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Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 — Final Report
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), no antiviral agents have yet been shown to be efficacious. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only. RESULTS: A total of 1062 patients underwent randomization (with 541 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo). Those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 10 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 11), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 18) among those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49; P<0.001, by a log-rank test). In an analysis that used a proportional-odds model with an eight-category ordinal scale, the patients who received remdesivir were found to be more likely than those who received placebo to have clinical improvement at day 15 (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9, after adjustment for actual disease severity). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were 6.7% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo by day 15 and 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo by day 29 (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.03). Serious adverse events were reported in 131 of the 532 patients who received remdesivir (24.6%) and in 163 of the 516 patients who received placebo (31.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.).
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Tornling, G., Batta, R., Porter, J. C., Williams, B., Bengtsson, T., Parmar, K., Kashiva, R., Hallberg, A., Cohrt, A. K., Westergaard, K., et al. (2021) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101152 · Cited by 54
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On-target versus off-target effects of drugs inhibiting the replication of SARS-CoV-2
Sauvat, A., Ciccosanti, F., Colavita, F., Rienzo, M. D., Castilletti, C., Capobianchi, M. R., Kepp, O., Zitvogel, L., Fimia, G. M., Piacentini, M., et al. (2020) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-020-02842-x · Cited by 55
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Cyclodextrins in Antiviral Therapeutics and Vaccines
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Hospital-Level Variation in Death for Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19
Churpek, M. M., Gupta, S., Spicer, A. B., Parker, W. F., Fahrenbach, J. P., Brenner, S. K., & Leaf, D. E. (2021) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.202012-4547oc · Cited by 57
Réa-Neto, Á., Bernardelli, R. S., Câmara, B. M. D., Reese, F. B., Queiroga, M. V. O., & de Oliveira, M. C. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88509-9 · Cited by 58
Insights into SARS-CoV-2 Persistence and Its Relevance
Desimmie, B. A., Raru, Y., Awadh, H., He, P., Teka, S., & Willenburg, K. S. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13061025 · Cited by 58
Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Liver: An Update
Wang, X., Lei, J., Li, Z., & Yan, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.651658 · Cited by 56
Natural Bioactive Molecules: An Alternative Approach to the Treatment and Control of COVID-19
Islam, F., Bibi, S., Meem, A. F. K., Islam, M. M., Rahaman, M. S., Bepary, S., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M. M., Elzaki, A. A., Kajoak, S. A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222312638 · Cited by 55
Ahluwalia, K., Ebright, B., Chow, K. V., Dave, P., Mead, A., Poblete, R. A., Louie, S. G., & Asante, I. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12040333 · Cited by 56
“Glucocorticoid receptor agonist, dexamethasone, was shown to reduce mortality in SARS-CoV2 patients [196].”
MethodInfluentialPerspectives on Computational Enzyme Modeling: From Mechanisms to Design and Drug Development
Nam, K., Shao, Y., Major, D. T., & Wolf‐Watz, M. (2024) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c09084 · Cited by 57
Inhibition of HECT E3 ligases as potential therapy for COVID-19
Novelli, G., Liu, J., Biancolella, M., Alonzi, T., Novelli, A., Patten, J. J., Cocciadiferro, D., Agolini, E., Colona, V. L., Rizzacasa, B., et al. (2021) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-021-03513-1 · Cited by 58
Nanotraps for the containment and clearance of SARS-CoV-2
Chen, M., Rosenberg, J. N., Cai, X., Lee, A. C. H., Shi, J., Nguyen, M., Wignakumar, T., Mirle, V. R., Edobor, A., Fung, J. J., et al. (2021) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2021.04.005 · Cited by 55
Development of targeted nanoparticles loaded with antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition
Sanna, V., Satta, S., Hsiai, T. K., & Sechi, M. (2022) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114121 · Cited by 55
Rubin, G. A., Desai, A. D., Chai, Z., Wang, A., Chen, Q., Wang, A. S., Kemal, C., Baksh, H., Biviano, A., Dizon, J. M., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6842 · Cited by 54
Cyclosporine and COVID-19: Risk or favorable?
