per deciliter in 63.5 percent and at least 2.0 g per deciliter in only 4.5 percent of 694 persons. The concentration of uninvolved immunoglobulins was reduced in 27.7 percent of 447 persons tested, and 21.5 percent of 79 tested had a monoclonal urinary light chain. CONCLUSIONS: Among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, MGUS was found in 3.2 percent of persons 50 years of age or older and 5.3 percent of persons 70 years of age or older.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This tumor does not develop rapidly; instead, it may take decades for symptoms and organ damage to manifest.4-8”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MM is well-described to be universally preceded by precursor states, often decades before it is even diagnosed.”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several epidemiological studies have shown that patients with MGUS and SMM might experience progression to MM over an extremely variable timeframe. Some patients progressed to MM within 2 years of diagnosis, while others may progress after 10 to 20 years or might never progress at all.4-6,75”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Brown, R. A., Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1991) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532174 · Cited by 8,263
Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (2014) · Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online · doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat03141 · Cited by 3,156
Review of 1027 Patients With Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma
Kyle, R. A., Gertz, M. A., Witzig, T. E., Lust, J. A., Lacy, M. Q., Dispenzieri, A., Fonseca, R., Rajkumar, S. V., Offord, J. R., Larson, D. R., et al. (2003) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/78.1.21 · Cited by 2,447
Self-citationThe International Myeloma Working Group (2003) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04355.x · Cited by 2,367
A Long-Term Study of Prognosis in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Kyle, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Rajkumar, S. V., Offord, J. R., Larson, D. R., Plevak, M. F., & Melton, L. J. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa01133202 · Cited by 1,475
Self-citationHistory of the Rochester Epidemiology Project
Melton, L. J. (1996) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/71.3.266 · Cited by 1,443
Self-citationRajkumar, S. V., Kyle, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Melton, L. J., Bradwell, A. R., Clark, R. J., Larson, D. R., Plevak, M. F., Dispenzieri, A. A., & Katzmann, J. A. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038 · Cited by 699
Self-citationMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Kyle, R. A. (1978) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(78)90522-3 · Cited by 613
Self-citationFrequency of Pathological Proteins (M‐components) in 6,995 Sera from an Adult Population
Axelsson, U., Bachmann, R., & Hällén, J. (1966) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1966.tb05453.x · Cited by 437
The Threat to Medical-Records Research
Melton, L. J. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199711133372012 · Cited by 245
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 22 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Lust JA, Donovan KA. Chemoprevention: a new paradigm for managing patients with smoldering/indolent myeloma and high-risk MGUS. In: Kelloff GJ, Hawk ET, Sigman CC, eds. Cancer chemoprevention: strategies for cancer chemoprevention. Vol. 2. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 2005:519-28.
- Vladutiu AO, 1987, Ann Clin Lab Sci, 17, 157
- Kyle RA, Katzmann JA, Lust JA, Dispenzieri A. Immunochemical characterization of immunoglobulins. In: Rose NR, Hamilton RG, Detrik B, eds. Manual of clinical laboratory immunology. 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, 2002:71-91.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,000
Greenberg, A. J., Lee, A. M., Serie, D., McDonnell, S. K., Cerhan, J. R., Liebow, M., Larson, D. R., Colby, C. L., Norman, A. D., Kyle, R. A., et al. (2012) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2012.232 · Cited by 24
Self-citationWaxman, A. J., Kuehl, M. W., Balakumaran, A., Weiss, B. M., & Landgren, O. (2010) · Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma & Leukemia · doi:10.3816/clml.2010.n.053 · Cited by 25
“6 These variations can coexist with a deletion of chromosome 13, which is associated with t(4,14) and t(14,16) and their poor prognosis in MM.”
