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Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Long-term trends in excess risk of death and cardiovascular outcomes have not been extensively studied in persons with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We included patients registered in the Swedish National Diabetes Register from 1998 through 2012 and followed them through 2014. Trends in deaths and cardiovascular events were estimated with Cox regression and standardized incidence rates. For each patient, controls who were matched for age, sex, and county were randomly selected from the general population. RESULTS: Among patients with type 1 diabetes, absolute changes during the study period in the incidence rates of sentinel outcomes per 10,000 person-years were as follows: death from any cause, -31.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], -56.1 to -6.7); death from cardiovascular disease, -26.0 (95% CI, -42.6 to -9.4); death from coronary heart disease, -21.7 (95% CI, -37.1 to -6.4); and hospitalization for cardiovascular disease, -45.7 (95% CI, -71.4 to -20.1). Absolute changes per 10,000 person-years among patients with type 2 diabetes were as follows: death from any cause, -69.6 (95% CI, -95.9 to -43.2); death from cardiovascular disease, -110.0 (95% CI, -128.9 to -91.1); death from coronary heart disease, -91.9 (95% CI, -108.9 to -75.0); and hospitalization for cardiovascular disease, -203.6 (95% CI, -230.9 to -176.3). Patients with type 1 diabetes had roughly 40% greater reduction in cardiovascular outcomes than controls, and patients with type 2 diabetes had roughly 20% greater reduction than controls. Reductions in fatal outcomes were similar in patients with type 1 diabetes and controls, whereas patients with type 2 diabetes had smaller reductions in fatal outcomes than controls. CONCLUSIONS: In Sweden from 1998 through 2014, mortality and the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes declined substantially among persons with diabetes, although fatal outcomes declined less among those with type 2 diabetes than among controls. (Funded by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions and others.).
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“Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) broadly refers to a history of acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction (MI), stable or unstable angina or coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral artery disease (PAD) including aortic aneurysm and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes (1).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
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“ASCVD broadly refers to a history of acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction (MI), stable or unstable angina or coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, or peripheral artery disease (PAD) including aortic aneurysm and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes (1).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Under the current paradigm of comprehensive risk factor modification, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have notably decreased in people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (1).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
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“Under the current paradigm of comprehensive risk factor modification, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have notably decreased in people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (1).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“T2DM is common among patients with ASCVD or at the highest risk of CVD.The converse is also true: ASCVD is common in patients with T2DM.148”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [148]
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“Diabetes is a well-established risk factor for ischaemic heart disease (IHD), and CAD accounts for 40-80% of deaths in patients with T2DM.148,359,381”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [148]
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“These results were consistent across subgroups including those with and without diabetes or CKD.”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
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“The primary outcome of worsening HF or CVD death was significantly reduced, 16.3% versus 21.2% for dapagliflozin compared with placebo (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.65–0.85).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
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“Patients with T2DM are at high risk for ASCVD and HF compared with nondiabetic individuals (50,53).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
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“DAPA-HF was the first clinical trial of an SGLT2 inhibitor to assess HF events as the primary outcome and to include participants with and without diabetes (50).”
From SGLT2 inhibition for CKD and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: report of a scientific workshop sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rawshani, A., Rawshani, A., Franzén, S., Eliasson, B., Svensson, A.-M., Miftaraj, M., McGuire, D. K., Sattar, N., Rosengren, A., & Gudbjörnsdottir, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2017-04-13
- Volume
- 376
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1407-1418
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2606281213
- Cited by
- 1,389
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 100 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 149 · 2022: 184 · 2021: 176 · 2020: 196 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 39
- FWCI
- 101.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, mortality, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular hospitalization, Sweden, diabetes registry, standardized incidence rate
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Registries, Risk Factors, Sweden, Incidence, Proportional Hazards Models, Age of Onset
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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