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Prevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
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BACKGROUND: The prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), a premalignant plasma-cell disorder, among persons 50 years of age or older has not been accurately determined. We used sensitive laboratory techniques to ascertain the prevalence of MGUS in a large population in a well-defined geographic area. METHODS: We identified all living residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, as of January 1, 1995. We obtained serum that remained after the performance of routine clinical tests at Mayo Clinic or asked subjects for whom such serum was unavailable to provide a sample. Agarose-gel electrophoresis was performed on all serum samples, and any serum sample with a discrete band of monoclonal protein or thought to have a localized band was subjected to immunofixation. RESULTS: Serum samples were obtained from 21,463 of the 28,038 enumerated residents 50 years of age or older (76.6 percent). MGUS was identified in 694 (3.2 percent) of these persons. Age-adjusted rates were higher in men than in women (4.0 percent vs. 2.7 percent, P<0.001). The prevalence of MGUS was 5.3 percent among persons 70 years of age or older and 7.5 percent among those 85 years of age or older. The concentration of monoclonal immunoglobulin was less than 1.0 g per deciliter in 63.5 percent and at least 2.0 g per deciliter in only 4.5 percent of 694 persons. The concentration of uninvolved immunoglobulins was reduced in 27.7 percent of 447 persons tested, and 21.5 percent of 79 tested had a monoclonal urinary light chain. CONCLUSIONS: Among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, MGUS was found in 3.2 percent of persons 50 years of age or older and 5.3 percent of persons 70 years of age or older.
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“This tumor does not develop rapidly; instead, it may take decades for symptoms and organ damage to manifest.4-8”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“MM is well-described to be universally preceded by precursor states, often decades before it is even diagnosed.”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“Several epidemiological studies have shown that patients with MGUS and SMM might experience progression to MM over an extremely variable timeframe. Some patients progressed to MM within 2 years of diagnosis, while others may progress after 10 to 20 years or might never progress at all.4-6,75”
From Evolution of Multiple Myeloma from a Genomic Perspective (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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Dispenzieri, A. A., Katzmann, J. A., Kyle, R. A., Larson, D. R., Therneau, T. M., Colby, C. L., Clark, R. J., Mead, G. P., Kumar, S. K., Melton, L. J., et al. (2012) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.03.009 · Cited by 138
“The Olmsted County MGUS prevalence cohort was composed of 21,462 of the 28,038 enumerated individuals 50 years and older who were living in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between January 1, 1995, and November 21, 2003.(8) Because it captured more than 75% of the resident population in this age range, the cohort is conside…”
MethodSelf-citationBird, J. M., Behrens, J., Westin, J., Turesson, I., Drayson, M. T., Beetham, R., D’Sa, S., Soutar, R. L., Waage, A., Gulbrandsen, N., et al. (2009) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07807.x · Cited by 134
“In the Minnesota population study, MGUS was present in 1–2% of people in their sixth decade, 2–4% in their seventh decade, rising to 4–5% in their eighth decade (Kyle et al, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialMolecular pathogenesis of multiple myeloma: basic and clinical updates
Chesi, M., & Bergsagel, P. L. (2013) · International Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s12185-013-1291-2 · Cited by 132
“PC MGUS is age dependent, is present in about 4 % of individuals over the age of 50 [8, 9], and can progress to MM at average rates of 1 % per year.”
BackgroundImmunophenotyping in multiple myeloma and related plasma cell disorders
Kumar, S. K., Kimlinger, T. K., & Morice, W. G. (2010) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Haematology · doi:10.1016/j.beha.2010.09.002 · Cited by 133
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“It is of major importance to identify individuals with true monoclonal gammopathy, and as the prevalence of both monoclonal gammopathies and CKD increase with age [11, 12], it is imperative that the FLC assay is accurate and usable in individuals with CKD.”
BackgroundResultTherneau, T. M., Kyle, R. A., Melton, L. J., Larson, D. R., Benson, J. T., Colby, C. L., Dispenzieri, A. A., Kumar, S. K., Katzmann, J. A., Cerhan, J. R., et al. (2012) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.06.014 · Cited by 131
“Death Rate After Progression to MM or Related Malignant Neoplasm For the death rate of MGUS patients whose condition progresses to malignant neoplasm ( 3), we assumed a median survival of 4 years after conversion (or 3 log[2]/4 0.”