BackgroundSerum Free Light Chains in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Patients with Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Mayo, M. M. D., & Johns, G. S. (2006) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000096760 · Cited by 24
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma, and osteoporosis
Bouvard, B., Royer, M., Chappard, D., Audran, M., Hoppé, E., & Legrand, É. (2010) · Joint Bone Spine · doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2009.12.002 · Cited by 24
IgM MGUS associated with anti-MAG neuropathy: a single institution experience
Talamo, G., Mir, M. A., Pandey, M. K., Sivik, J. M., & Raheja, D. (2015) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-014-2294-7 · Cited by 23
Rögnvaldsson, S., Steingrímsson, V., Turesson, I., Björkholm, M., Landgren, O., & Kristinsson, S. Y. (2020) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2019.239632 · Cited by 23
“Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a common benign precursor condition of multiple myeloma (MM) and related disorders.(1,2) MGUS is considered asymptomatic but has been shown to be associated with peripheral neuropathy (PN).”
Han, J., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Cao, X., Zhou, D., Xu, T., Su, W., & Li, J. (2020) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/s41408-020-0303-8 · Cited by 23
Role of microRNAs in Diagnosis, Prognosis and Management of Multiple Myeloma
Soliman, A. M., Teoh, S. L., Mahakkanukrauh, P., & Das, S. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21207539 · Cited by 24
Choa, R., Panaroni, C., Bhatia, R., & Raje, N. S. (2023) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010822 · Cited by 23
Ouedraogo, D. E., Makinson, A., Vendrell, J.-P., Casanova, M.-L., Nagot, N., Cezar, R., Bolloré, K., Taaba, Y. A., Foulongne, V., Badiou, S., et al. (2013) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2012-12-470393 · Cited by 23
Clinical and pathological heterogeneity in a series of 31 patients with IgM-related neuropathy
Luigetti, M., Conte, A., Montano, N., Grande, A. D., Madia, F., Monaco, M. L., Laurenti, L., & Sabatelli, M. (2012) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.05.012 · Cited by 23
“Among different MGUS, the IgM component is the most frequently associated with neuropathy [3].”
Wu, D., Guo, X., Su, J., Chen, R., Berenzon, D. P., Guthold, M., Bonin, K., Zhao, W., & Zhou, X. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.019 · Cited by 23
“BMSC production of matrix proteins and factors such as fibronectin [6], insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) [7], stromal derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1) [8], tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), B cell activating factor family (BAFF), and a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) [5] has all been shown to promote MM cel…”
BackgroundThe changing classification of myelodysplastic syndromes: what’s in a name?
Steensma, D. P. (2009) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2009.1.645 · Cited by 23
Nguyen, Y., Stirnemann, J., Lautredoux, F., Cador, B., Bengherbia, M., Yousfi, K., Hamroun, D., Astudillo, L. M., de Villemeur, T. B., Brassier, A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21041247 · Cited by 24
“2% among people older than 50 years [23], and not explained by a patient selection bias (male/female ratio was balanced and the French cohort is more in line with a Caucasian population) [24].”
BackgroundRheumatologic diseases impact the risk of progression of MGUS to overt multiple myeloma
Steiner, N., Göbel, G., Michaeler, D., Platz, A.-L., Prokop, W., Wolf, A. M., Wolf, D., Duftner, C., & Gunsilius, E. (2021) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003193 · Cited by 23
“RDs were grouped as follows: (1) Ab-mediated RDs (RA, connective tissue diseases such as systematic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, systemic sclerosis/ANCA-associated vasculitis) and (2) non-Ab–mediated RDs (including PMR, LV-GCA, SpA, and gout).”
BackgroundMethodPrevalence, clinical aspects, and natural history of IgM MGUS
McMaster, M. L., & Landgren, O. (2010) · Cytometry Part B Clinical Cytometry · doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20550 · Cited by 23
“DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20550 Review Article Published 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. yThis article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMultiple Myeloma and Immunosecretory Disorders
Shaheen, S. P., Talwalkar, S. S., & Medeiros, L. J. (2008) · Advances in Anatomic Pathology · doi:10.1097/pap.0b013e31817cfcd6 · Cited by 23
“5% in patients above 70 and 85 years of age, respectively.(49,50) Although MGUS is considered a ‘‘benign’’ monoclonal gammopathy, a proportion of MGUS patients evolve to symptomatic MM or related malignant disorders (primary amyloidosis, WM, or other lymphoproliferative disease) at a rate of 0.”