Poulsen, N. N., von Brunn, A., Hornum, M., & Jensen, M. B. (2020) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/ajt.16250 · Cited by 56
Timing of corticosteroids impacts mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Bahl, A., Johnson, S., & Chen, N. (2021) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-021-02655-6 · Cited by 54
Biological activity-based modeling identifies antiviral leads against SARS-CoV-2
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Dysregulated plasma lipid mediator profiles in critically ill COVID-19 patients
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A Review on Remdesivir: A Possible Promising Agent for the Treatment of COVID-19
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Severity of COVID‐19 in pregnancy: A review of current evidence
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Pathogenesis‐directed therapy of 2019 novel coronavirus disease
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Tocilizumab for Severe Worsening COVID-19 Pneumonia: a Propensity Score Analysis
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Why do COVID death rates seem to be falling?
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Metadata
- Authors
- Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., Hohmann, E., Chu, H. Y., Luetkemeyer, A., Kline, S., Lopez de Castilla, D., Finberg, R. W., Dierberg, K., Tapson, V., Hsieh, L., Patterson, T. F., Paredes, R., Sweeney, D. A., Short, W. R., Touloumi, G., Lye, D. C., Ohmagari, N., Oh, M.-D., Ruiz-Palacios, G. M., Benfield, T., Fätkenheuer, G., Kortepeter, M. G., Atmar, R. L., Creech, C. B., Lundgren, J., Babiker, A. G., Pett, S., Neaton, J. D., Burgess, T. H., Bonnett, T., Green, M., Makowski, M., Osinusi, A., Nayak, S., & Lane, H. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (J.H.B., K.M.T., L.E.D., S.N., H.C.L.), and the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (T.H.B.), Bethesda, the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (T. Bonnett), and Emmes, Rockville (M.G., M.M.) — all in Maryland; Emory University, Atlanta (A.K.M.); Montefiore Medical...
- Corresponding author
- Beigel, John H.
- ORCID
- Beigel, John H.
- Dodd, Lori E.
- Mehta, Aneesh K.
- Zingman, Barry S.
- Kalil, Andre C.
- Hohmann, Elizabeth
- Chu, Helen Y.
- Luetkemeyer, Annie
- Kline, Susan
- Finberg, Robert W.
- Dierberg, Kerry
- Tapson, Victor
- Patterson, Thomas F.
- Paredes, Roger
- Short, William R.
- Touloumi, Giota
- Lye, David Chien
- Ohmagari, Norio
- Oh, Myoung-don
- Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo M.
- Benfield, Thomas
- Fätkenheuer, Gerd
- Atmar, Robert L.
- Creech, C. Buddy
- Lundgren, Jens
- Babiker, Abdel G.
- Pett, Sarah
- Neaton, James D.
- Burgess, Timothy H.
- Bonnett, Tyler
- Makowski, Mat
- Nayak, Seema
- Lane, H. Clifford
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2020-11-05
- Volume
- 383
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 1813-1826
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC7262788
- OpenAlex
- W3027630905
- Cited by
- 7,267
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 146 · 2025: 324 · 2024: 518 · 2023: 901 · 2022: 1447 · 2021: 2475 · 2020: 1451
- FWCI
- 206.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship@McGill (McGill) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- National Cancer Institute (HHSN261200800001E, HHSN261201500003I)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI148450, UM1AI148452, UM1AI148573, UM1AI148575, UM1AI148576, UM1AI148684, UM1AI148685, UM1AI148689)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory Support and Mechanisms
- Keywords
- remdesivir, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, antiviral therapy, hospitalized patients, lower respiratory tract infection, time to recovery, mortality, serious adverse events, clinical improvement, treatment efficacy, SARS-CoV-2 RNA load, viral load reduction, disease severity, prognostic factors, prognostic score
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Adenosine Monophosphate, Adult, Aged, Alanine, Antiviral Agents, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen Inhalation Therapy, Pneumonia, Viral, Respiration, Artificial, Time Factors, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Coronavirus Infections, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Young Adult, Pandemics, Administration, Intravenous
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