BackgroundSelf-citationYoung Adult Cancer: Influence of the Obesity Pandemic
Berger, N. A. (2018) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22137 · Cited by 132
“MGUS, characterized by restricted proliferation of a predominant clone of plasma cells, not exceeding 10% of marrow cells and absence of diagnostic criteria for MM (80), is considered a universal premalignant precursor of MM with variable rates of progression (81).”
Rögnvaldsson, S., Löve, Þ. J., Þorsteinsdóttir, S., Reed, E. R., Óskarsson, J. Þ., Pétursdóttir, Í., Sigurðardóttir, G. Á., Viðarsson, B., Onundarson, P. T., Agnarsson, B. A., et al. (2021) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/s41408-021-00480-w · Cited by 129
“since 1955 and it is virtually complete with high diagnostic accuracy and timeliness(31); (2) The Icelandic Causes of Death Registry includes all deaths in Iceland including the date and the presumed causes of death.”
BackgroundMethodRajkumar, S. V., Kyle, R. A., & Buadi, F. K. (2010) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0520 · Cited by 128
“© 2010 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant plasma cell disorder present in more than 3% of the general population aged 50 years and older.(1,2) MGUS is important to clinicians because it is associated with a 1% per year risk of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationC3 glomerulopathy associated with monoclonal Ig is a distinct subtype
Ravindran, A., Fervenza, F. C., Smith, R. J., & Sethi, S. M. (2018) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.037 · Cited by 128
Oben, B., Froyen, G., Maclachlan, K. H., Leongamornlert, D., Abascal, F., Zheng-Lin, B., Yellapantula, V., Derkach, A., Geerdens, E., Diamond, B. T., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22140-0 · Cited by 129
“, del17p13 (TP53), t(4;14)(MMSET;IGH)] and expression signatures have shorten time to MM progression, when compared to groups of MGUS/SMM patients without these aberrations and/or expression signatures15,16,18,51,52.”
ResultBiology and therapy of multiple myeloma
Joshua, D., Bryant, C. E., Dix, C. H. K., Gibson, J., & Ho, P. J. (2019) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50129 · Cited by 128
Single-cell profiling of tumour evolution in multiple myeloma — opportunities for precision medicine
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McKenna, R. W., & Kroft, S. H. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-0040-6.00025-3 · Cited by 127
Geographic Disparities in Reported US Amyloidosis Mortality From 1979 to 2015
Alexander, K. M., Orav, E. J., Singh, A., Jacob, S., Menon, A., Padera, R. F., Kijewski, M. F., Liao, R., Carli, M. F. D., Laubach, J. P., et al. (2018) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2093 · Cited by 125
Bhutani, G., Nasr, S. H., Said, S. M., Sethi, S. M., Fervenza, F. C., Morice, W. G., Kurtin, P. J., Buadi, F. K., Dingli, D., Dispenzieri, A. A., et al. (2015) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.024 · Cited by 123
Self-citationThe utility of MASS‐FIX to detect and monitor monoclonal proteins in the clinic
Milani, P., Murray, D. L., Barnidge, D. R., Kohlhagen, M., Mills, J. R., Merlini, G., Dasari, S., & Dispenzieri, A. A. (2017) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.24772 · Cited by 123
Self-citationThrombotic microangiopathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy
Ravindran, A., Go, R. S., Fervenza, F. C., & Sethi, S. M. (2016) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.045 · Cited by 121
Landgren, O., Graubard, B. I., Kumar, S. K., Kyle, R. A., Katzmann, J. A., Murata, K., Costello, R., Dispenzieri, A. A., Caporaso, N. E., Mailankody, S., et al. (2017) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/bcj.2017.97 · Cited by 121
Self-citationAmyloidogenicity and Clinical Phenotype Associated with Five Novel Mutations in Apolipoprotein A-I
Rowczenio, D. M., Doǧan, A., Theis, J. D., Vrana, J. A., Lachmann, H. J., Wechalekar, A. D., Gilbertson, J. A., Hunt, T., Gibbs, S. D., Sattianayagam, P. T., et al. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.024 · Cited by 119
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a consensus statement
Berenson, J. R., Anderson, K. C., Audell, R. A., Boccia, R. V., Coleman, M., Dimopoulos, M. A., Drake, M. T., Fonseca, R., Harousseau, J., Joshua, D., et al. (2010) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08207.x · Cited by 121
“Nearly 9% of males aged 85 years and older were diagnosed with this condition (Kyle et al, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIwanaga, M., Tagawa, M., Tsukasaki, K., Kamihira, S., & Tomonaga, M. (2007) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)61090-2 · Cited by 118
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“Clonal hematopoiesis is similar to other pre-malignant hematopoietic clonal disorders such as MGUS and MBL with respect to age association, and risk of progression to frank malignancy[30,31].”