BackgroundResultRaje, N. S., Hideshima, T., Yee, A. J., & Anderson, K. C. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119000822.hfcm122 · Cited by 23
Genomics define malignant transformation in myeloma precursor conditions
Maura, F., Bergsagel, P. L., Ziccheddu, B., Kumar, S., Maclachlan, K., Derkach, A., Garces, J.-J., Firestone, R., Braggio, E., Asmann, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco-25-01733 · Cited by 18
Self-citationNew Definition of Light Chain Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Long, T. E., Rögnvaldsson, S., Þorsteinsdóttir, S., Sverrisdottir, I. S., Eyþórsson, E. S., Óskarsson, J. Þ., Indridason, Ó. S., Pálsson, R., Aspelund, T., Viðarsson, B., et al. (2025) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2025.1285 · Cited by 22
Diagnosis and management of neuropathies associated with plasma cell dyscrasias
E, E. R. P., Marks, D. K., & Raza, S. (2017) · Hematological Oncology · doi:10.1002/hon.2417 · Cited by 23
“The prevalence of MGUS is 5% in those greater than 70 years of age and greater than 7% in those over 85 years of age.(74) IgM paraproteinemia is more frequently associated with neuropathy than IgG or IgA, with neuropathy occurring in greater than 30% of cases with an IgM clonal population.”
BackgroundExpert recommendation from the Swiss Amyloidosis Network (SAN) for systemic AL-amyloidosis
Schwotzer, R., Flammer, A. J., Gerull, S., Pabst, T., Arosio, P., Averaimo, M., Bacher, U., Bode, P. K., Cavalli, A., Condoluci, A., et al. (2020) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2020.20364 · Cited by 22
Kállai, A., Ungvari, Z. I., Fekete, M., Maier, A. B., Mikala, G., Andrikovics, H., & Lehoczki, A. (2024) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01374-y · Cited by 25
“Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition characterized by the presence of an abnormal monoclonal protein (M protein) in the blood, produced by a clone of plasma cells [83, 87, 90].”
InfluentialKloth, J. K., Hillengaß, J., Listl, K., Kilk, K., Hielscher, T., Landgren, O., Delorme, S., Goldschmidt, H., Kauczor, H., & Weber, M. D. (2014) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.28877 · Cited by 22
Acquired cutis laxa following urticarial vasculitis associated with IgA myeloma
Turner, R. B., Haynes, H. A., Granter, S. R., & Miller, D. M. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.059 · Cited by 22
Teriparatide treatment complicated by malignant myeloma
Koski, A.-M., Sikiö, A., & Forslund, T. (2010) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr.01.2010.2681 · Cited by 22
“which might have been of diagnostic help in our case too. It is well known that MGUS and also smouldering myeloma might progress into active malignant myeloma within some period of time.”
Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy Among Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis
Eder, L., Thavaneswaran, A., Pereira, D. A. S., Sussman, G., & Gladman, D. D. (2012) · The Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.3899/jrheum.111054 · Cited by 22
Skalická, P., Ďuďáková, Ľ., Palos, M., Huna, L. J., Evans, C. J., Mahelková, G., Meliska, M., Stopka, T., Tuft, S. J., & Lišková, P. (2019) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.14123 · Cited by 22
“The prevalence of MGUS increases with age from 1.7% in individuals 50–59 years of age to 6.6% in individuals >80 years (Kyle et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Approach to the Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathies
Bromberg, M. B. (2005) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-2005-871323 · Cited by 22
New aspects on the pathogenesis of renal disorders related to monoclonal gammopathies
Kapoulas, S., Raptis, V., & Papaioannou, M. (2015) · Néphrologie & Thérapeutique · doi:10.1016/j.nephro.2014.12.005 · Cited by 21
Hyperphosphatemia in a 56-Year-Old Man with Hypochondrial Pain
Loh, T. P., Saw, S., & Sethi, S. K. (2010) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2009.136895 · Cited by 21
A Fresh Perspective on Monoclonal Gammopathies of Renal Significance
Aucouturier, P., D’Agati, V. D., & Ronco, P. M. (2021) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.04.026 · Cited by 21
“Asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathies are found in more than 3% of the general population older than 50 years.(1) Their discovery is generally fortuitous, and because only a small proportion undergoes a malignant”
BackgroundUpdates and Ongoing Challenges in Imaging of Multiple Myeloma: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review
Wu, F., Bernard, S., Fayad, L. M., Ilaslan, H., Messiou, C., Moulopoulos, L. A., & Mulligan, M. E. (2021) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.21.25878 · Cited by 24
Localized light chain amyloidosis: A self-limited plasmacytic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder
Martinez, J. C. F., & Lichtman, E. I. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.1002253 · Cited by 21
“This is higher than expected in the general population, with a prevalence of around 4% in this age group (48).”
