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Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), no antiviral agents have yet been shown to be efficacious. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only. RESULTS: A total of 1062 patients underwent randomization (with 541 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo). Those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 10 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 11), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 18) among those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49; P<0.001, by a log-rank test). In an analysis that used a proportional-odds model with an eight-category ordinal scale, the patients who received remdesivir were found to be more likely than those who received placebo to have clinical improvement at day 15 (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9, after adjustment for actual disease severity). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were 6.7% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo by day 15 and 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo by day 29 (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.03). Serious adverse events were reported in 131 of the 532 patients who received remdesivir (24.6%) and in 163 of the 516 patients who received placebo (31.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.).
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A randomized double-blind controlled trial of convalescent plasma in adults with severe COVID-19
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Azithromycin in viral infections
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Antivirals with common targets against highly pathogenic viruses
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Animal and translational models of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19
Johansen, M. D., Irving, A. T., Montagutelli, X., Tate, M. D., Rudloff, I., Nold, M. F., Hansbro, N. G., Kim, R., Donovan, C., Liu, G., et al. (2020) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-020-00340-z · Cited by 173
Tocilizumab for treatment of patients with severe COVID–19: A retrospective cohort study
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Early use of nitazoxanide in mild COVID-19 disease: randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Rocco, P. R. M., Silva, P. L., Cruz, F. F., Melo-Junior, M. A. C., Tierno, P. F. G. M. M., Moura, M. A., Oliveira, L. F. G. D., Lima, C. C., dos Santos, E. A., Junior, W. F., et al. (2020) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.03725-2020 · Cited by 173
Drugs repurposed for COVID-19 by virtual screening of 6,218 drugs and cell-based assay
Jang, W. D., Jeon, S., Kim, S., & Lee, S. Y. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2024302118 · Cited by 176
In vitro selection of Remdesivir resistance suggests evolutionary predictability of SARS-CoV-2
Szemiel, A. M., Merits, A., Orton, R. J., MacLean, O. A., Pinto, R. M., Wickenhagen, A., Lieber, G., Turnbull, M. L., Wang, S., Furnon, W., et al. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1009929 · Cited by 170
Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19
Popp, M., Stegemann, M. S., Metzendorf, M.-I., Gould, S., Kranke, P., Meybohm, P., Skoetz, N., & Weibel, S. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd015017.pub2 · Cited by 183
Management of pneumonia in critically ill patients
Cillóniz, C., Torres, A., & Niederman, M. S. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-065871 · Cited by 198
Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Injury in COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies
Lopes‐Pacheco, M., Silva, P. L., Cruz, F. F., Battaglini, D., Robba, C., Pelosi, P. P., Morales, M. M., Neves, C. C., & Rocco, P. R. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.593223 · Cited by 178
Impact of the influenza vaccine on COVID-19 infection rates and severity
Conlon, A., Ashur, C., Washer, L., Eagle, K. A., & Bowman, M. A. H. (2021) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2021.02.012 · Cited by 170
Comparing machine learning algorithms for predicting ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19
Subudhi, S., Verma, A., Patel, A. B., Hardin, C., Khandekar, M. J., Lee, H., McEvoy, D. S., Stylianopoulos, T., Munn, L. L., Dutta, S., et al. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00456-x · Cited by 171
The Task Force for the management of COVID-19 of the European Society of Cardiology, Baigent, C., Windecker, S., Andreini, D., Arbelo, E., Barbato, E., Bartorelli, A. L., Baumbach, A., Behr, E. R., Berti, S. L., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab697 · Cited by 177
ESCMID COVID-19 living guidelines: drug treatment and clinical management
Bartoletti, M., Azap, Ö. K., Barac, A. M., Bussini, L., Ergönül, Ö., Krause, R., Paño‐Pardo, J. R., Power, N. R., Sibani, M., Szabó, B. G., et al. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.007 · Cited by 173
SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?
Woodby, B., Arnold, M. M., & Valacchi, G. (2021) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14512 · Cited by 160
Advantages of the Parent Nucleoside GS-441524 over Remdesivir for Covid-19 Treatment
Yan, V. C., & Müller, F. L. (2020) · ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00316 · Cited by 166
Garibaldi, B. T., Wang, K., Robinson, M. L., Zeger, S. L., Bandeen‐Roche, K., Wang, M., Alexander, G. C., Gupta, A., Bollinger, R. C., & Xu, Y. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3071 · Cited by 165
A SARS-CoV-2 targeted siRNA-nanoparticle therapy for COVID-19
Idris, A., Davis, A. M., Supramaniam, A., Acharya, D., Kelly, G., Tayyar, Y., West, N. P., Zhang, P., McMillan, C. L. D., Soemardy, C., et al. (2021) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.05.004 · Cited by 167
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Progress and Challenges in Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-like Protease
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Remdesivir for Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Versus a Cohort Receiving Standard of Care
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COVID-19 therapeutics: Challenges and directions for the future
Robinson, P. C., Liew, D. F. L., Tanner, H. L., Grainger, J. R., Dwek, R. A., Reisler, R. B., Steinman, L., Feldmann, M., Ho, L., Hussell, T., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2119893119 · Cited by 158
“03) in the ACTT-1 trial (5) (n = 1,062).”