Differential diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Merlini, G., & Palladini, G. O. (2012) · Hematology · doi:10.1182/asheducation.v2012.1.595.3798563 · Cited by 115
Kyle, R. A., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2007) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06873.x · Cited by 114
“The first population-based study using sensitive laboratory techniques (agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation) to detect M proteins has been reported (Kyle et al, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGlomerulonephritis With Isolated C3 Deposits and Monoclonal Gammopathy
Bridoux, F., Desport, É., Frémeaux‐Bacchi, V., Chong, C. F., Gombert, J., Lacombe, C., Quellard, N., & Touchard, G. (2011) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.06180710 · Cited by 114
“5% in patients aged over 50 years and over 85 years, respectively (33,34).”
BackgroundCirculating Serum Free Light Chains As Predictive Markers of AIDS-Related Lymphoma
Landgren, O., Goedert, J. J., Rabkin, C. S., Wilson, W. H., Dunleavy, K. M., Kyle, R. A., Katzmann, J. A., Rajkumar, S. V., & Engels, E. A. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2009.25.1322 · Cited by 113
Self-citationSchuster, S. R., Rajkumar, S. V., Dispenzieri, A. A., Morice, W. G., Aspitia, A. M., Ansell, S. M., Kyle, R. A., & Mikhael, J. R. (2010) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.21845 · Cited by 112
“Before progression to MM, one patient met criteria for IgM MGUS, and a second patient met criteria for Smoldering IgM MM [10,11].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationKristinsson, S. Y., Björkholm, M., Andersson, T., Eloranta, S., Dickman, P. W., Goldin, L. R., Blimark, C. H., Mellqvist, U., Wåhlin, A., Turesson, I., et al. (2009) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.010066 · Cited by 112
“2% in the Caucasian general population 50 years of age or older.(1) It is characterized by the presence of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) (M-protein) in individuals lacking evidence of multiple myeloma (MM) or other lymphoproliferative malignancies such as Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (WM), primary amyloidosis, c…”
BackgroundMadan, S., Dispenzieri, A. A., Lacy, M. Q., Buadi, F. K., Hayman, S. R., Zeldenrust, S. R., Rajkumar, S. V., Gertz, M. A., & Kumar, S. K. (2010) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0547 · Cited by 110
“The diagnosis of AL amyloidosis was established by demonstrating amyloid in various target organs in 12 patients (26%) (lung [5], kidney [4], heart [1], small bowel [1], and liver [1]).”
MethodSelf-citationFrom MGUS to Multiple Myeloma, a Paradigm for Clonal Evolution of Premalignant Cells
van Nieuwenhuijzen, N., Spaan, I., Raymakers, R. A. P., & Peperzak, V. (2018) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3115 · Cited by 116
“MGUS is defined as the presence of monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) in blood or urine (M protein), less than 10% clonal PC in the BM, and the absence of myeloma-related end-organ damage (4, 5).”