BackgroundRecent Advances in the Pathogenesis and Management of Cast Nephropathy (Myeloma Kidney)
Stringer, S. J., Basnayake, K., Hutchison, C. A., & Cockwell, P. (2011) · Bone Marrow Research · doi:10.1155/2011/493697 · Cited by 21
“There is production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) in over 80% of those affected; each intact monoclonal Ig will include either a kappa light chain (LC) isotype or a lambda LC isotype; in the large majority of cases of intact monoclonal Ig in MM there is excess production of the relevant monoclonal LC, and in aro…”
BackgroundA Method to Visualize and Adjust for Selection Bias in Prevalent Cohort Studies
Törner, A., Dickman, P. W., Duberg, A., Kristinsson, S. Y., Landgren, O., Björkholm, M., & Svensson, Å. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr211 · Cited by 21
“BothMGUS and HCV are conditions that are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic for a long time before progressing into a more severe disease with increased morbidity and mortality (4, 5).”
Corneal Densitometry for Quantification of Corneal Deposits in Monoclonal Gammopathies
Enders, P., Holtick, U., Schaub, F., Tuchscherer, A., Hermann, M. M., Scheid, C., Cursiefen, C., & Bachmann, B. O. (2016) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0000000000001078 · Cited by 21
Dutta, A. K., Hewett, D. R., Fink, J. L., Grady, J. P., & Zannettino, A. C. W. (2017) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.14649 · Cited by 22
“MGUS affects approximately 3% of the population aged over 50 years and 5% of people aged over 70 years (Kyle et al, 2006).”
BackgroundVarettoni, M., Zibellini, S., Boveri, E., Klersy, C., Candido, C., Rattotti, S., Ferretti, V. V., Defrancesco, I., Mangiacavalli, S., Nizzoli, M. E., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.16086 · Cited by 21
Panero, J., Arbelbide, J. A., Fantl, D. B. E., Rivello, H. G., Kohan, D., & Slavutsky, I. R. (2010) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2119/molmed.2010.00057 · Cited by 22
Ojeda‐Uribe, M., Caron, C., Itzhar-Baïkian, N., & Debliquis, A. P. (2010) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.21692 · Cited by 21
Groarke, E. M., Turturice, B. A., Patel, B. A., Quinn, K. A., Fike, A., & Grayson, P. C. (2026) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)02164-6 · Cited by 20
New challenges in evaluating anemia in older persons in the era of molecular testing
Steensma, D. P. (2016) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.67 · Cited by 20
Paraproteinaemic neuropathy: MGUS and beyond
Carroll, A. S., & Lunn, M. P. (2021) · Practical Neurology · doi:10.1136/practneurol-2020-002837 · Cited by 20
Abeykoon, J. P., Tawfiq, R. K., Kumar, S. K., & Ansell, S. M. (2022) · Faculty Reviews · doi:10.12703/r/11-34 · Cited by 20
“categories based on the cytogenetic risk factors: high risk (t(4;14) and chromosome 17p deletion), intermediate risk (trisomies without translocations), and standard risk (t(11;14), all translocations other than t(4;14) and chromosome 13 abnormalities).”
