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Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUNDSodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure in patients regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes.More evidence is needed regarding the effects of these drugs in patients across the broad spectrum of heart failure, including those with a markedly reduced ejection fraction. METHODSIn this double-blind trial, we randomly assigned 3730 patients with class II, III, or IV heart failure and an ejection fraction of 40% or less to receive empagliflozin (10 mg once daily) or placebo, in addition to recommended therapy.The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for worsening heart failure. RESULTSDuring a median of 16 months, a primary outcome event occurred in 361 of 1863 patients (19.4%) in the empagliflozin group and in 462 of 1867 patients (24.7%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio for cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 0.86; P<0.001).The effect of empagliflozin on the primary outcome was consistent in patients regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes.The total number of hospitalizations for heart failure was lower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.85; P<0.001).The annual rate of decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate was slower in the empagliflozin group than in the placebo group (-0.55 vs. -2.28ml per minute per 1.73 m 2 of body-surface area per year, P<0.001), and empagliflozin-treated patients had a lower risk of serious renal outcomes.Uncomplicated genital tract infection was reported more frequently with empagliflozin. CONCLUSIONSAmong patients receiving recommended therapy for heart failure, those in the empagliflozin group had a lower risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure than those in the placebo group, regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes.(Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly; EMPEROR-Reduced ClinicalTrials.govnumber, NCT03057977.
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In the citing paper
“Subgroup analyses from DAPA-CKD (117) and analyses from the EMPEROR heart failure trials suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors are safe and effective at eGFR levels of >20 mL/min/1.73m 2 .”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [119]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Direct evidence is provided by the DAPA-CKD, SCORED, EMPEROR-Reduced, and EMPEROR-Preserved trials, which enrolled such participants by design.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, notably, SGLT2i have been studied among patients without T2D who have CKD in the DAPA-CKD trial (and the soonto-be-published EMPA-KIDNEY trial) or who have heart failure (in the DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced, and EMPEROR-Preserved trials) and did not confer any increased risk of severe hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis among individuals without T2D.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“enrollment criteria included eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73m 2 , but efficacy was seen at eGFR >20 mL/min/1.73m 2 in people with heart failure.”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [135]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the incidence of heart failure and improve heart failurerelated outcomes, including hospitalization for heart failure and heart failure-related symptoms, in people with diabetes with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (250,(255)(256)(257)(298)(299)(300)(301)(302)(303)(304)(305)(306).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [303]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and the Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (EMPEROR) trials (which provided clear evidence of efficacy and safety for empagliflozin among patients with eGFR ≥20 mL/min/1.73 m2 and HF) (54,57,58).”
From Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) (2022) · cites this paper as [58]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of hospitalizations for heart failure in 8 large-scale trials, including those that focused on type 2 diabetes, heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, and chronic kidney disease.1–8”
From Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Reduced Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Over a median follow-up of 16 months, those in the empagli fl ozin-treated group had a reduced risk of the primary outcome (HR 0.75 [95% CI 0.65 -0.86]; P < 0.001) and fewer total hospitalizations for heart failure (HR 0.70 [95% CI 0.58 -0.85]; P < 0.001).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [200]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials, such as EMPEROR-REDUCED (empagliflozin) and DAPA-CKD (dapagliflozin), have shown that SGLT-2 inhibitors have benefits in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease, regardless of the presence of diabetes.38,39”
From Tirzepatide: Clinical review of the twincretin injectable (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The primary outcome among those with an eGFR $ 60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 was HR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.55 -0.83 and for those with eGFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 was HR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.69 -1.00.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As seen in DAPA-HF, the primary outcome was similarly reduced for individuals with and without diabetes.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the primary outcome of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization occurred in 19.4% of the empagli fl ozin group and 24.7% of the placebo group (HR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.65 -0.86).”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A composite kidney outcome HR of 0.50 (95% CI: 0.32 -0.77) was also reported.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similar results were obtained in clinical trials with empagliflozin (303).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [303]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similar results were obtained in clinical trials with empagliflozin (291).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [291]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The EMPEROR-Reduced 101 and EMPEROR-Preserved 102 trials, although not an exclusive CKD population, did allow enrollment of patients with an eGFR as low as 20 ml/min per 1.73 m 2.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The EMPA-REG trial enrolled over 7000 patients with T2D, baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7% -10%, established CVD (almost 100%), and an eGFR of at least 30 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . 101”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The EMPEROR-Reduced and EMPEROR-Preserved trials, although not exclusive CKD populations, did allow enrollment participants with an eGFR as low as 20 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 .”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The EMPEROR-Reduced (Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction) trial demonstrated a benefit of SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin to reduce both the risk and rate of heart failure hospitalizations.7”
From Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Reduced Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“As previously reported,7 the 2 groups comprised patients with mild, moderate, and severe heart failure, as reflected by left ventricular ejection fraction and circulating levels of NT-proBNP, and were well-balanced with respect to baseline characteristics.”
From Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Reduced Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In the EMPEROR-Reduced trial, empagliflozin reduced the risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure, a benefit that was driven primarily by an effect of the drug to reduce first and recurrent admissions for worsening heart failure.7”
From Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Reduced Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“In our original publication and in a meta-analysis of the DAPA-HF and EMPEROR-Reduced trials, we noted a somewhat lesser benefit in patients with ejection fraction of 31% to 40% and in patients with class III symptoms.”
From Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Reduced Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Rates of worsening heart failure or cardiovascular death are lower among patients with heart failure who are treated with dapagliflozin and empagliflozin regardless of diabetes diagnosis.7,8”
From Association of race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor use among patients with diabetes in the US (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“As for the morbidity, renal outcome and HHF, it was clear that SGLT-2i had more significant impact than finerenone, which might be explained by the special potency of SGLT-2i such as reducing blood glucose, reducing oxidative stress, losing weight, reducing uric acid, controlling blood pressure and improving renal ultrafiltration and hypoxia [65, 71–79].”