BackgroundKatzmann, J. A., Clark, R. J., Kyle, R. A., Larson, D. R., Therneau, T. M., Melton, L. J., Benson, J. T., Colby, C. L., Dispenzieri, A. A., Landgren, O., et al. (2012) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2012.189 · Cited by 109
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Self-citationMultiple myeloma: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management
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Self-citationRespiratory tract infections and subsequent risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
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The Genetic Architecture of Multiple Myeloma
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Proteomic Contributions to Personalized Cancer Care
Koomen, J. M., Haura, E. B., Bepler, G., Sutphen, R., Remily-Wood, E. R., Benson, K., Hussein, M. A., Hazlehurst, L., Yeatman, T. J., Hildreth, L., et al. (2008) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.r800002-mcp200 · Cited by 105
Monoclonal Gammopathy–Associated Proliferative Glomerulonephritis
Sethi, S. M., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2013) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.08.002 · Cited by 102
“Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is present in approximately 3% of the general population aged 50 years and older.(6,7) It is associatedwith a risk of progression to multiple myeloma or related plasma cell malignancy, as well as to paraprotein-related disorders such as light chain amyloidosis.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMurray, D., Kumar, S. K., Kyle, R. A., Dispenzieri, A., Dasari, S., Larson, D. R., Vachon, C., Cerhan, J. R., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2019) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/s41408-019-0263-z · Cited by 102
Self-citationLindqvist, E. K., Goldin, L. R., Landgren, O., Blimark, C. H., Mellqvist, U., Turesson, I., Wåhlin, A., Björkholm, M., & Kristinsson, S. Y. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-04-347559 · Cited by 100
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Self-citationMultiple Myeloma: Charging Toward a Bright Future
Katzel, J. A., Hari, P., & Vesole, D. H. (2007) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/ca.57.5.301 · Cited by 102
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance
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“In addition, we established that the relative number of biclonal (3/10) and triclonal (1/10) gammopathies within the MGUS patients was especially high considering that in general, biclonal gammopathies occur in 3% of subjects with MGUS [24], while triclonal gammopathies occur only very sporadically [50].”
MicroRNA expression in multiple myeloma is associated with genetic subtype, isotype and survival
Chi, J., Ballabio, E., Chen, X., Kušec, R., Taylor, S., Hay, D., Tramonti, D., Saunders, N. J. S. G., Littlewood, T. J., Pezzella, F., et al. (2011) · Biology Direct · doi:10.1186/1745-6150-6-23 · Cited by 99
“MGUS is generally believed to represent a pre-malignant form of MM [14].”
BackgroundGertz, M. A. (2010) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.21934 · Cited by 97
“The percentage of each type of M protein is shown in samples from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) [15], myeloma [16], and light chain amyloidosis (AL) [17].”
Presentation and Outcomes of Localized Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis
Kourelis, T., Kyle, R. A., Dingli, D., Buadi, F. K., Kumar, S. K., Gertz, M. A., Lacy, M. Q., Kapoor, P., Go, R. S., Gonsalves, W. I., et al. (2017) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.02.016 · Cited by 96
“[%]) 0 0 2 (5) 2 (20) 12 (44) 2 (7) 1 (20) 0 Stable 0 0 3 (25) 0 0 Improved 2 (100) 2 (100) 8 (67) 2 (100) 1 (100) Progressed 0 0 0 0 0 NE 0 0 1 (8) 0 0 Observation/BSC (No [%]) 10 (13) 11 (20) 5 3 (30) 7 (26) 12 (40) 2 (40) 4 (17) Stable 3 (30) 1 (9) 1 (20) 1 (33) 3 (43) 1 (8) 0 2 (50) Improved 5 (50) 0 1 (20) 0 0 4…”
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“(1) Sural nerve biopsies demonstrate deposition of IgM and complement on the myelinated nerve fibers,28 suggesting that activated complement is needed to induce demyelination.”
BackgroundMikulasova, A., Wardell, C. P., Murison, A., Boyle, E. M., Jackson, G. H., Smetana, J., Kufova, Z., Pour, L., Sandecka, V., Almasi, M., et al. (2017) · Haematologica · doi:10.3324/haematol.2017.163766 · Cited by 101
Pathogenesis and progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Bladé, J., Rosiñol, L., Cibeira, M. T., & de Larrea, C. F. (2008) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2008.203 · Cited by 94
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Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Mouhieddine, T. H., Weeks, L. D., & Ghobrial, I. M. (2019) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.2019846782 · Cited by 93
Monoclonal gammopathy related to Sjögren syndrome: A key marker of disease prognosis and outcomes
Brito‐Zerón, P., Retamozo, S., Gandía, M., Akasbi, M., Pérez-De-Lis, M., Díaz‐Lagares, C., Bosch, X., Bové, A., Pérez-Álvarez, R., Cárdenas, M. J. S., et al. (2012) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2012.01.010 · Cited by 92
Zingone, A., & Kuehl, W. M. (2011) · Seminars in Hematology · doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2010.11.003 · Cited by 91
Agarwal, A., & Ghobrial, I. M. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2922 · Cited by 91
“We now know that indeed MGUS is the most prevalent plasma cell disorder (9).”