BackgroundEyþórsson, E. S., Rögnvaldsson, S., Þorsteinsdóttir, S., Long, T. E., Reed, E. R., Sigurðardóttir, G. Á., Viðarsson, B., Onundarson, P. T., Agnarsson, B. A., Sigurðardóttir, M. S., et al. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m23-2540 · Cited by 20
Barceló, F., Cerdà, J. J., Gutierrez, A. M., Jimenéz‐Marco, T., Durán, M. A., Novo, A., Ros, T., Sampol, A., & Portugal, J. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120316 · Cited by 20
“Selection of the preferred technique and correct interpretation of data often depends on an understanding of the immunological basis and pathological conditions associated withMGUS [1,4,9].”
BackgroundMethodRenal Involvement in Monoclonal Gammopathy
Al-Hussain, T. O., Hussein, M. H., Mana, H. A., & Akhtar, M. (2015) · Advances in Anatomic Pathology · doi:10.1097/pap.0000000000000056 · Cited by 20
How I treat elderly patients with plasma cell dyscrasias
Gavriatopoulou, M., Fotiou, D., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Kastritis, E., Terpos, E., & Dimopoulos, M. A. (2018) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.101707 · Cited by 20
“Incidence increases with age as proteostasis progressively declines but also due to aforementioned increased incidence of associated and co-existent plasma cell dyscrasias [112, 113].”
BackgroundBumma, N., Nagasaka, M., Hemingway, G., Miyashita, H., Chowdhury, T., Kim, S., Vankayala, H. M., Ahmed, S., & Jasti, P. (2019) · Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma & Leukemia · doi:10.1016/j.clml.2019.11.014 · Cited by 20
Sabbour, H. M., Hasan, K. Y., Badarin, F. J. A., Alibazoglu, H., Rivard, A. L., Romany, I., & Perlini, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.644508 · Cited by 20
Steck, A. J., Czapliński, A., & Renaud, S. (2008) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2008.08.012 · Cited by 20
“It induces antibody-dependent cell and complement-mediated cytotoxicity in these cells.(53) A few case reports of rituximab therapy in anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG) and other antibody-related polyneuropathies have shown encouraging results.”
Direct evidence for a polygenic etiology in familial multiple myeloma
Halvarsson, B.-M., Wihlborg, A.-K., Ali, M., Lemonakis, K., Johnsson, E., Niroula, A., Cibulskis, C., Weinhold, N., Försti, A., Alici, E., et al. (2017) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2016003111 · Cited by 21
“It is preceded bymonoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS),(2,3) a common condition (3% of$ 50-year-olds) defined as a clonal growth of plasma cells that does not satisfy the criteria for MM, but progresses to MM at a rate of about 1% per year.(4,5) Since the 1920s, several authors have reported families wi…”
BackgroundImmunoglobulin M Paraproteinaemias
Girard, L., Soekojo, C. Y., Ooi, M. G. M., Poon, L. M., Chng, W. J., & Mel, S. D. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12061688 · Cited by 19
“IgM MGUS comprises 15–20% all MGUS and in contrast to other subtypes of MGUS is more common in Caucasians than Afro-Caribbean populations [10,15,16].”
BackgroundResultOverweight/Obesity and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Georgakopoulou, R., Andrikopoulou, Α., Sergentanis, T. Ν., Fiste, O., Zagouri, F., Gavriatopoulou, M., Ψαλτοπούλου, Θ., Kastritis, E., Terpos, E., & Dimopoulos, M. A. (2021) · Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma & Leukemia · doi:10.1016/j.clml.2021.01.008 · Cited by 19
Treatment of Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Clinical Significance
Moreno, D. F., Rosiñol, L., Cibeira, M. T., Bladé, J., & de Larrea, C. F. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13205131 · Cited by 20
“Prevalence is around 3% among people older than 50 years, and it increases with age [3].”