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Viral Pandemics of the Last Four Decades: Pathophysiology, Health Impacts and Perspectives
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Therapeutic advances in COVID-19
Murakami, N., Hayden, R., Hills, T. E., Al-Samkari, H. T., Casey, J. D., Sorbo, L. D., Lawler, P. R., Sise, M. E., & Leaf, D. E. (2022) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-022-00642-4 · Cited by 167
“ACTT-1 (ref.(32)) 1,048 RDV versus placebo Hospitalized adults GFR decreased, AKI or failure RDV: 14/532 (2.”
BackgroundSARS-CoV-2: characteristics and current advances in research
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Cardiac Involvement of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review
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Antiviral Activity Exerted by Natural Products against Human Viruses
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A diamidobenzimidazole STING agonist protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection
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Metadata
- Authors
- Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., Hohmann, E., Chu, H. Y., Luetkemeyer, A., Kline, S., Lopez de Castilla, D., Finberg, R. W., Dierberg, K., Tapson, V., Hsieh, L., Patterson, T. F., Paredes, R., Sweeney, D. A., Short, W. R., Touloumi, G., Lye, D. C., Ohmagari, N., Oh, M.-D., Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., Benfield, T., Fätkenheuer, G., Kortepeter, M. G., Atmar, R. L., Creech, C. B., Lundgren, J., Babiker, A. G., Pett, S., Neaton, J. D., Burgess, T. H., Bonnett, T., Green, M., Makowski, M., Osinusi, A., Nayak, S., & Lane, H. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (J.H.B., K.M.T., L.E.D., S.N., H.C.L.), and the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (T.H.B.), Bethesda, the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (T. Bonnett), and Emmes, Rockville (M.G., M.M.) — all in Maryland; Emory University, Atlanta (A.K.M.); Montefiore Medical...
- Corresponding author
- Beigel, John H.
- ORCID
- Beigel, John H.
- Dodd, Lori E.
- Mehta, Aneesh K.
- Zingman, Barry S.
- Kalil, Andre C.
- Hohmann, Elizabeth
- Chu, Helen Y.
- Luetkemeyer, Annie
- Kline, Susan
- Finberg, Robert W.
- Dierberg, Kerry
- Tapson, Victor
- Patterson, Thomas F.
- Paredes, Roger
- Short, William R.
- Touloumi, Giota
- Lye, David Chien
- Ohmagari, Norio
- Oh, Myoung-don
- Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo M.
- Benfield, Thomas
- Fätkenheuer, Gerd
- Atmar, Robert L.
- Creech, C. Buddy
- Lundgren, Jens
- Babiker, Abdel G.
- Pett, Sarah
- Neaton, James D.
- Burgess, Timothy H.
- Bonnett, Tyler
- Makowski, Mat
- Nayak, Seema
- Lane, H. Clifford
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2020-11-05
- Volume
- 383
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 1813-1826
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC7262788
- OpenAlex
- W3027630905
- Cited by
- 7,267
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 146 · 2025: 324 · 2024: 518 · 2023: 901 · 2022: 1447 · 2021: 2475 · 2020: 1451
- FWCI
- 206.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- National Cancer Institute (HHSN261200800001E, HHSN261201500003I)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI148450, UM1AI148452, UM1AI148573, UM1AI148575, UM1AI148576, UM1AI148684, UM1AI148685, UM1AI148689)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- remdesivir, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, antiviral therapy, hospitalized patients, lower respiratory tract infection, time to recovery, mortality, serious adverse events, clinical improvement, treatment efficacy, SARS-CoV-2 RNA load, viral load reduction, disease severity, prognostic factors, prognostic score
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Adenosine Monophosphate, Adult, Aged, Alanine, Antiviral Agents, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Inhalation Therapy, Pneumonia, Viral, Respiration, Artificial, Time Factors, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Coronavirus Infections, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Young Adult, Pandemics, Administration, Intravenous
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