BackgroundRNN-SURV: A Deep Recurrent Model for Survival Analysis
Giunchiglia, E., Nemchenko, A., & van der Schaar, M. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01424-7_3 · Cited by 99
Chauvet, S., Bridoux, F., Écotière, L., Javaugue, V., Sirac, C., Arnulf, B., Thierry, A., Quellard, N., Milin, S., Bender, S., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.03.035 · Cited by 90
Paiva, B., Pérez‐Andrés, M., Vídriales, M., Almeida, J., Heras, N. D. L., Mateos, M., López‐Corral, L., Gutierrez, N. C., Blanco, J. F., Oriol, A., et al. (2011) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/leu.2010.320 · Cited by 90
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in multiple myeloma: from basic biology to clinical promise
Ramakrishnan, V. G., & Kumar, S. K. (2018) · Leukemia & lymphoma/Leukemia and lymphoma · doi:10.1080/10428194.2017.1421760 · Cited by 94
Rosiñol, L., Cibeira, M. T., Montoto, S., Rozman, M., Esteve, J., Filella, X., & Bladé, J. (2007) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/82.4.428 · Cited by 89
Hughes, D. A., Cappellini, M. D., Berger, M. G., Droogenbroeck, J. V., de Fost, M., Janić, D., Marinakis, T., Rosenbaum, H., Villarubia, J., Zhukovskaya, E. V., et al. (2007) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06701.x · Cited by 89
“The MGUS incidence in Gaucher patients appears to increase with age, consistent with the trend in the nonGaucher population (Kyle et al, 2006).”
ResultInherited neuropathies: Clinical overview and update
Klein, C. J., Duan, X., & Shy, M. E. (2013) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23775 · Cited by 88
“2% of these patients had IgM-MGUS.(22) The presence of antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) may be found in IgM-MGUS neuropathy, but unfortunately MAG antibodies can also be found incidentally in IgM-MGUS patients without neuropathy, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis.”
BackgroundInfluentialChallenges of measuring monoclonal proteins in serum
Keren, D. F., & Schroeder, L. F. (2016) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2015-0862 · Cited by 87
“MM comprises about 10% of hematologic malignancies while MGUS is vastly more prevalent; progressively increasing with age such that by age 50 it is found in 1:100 individuals and by age 70 in 1:20 [3].”
BackgroundLandgren, O., Kyle, R. A., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2011) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1822 · Cited by 86
“Increasing age (1), male gender, family history of MGUS and/or MM (10), immu-”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Role of Bisphosphonates in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanisms, Side Effects, and the Future
Pozzi, S., & Raje, N. S. (2011) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0225 · Cited by 86
AL amyloidosis associated with IgM paraproteinemia: clinical profile and treatment outcome
Wechalekar, A. D., Lachmann, H. J., Goodman, H. J. B., Bradwell, A. R., Hawkins, P. N., & Gillmore, J. D. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-02-138156 · Cited by 83
“Total no. of organs, international consensus criteria 1 organ 47 (46) 2 organs 35 (34) 3 or more organs 21 ( 20 )”
BackgroundDispenzieri, A. A., Larson, D. R., Rajkumar, S. V., Kyle, R. A., Kumar, S. K., Kourelis, T., Arendt, B. K., Willrcih, M., Dasari, S., & Murray, D. L. (2020) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-020-0940-8 · Cited by 82
Self-citationImmunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis: 2013 update on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment
Gertz, M. A. (2013) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.23400 · Cited by 82
“The percentage of each type of M protein is shown in samples from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) [18], myeloma [19], and light chain amyloidosis (AL) [20].”
Tsai, H., Caporaso, N. E., Kyle, R. A., Katzmann, J. A., Dispenzieri, A. A., Hayes, R. B., Marti, G. E., Albitar, M. X., Ghia, P., Rajkumar, S. V., et al. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-08-237651 · Cited by 82
Self-citationTwo types of amyloidosis presenting in a single patient: a case series
Sidiqi, M. H., McPhail, E. D., Theis, J. D., Dasari, S., Vrana, J. A., Drosou, M. E., Leung, N., Hayman, S. R., Rajkumar, S. V., Warsame, R. M., et al. (2019) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/s41408-019-0193-9 · Cited by 82
Self-citationGordon, M. W., Yan, F., Zhong, X., Mazumder, P. B., Xu-Monette, Z. Y., Zou, D., Young, K. H., Ramos, K. S., & Li, Y. (2014) · Molecular Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1002/mc.22175 · Cited by 80
“MGUS progresses to incurableMM at a relentless rate of 1% per year [41], and yet little information is available about the molecular events that mediate MM progression.”