BackgroundTherapeutics to harness the immune microenvironment in multiple myeloma
Ignatz-Hoover, J. J., & Driscoll, J. J. (2022) · Cancer Drug Resistance · doi:10.20517/cdr.2022.23 · Cited by 21
Ahmadi, S. E., Rahimian, E., Rahimi, S., Zarandi, B., Bahraini, M., Soleymani, M., Safdari, S. M., Shabannezhad, A., Jaafari, N., & Safa, M. (2024) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-024-00676-9 · Cited by 22
Maculopathy in Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Smith, S. J., Johnson, M. W., Ober, M. D., Comer, G. M., & Smith, B. D. (2019) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2019.09.018 · Cited by 19
Rajkumar, S. V. (2012) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.23204 · Cited by 19
“Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant clonal disorder prevalent in over 4% of the general population over the age of 50, and carries a risk of progression of approximately 1% per year [4,5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMilani, P., Palladini, G. O., & Merlini, G. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/00365513.2016.1210337 · Cited by 19
“4% of the general adult population (>50 years) [1] and in up to 7% of subjects seeking medical evaluation [2].”
BackgroundKapoor, P., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2019) · The Cancer Journal · doi:10.1097/ppo.0000000000000350 · Cited by 19
Self-citationKumar, S. K., Larson, D. R., Dispenzieri, A. A., Therneau, T. M., Murray, D. L., Bergsagel, P. L., Kyle, R. A., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2019) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/s41408-019-0210-z · Cited by 19
Self-citationJolles, S. R. A., Giralt, S., Kerre, T. C. C., Lazarus, H. M., Mustafa, S. S., Papanicolaou, G. A., Reiser, M., Ria, R., Vinh, D. C., & Wingard, J. R. (2022) · Blood Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.blre.2022.101020 · Cited by 20
Fadia, M., Shroff, S., & Simpson, E. P. (2019) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0569-y · Cited by 19
Huber, J. H., Ji, M., Shih, Y.-H., Wang, M., Colditz, G. A., & Chang, S. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41223-8 · Cited by 18
“A prior cohort study of a predominately white population in Olmsted County, Minnesota suggested that MGUS progresses to MM at a rate of approximately 1% per year with the 20-year cumulative risk totaling 18% 3 .”
From MGUS to multiple myeloma: Unraveling the unknown of precursor states
Hevroni, G., Vattigunta, M., Kazandjian, D. G., Coffey, D. G., Diamond, B. T., Maura, F., Hoffman, J., & Landgren, O. (2024) · Blood Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.blre.2024.101242 · Cited by 18
Go, R. S., Swanson, K. M., Sangaralingham, L. R., Habermann, E. B., & Shah, N. D. (2015) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2015.336 · Cited by 18
Piszcz, J. A., Lemancewicz, D., Dudzik, D., & Ciborowski, M. (2013) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201200606 · Cited by 18
Diagnosis and Treatment of Glomerular Diseases in Elderly Patients
Qian, Q., & Nasr, S. H. (2014) · Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease · doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2014.01.004 · Cited by 18
Uric acid levels correlate with the severity of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy
Abraham, A., Breiner, A., Barnett, C., Katzberg, H. D., Lovblom, L. E., Perkins, B. A., & Bril, V. (2017) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.05.053 · Cited by 18
Gavriatopoulou, M., Fotiou, D., Koloventzou, U., Ρούσσου, Μ., Migkou, M., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Kanellias, N., Ziogas, D. C., Panagiotidis, I., Gika, D., et al. (2019) · Leukemia & lymphoma/Leukemia and lymphoma · doi:10.1080/10428194.2018.1509323 · Cited by 18
“This finding also indicates that the diagnosis of myeloma in these patients is probably delayed despite the high incidence of monoclonal gammopathies in the elderly population [26].”
Non-crystalline light chain proximal tubulopathy, a morphologically protean entity
Kousios, A., Blakey, S., Moran, L. B., Atta, M. L. B. S., Charif, R., Duncan, N. D., Smith, A., Tam, F. W. K., Levy, J. B., Chaidos, A., et al. (2023) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfad085 · Cited by 17
“The rate of detecting serum monoclonal immunoglobulins in the context of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) increases with age; up to 1.7% in those 50–60 years of age and increasing to 6.5% in those > 80 years of age [ 24 ].”