BackgroundRole and Regulation of Pro-survival BCL-2 Proteins in Multiple Myeloma
Slomp, A., & Peperzak, V. (2018) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00533 · Cited by 80
“Both are preceded by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), which is characterized by presence of <10% clonal PC in the BM, presence of monoclonal Ig in the blood, and lack of clinical symptoms (55, 56).”
BackgroundGreenberg, A. J., Rajkumar, S. V., & Vachon, C. M. (2012) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-11-387324 · Cited by 80
“For example, reports indicate that persons of Asian descent have a lower prevalence of MGUS than do their white counterparts.3 In addition, persons of African and African American descent have been reported to have an 2- to 3-fold increased prevalence compared with white populations.4,5 These differential rates of MGU…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFreeman, R. L. (2009) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-009-0069-7 · Cited by 80
Cowan, A., Ferrari, F., Freeman, S. S., Redd, R., El-Khoury, H., Perry, J., Patel, V., Kaur, P., Barr, H., Lee, D. J., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Haematology · doi:10.1016/s2352-3026(22)00386-6 · Cited by 86
Go, R. S., Gundrum, J. D., & Neuner, J. M. (2014) · Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma & Leukemia · doi:10.1016/j.clml.2014.09.004 · Cited by 79
Ho, M., Patel, A. S., Goh, C. Y., Moscvin, M., Zhang, L., & Bianchi, G. (2020) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-020-01051-x · Cited by 83
Bianchi, G., Kyle, R. A., Colby, C. L., Larson, D. R., Kumar, S. K., Katzmann, J. A., Dispenzieri, A. A., Therneau, T. M., Cerhan, J. R., Melton, L. J., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-04-277566 · Cited by 79
“To participate in this journal CME activity: (1) review the learning objectives and author disclosures; (2) study the education content; (3) take the post-test and/or complete the evaluation at http://cme.”
BackgroundSelf-citationScreening panels for monoclonal gammopathies: time to change.
Katzmann, J. A. (2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 77
Self-citationSteiner, N., Göbel, G., Suchecki, P., Prokop, W., Neuwirt, H., & Gunsilius, E. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.23412 · Cited by 77
“The disease is characterized by the absence of end organ damage related to the proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells [2].”
BackgroundParaproteinemic neuropathy: a practical review
Rison, R. A., & Beydoun, S. R. (2016) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-016-0532-4 · Cited by 76
“MGUS is a common, age-related medical condition characterized by an accumulation of bone marrow plasma cells derived from a single abnormal clone without proliferation of malignant cells [8–10].”
BackgroundSmoldering multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms
Rajkumar, S. V., Kumar, S. K., Lonial, S., & Mateos, M. (2022) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/s41408-022-00719-0 · Cited by 76
Self-citationKyle, R. A., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 75
Self-citationNg, A. C., Khosla, S., Charatcharoenwitthaya, N., Kumar, S. K., Achenbach, S. J., Holets, M. F., McCready, L. K., Melton, L. J., Kyle, R. A., Rajkumar, S. V., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2011-04-351437 · Cited by 75
“Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that (1) the increased incidence of fractures previously found to occur in patients with MGUS may not be reflected in aBMD measurements by DXA that were relatively insensitive compared with HRpQCT for measuring bone loss in MGUS; (2) patients with MGUS have skeletal microstructura…”
MethodResultSelf-citationD’Sa, S., Kersten, M. J., Castillo, J. J., Dimopoulos, M. A., Kastritis, E., Laane, E., Leblond, V., Merlini, G., Treon, S. P., Vos, J. M. I., et al. (2017) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/bjh.14492 · Cited by 75
“Monoclonal gammopathies are common, with a prevalence of 1% of the general population aged 50 years and increasing to 8–9% by the age of 90 years (Kyle et al, 2006).”
BackgroundPrevalence of Monoclonal Gammopathy in Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloidosis
Geller, H. I., Singh, A., Mirto, T. M., Padera, R. F., Mitchell, R. N., Laubach, J. P., & Falk, R. H. (2017) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.09.016 · Cited by 75
“org n subsequent immunofixation).(3) If the definition of MGUS is expanded to include individuals with an elevated free light chain (FLC) level and abnormal FLC k/l ratio in the absence of a monoclonal protein, defined as light chain MGUS, the total MGUS population increases by approximately one-fifth.”