BackgroundInfluentialCytogenetic and clinical risk factors for assessment of ultra high-risk multiple myeloma.
Zhuang, J., Da, Y., Li, H., Han, B., Wan, X., Zhu, T.-N., Chen, M., Duan, M., Xu, Y., Zhao, Y.-Q., et al. (2014) · Leukemia research : a Forum for Studies on Leukemia and Normal Hemopoiesis · doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2013.11.010 · Cited by 18
Bacher, U., Haferlach, T., Kern, W., Alpermann, T., Schnittger, S., & Haferlach, C. (2010) · Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics · doi:10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2010.08.006 · Cited by 17
“3% in individuals aged $70 years [1], being variable between different ethnic populations [2e4].”
BackgroundMonoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance After Kidney Transplantation
Alfano, G., Fontana, F., Colaci, E., Messerotti, A., Bettelli, F., Potenza, L., Luppi, M., & Cappelli, G. (2017) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/tp.0000000000001884 · Cited by 17
Clinical Mass Spectrometry Approaches to Myeloma and Amyloidosis
Murray, D. L., & Dasari, S. (2021) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2021.03.003 · Cited by 18
Hoffbrand, A. V., & Hamblin, T. J. (2006) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2006.07.006 · Cited by 17
Diffuse plane xanthomatosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy
Rosmaninho, A., Fernandes, I. C., Guimas, A., Amorim, I., & Selores, M. (2011) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1590/s0365-05962011000700012 · Cited by 17
“The development of multiple myeloma or a related malignance associated with MGUS seems to occur at the rate of 1% per year.(12) Our patient is still under follow-up.”
BackgroundChanging Pattern of Presentation in Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Varettoni, M., Corso, A., Cocito, F., Mangiacavalli, S., Pascutto, C., Zappasodi, P., Pica, G.-M., & Lazzarino, M. (2010) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0b013e3181e763be · Cited by 17
“5 g/dL in 83%.(12) This different pattern of presentation may have important implications for the outcome of MGUS patients.”
BackgroundRossi, F. G., Petrucci, M. T., Guffanti, A., Marcheselli, L., Rossi, D., Callea, V., Federico, V., Muro, M. D., Baraldi, A., Villani, O., et al. (2009) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-3150 · Cited by 17
“00 — 94 Low-intermediate (1) 511 (41) 3.”
BackgroundInfluentialTschumper, R. C., Asmann, Y. W., Hossain, A., Huddleston, P. M., Wu, X., Dispenzieri, A. A., Eckloff, B. W., & Jelinek, D. F. (2012) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.469 · Cited by 17
“Of relevance to this study, others have used IGHV sequence analysis to better understand the relationship between MM and its known premalignant condition monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) [23, 24] and have shown that while there is evidence for intraclonal heterogeneity in MGUS, MM PCs are homo…”
Self-citationTherapeutic options and management of polyneuropathy associated with anti-MAG antibodies
Vallat, J., Magy, L., Ciron, J., Corcia, P., Masson, G. L., & Mathis, S. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2016.1198257 · Cited by 17
“dyscrasia may evolve over a year is about 1%, so such patients need periodic screening [85].”
BackgroundChrzan, R. M., Jurczyszyn, A. J., & Urbanik, A. (2017) · Polish Journal of Radiology · doi:10.12659/pjr.901742 · Cited by 17
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
Kyle, R. A., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2007) · Translational medicine series · doi:10.3109/9781420045116.006 · Cited by 17
Self-citationMonoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: Genetic vs Environmental Etiologies
Munshi, N. C. (2007) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)61086-0 · Cited by 17
Genomic profiling to contextualize the results of intervention for smoldering multiple myeloma
Kazandjian, D., Diamond, B., Papadimitriou, M., Hill, E., Sklavenitis-Pistofidis, R., Ziccheddu, B., Blaney, P., Chojnacka, M., Durante, M., Maclachlan, K., et al. (2024) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-24-0210 · Cited by 16
Wang, L., Kumar, M., Deng, Q., Wang, X., Liu, M., Gong, Z., Zhang, S., Ma, X., Xu-Monette, Z. Y., Xiao, M., et al. (2019) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.009 · Cited by 16
“7% among individuals 50–59 years of age to 5% in those older than 70 years [2].”
BackgroundBolli, N., Barcella, M., Salvi, E., D'Avila, F., Vendramin, A., De Philippis, C., Munshi, N. C., Avet‐Loiseau, H., Campbell, P. J., Mussetti, A., et al. (2017) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.30777 · Cited by 17
Challenges, Difficulties, and Delayed Diagnosis of Multiple Myeloma
Zorlu, T., Kayer, M. A., Okumus, N., Ulaş, T., Dal, M. S., & Altuntaş, F. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15131708 · Cited by 19
Vachon, C. M., Murray, J. D., Allmer, C., Larson, D. R., Norman, A. D., Sinnwell, J. P., Dispenzieri, A. A., Kleinstern, G., Visram, A., Kyle, R. A., et al. (2022) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006201 · Cited by 16
“1,6,18 All participants provided written informed consent for this study, and the research was approved by the Mayo Clinic institutional review board.”
Self-citationPrevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance in Black South African Men
Cicero, K. I., Joffe, M., Patel, M., Chiuzan, C. C., Pentz, A., Ruff, P., Lentzsch, S., Leng, S., Jacobson, J. S., Rebbeck, T. R., et al. (2022) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-0525 · Cited by 16
Interpretable deep clustering survival machines for Alzheimer’s disease subtype discovery
Hou, B., Wen, Z., Bao, J., Zhang, R., Tong, B., Yang, S., Wen, J., Cui, Y., Moore, J. H., Saykin, A. J., et al. (2024) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2024.103231 · Cited by 18
Visram, A., Larson, D. R., Norman, A. D., Dispenzieri, A. A., Murray, D. L., Kyle, R. A., Rajkumar, S. V., Slager, S. L., Kumar, S. K., & Vachon, C. M. (2024) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2024025415 · Cited by 16
Self-citationZemble, R., Takach, P. A., & Levinson, A. I. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1007/s10875-011-9548-0 · Cited by 16
“The prevalence of MGUS has been reported as 3.2% among patients 50 years of age or older and 5.3% among persons 70 years of age or older in a population based study with 21,463 subjects in Minnesota [ 2 ].”
BackgroundInfluentialMonoclonal IgM Gammopathy and Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia
Grunenberg, A., & Buske, C. (2017) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2017.0745 · Cited by 16
Ravindran, A., Lackore, K. A., Glasgow, A. E., Drake, M. T., Hobbs, M., Kourelis, T., Kumar, S. K., Kyle, R. A., Leung, N., Muchtar, E., et al. (2020) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.12.033 · Cited by 16
Self-citationJeong, S., Kong, S. G., Kim, D. J., Lee, S., & Lee, H. S. (2020) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-020-07120-9 · Cited by 16
“population than in the other races [15, 16].”
The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs
Coira, I. F., Rincón, R., & Cuendet, M. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14102348 · Cited by 16
“It is preceded by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) that progresses to smoldering myeloma and finally to symptomatic MM [1].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kyle, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Rajkumar, S. V., Larson, D. R., Plevak, M. F., Offord, J. R., Dispenzieri, A., Katzmann, J. A., & Melton, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2006-03-30
- Volume
- 354
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1362-1369
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2086990334
- Cited by
- 1,423
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 33.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 107 476, CA6 2242, R01CA107476, P01CA062242)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Amyloidosis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Outcomes
- Keywords
- monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, prevalence, plasma cell dyscrasia, M protein, serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, age differences, Olmsted County, Minnesota
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Male, Middle Aged, Minnesota, Paraproteinemias, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