BackgroundCzarnecki, P. G., Lager, D. J., Leung, N., Dispenzieri, A. A., Cosio, F. G., & Fervenza, F. C. (2008) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2008.577 · Cited by 74
“It has been reported in approximately 1% of people older than 50 years and in about 3% of those older than 70 years.(26) It produces no symptoms and is found during laboratory testing of an apparently normal patient or during evaluation of an unrelated disorder.”
Self-citationÞórðardóttir, M., Lindqvist, E. K., Lund, S. H., Costello, R., Burton, D., Korde, N., Mailankody, S., Eiríksdóttir, G., Launer, L. J., Gudnason, V. G., et al. (2017) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2017007609 · Cited by 73
“Samples with an equivocal or definite M-protein present on SPEP were subjected to serum protein immunofixation for confirmation and typing of the M-protein.11 Serum FLC assay (FREELITE; The Binding Site Ltd., Birmingham, UK) was performed on all samples.35 All testing and interpretations were done by 2 individuals (R.…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMonoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma
Kyle, R. A., Miguel, J. F. S., Mateos, M., & Rajkumar, S. V. (2014) · Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2014.06.005 · Cited by 73
Self-citationPaiva, B., Vídriales, M., Pérez, J. J., López‐Berges, M., García‐Sánz, R., Ocio, E. M., Heras, N. D. L., Cuello, R., de Coca, A. G., Pardal, E., et al. (2011) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-12-324665 · Cited by 72
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Anti-MAG Neuropathy
Dalakas, M. C. (2010) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-010-0065-x · Cited by 72
“– No suppression of the rest of the uninvolved polyclonal immunoglobulins (background immunoglobulins) – No signs of a lymphoproliferative disease – A stable amount of the monoclonal protein during follow-up examinations [ 3 ]”
BackgroundInfluentialBerenson, J. R., Yellin, O., Boccia, R. V., Flam, M. S., Wong, S., Batuman, O., Moezi, M. M., Woytowitz, D., Duvivier, H. L., Nassir, Y., et al. (2008) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0666 · Cited by 72
“Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is the most common plasma cell disorder, and it may progress to multiple myeloma (MM) or a related B-cell disorder (1).”
BackgroundImpaired Lysosomal Function Underlies Monoclonal Light Chain–Associated Renal Fanconi Syndrome
Luciani, A., Sirac, C., Terryn, S., Javaugue, V., Prange, J. A., Bender, S., Bonaud, A., Cogné, M., Aucouturier, P., Ronco, P. M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2015050581 · Cited by 76
Klomjit, N., Leung, N., Fervenza, F. C., Sethi, S. M., & Zand, L. (2020) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2020010054 · Cited by 71
Current applications of multiparameter flow cytometry in plasma cell disorders
Jelı́nek, T., Bezděková, R., Zátopková, M., Burgos, L., Šimíček, M., Ševčíková, T., Paiva, B., & Hájek, R. (2017) · Blood Cancer Journal · doi:10.1038/bcj.2017.90 · Cited by 73
on behalf of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigative Group, Eisele, L., Dürig, J., Hüttmann, A., Dührsen, U., Assert, R., Bokhof, B., Erbel, R. M., Mann, K., Jöckel, K., et al. (2011) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-011-1293-1 · Cited by 70
“The plasma cell clones of about 20% ofMM cases produce only immunoglobulin light chains (light-chain multiple myeloma, LCMM).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Kyle, R. A., Therneau, T. M., Rajkumar, S. V., Larson, D. R., Plevak, M. F., Offord, J. R., Dispenzieri, A., Katzmann, J. A., & Melton, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2006-03-30
- Volume
- 354
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1362-1369
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2086990334
- Cited by
- 1,423
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 83 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 78 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 33.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 107 476, CA6 2242, R01CA107476, P01CA062242)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Multiple Myeloma Research and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Amyloidosis: Diagnosis, Treatment, Outcomes
- Keywords
- monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, prevalence, plasma cell dyscrasia, M protein, serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, age differences, Olmsted County, Minnesota
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Male, Middle Aged, Minnesota, Paraproteinemias, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution
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