In the citing paper
“Multiple SGLT2i trials included subsets of participants without diabetes, who appear to have derived similar benefits as those with T2D, 8,14,18”
In the citing paper
“Treatment with empagliflozin improved quality of life.496”
From 2023 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes. (2023) · cites this paper as [496]
In the citing paper
“The risk of a prespeci fi ed renal composite outcome (chronic dialysis, renal transplantation, or a sustained reduction in eGFR) was lower in the empagli fl ozin group than in the placebo group (1.6% in the empaglifl ozin group vs. 3.1% in the placebo group; HR 0.50 [95% CI 0.32 -0.77]).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [200]
In the citing paper
“Over a median follow-up of 16 months, those in the empagli fl ozin-treated group had a reduced risk of the primary outcome (HR 0.75 [95% CI 0.65 -0.86]; P < 0.001) and fewer total hospitalizations for heart failure (HR 0.70 [95% CI 0.58 -0.85]; P < 0.001).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [200]
In the citing paper
“The effect of empagli fl ozin on the primary outcome was consistent irrespective of diabetes diagnosis at baseline.”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [200]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, in the recent EMPEROR-Reduced trial (Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction), SGLT2 inhibition did reduce renal events significantly, although that trial used a different renal composite outcome and had more renal events than in DAPA-HF (88 versus 67).”
From Efficacy of Dapagliflozin on Renal Function and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Results of DAPA-HF (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“More recently, in a large trial using empagliflozin in patients with HFrEF, the rate of decline in eGFR was 2.28 (SD 0.23) mL·min–1·1.73 m–2 per year, which was reduced to 0.55 (0.23) in the SGLT2 inhibitor group.21”
From Efficacy of Dapagliflozin on Renal Function and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: Results of DAPA-HF (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
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Citations
Cites
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“cebo (Table 1).(2,13,22,35-42) However, the diagnostic criteria for DKA did vary among these trials.”
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“This difference may be attributed to the use of diabetes medications, such as SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1R agonists, which have been proven to improve heart health (Packer et al. 2020; Palmer et al. 2021).”
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“ongoing study is the EMPEROR-Reduced study (Empagliflozin Outcome Trial in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction), which plans to enroll up to 3600 patients (with/without diabetes) with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) [26].”
BackgroundTrnovská, J., Svoboda, P., Pelantová, H., Kuzma, M., Kratochvílová, H., Kasperová, B. J., Pleyerová, I., ROSOLOVÁ, K., Malínská, H., Hüttl, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221910606 · Cited by 38
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Overcoming Therapy Resistance in Colon Cancer by Drug Repurposing
Zarif, T. E., Yibirin, M., Oliveira-Gomes, D. D., Machaalani, M., Nawfal, R., Carlini, G. B., Bahmad, H. F., & Bitar, N. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14092105 · Cited by 39
Yang, A., Wu, H., Lau, E. S. H., Zhang, X., Shi, M., Fan, B., Ronald, C. W., Kong, A. P. S., Luk, A. O. Y., Chan, J. C. N., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100509 · Cited by 37
Adejumo, P., Thangaraj, P. M., Dhingra, L. S., Aminorroaya, A., Zhou, X., Brandt, C., Xu, H., Krumholz, H. M., & Khera, R. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.43925 · Cited by 36
Pérez-Belmonte, L. M., Sanz-Cánovas, J., García de Lucas, M. D., Ricci, M., Avilés-Bueno, B., Cobos-Palacios, L., Pérez-Velasco, M. A., López-Sampalo, A., Bernal-López, M. R., Jansen-Chaparro, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.851035 · Cited by 35
“Recently, SGLT-2 inhibitors have also shown robust benefits in HF hospitalizations in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction regardless of the presence of T2D in the DAPA-HF (dapagliflozin) (25) and EMPEROR-Reduced (empagliflozin) (26) clinical trials.”
BackgroundDiuretic-induced hypokalaemia: an updated review
Lin, Z., Wong, L. Y. F., & Cheung, B. M. Y. (2021) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139701 · Cited by 39
Baek, J. J., Sas, K. M., He, C., Nair, V., Giblin, W., Inoki, A., Zhang, H., Yingbao, Y., Hodgin, J. B., Nelson, R. G., et al. (2023) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102960 · Cited by 35
“(2023) 299(3) 102960 contrast to these previous findings, we found decreased levels of malonylation in the db/db kidney cortex with an increase in SIRT5 levels, suggesting a potential regulatory role of SIRT5 in DKD pathobiology.”
BackgroundInfluentialAtrial Cardiomyopathy in Valvular Heart Disease: From Molecular Biology to Clinical Perspectives
Molnár, A. Á., Sánta, A., Pásztor, D. T., & Merkely, B. P. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12131796 · Cited by 36
Self-citationMatsukawa, R., Okahara, A., Tokutome, M., Itonaga, J., Koga, E., Hara, A., Kisanuki, H., Sada, M., Okabe, K., Kawai, S., et al. (2023) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.14524 · Cited by 36
The Role of Arterial Stiffness and Central Hemodynamics in Heart Failure
Weber, T. (2020) · International Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.36628/ijhf.2020.0029 · Cited by 38
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: mechanisms of action in heart failure
Dutka, M., Bobiński, R., Ulman-Włodarz, I., Hajduga, M. B., Bujok, J., Pająk, C., & Ćwiertnia, M. (2020) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-020-10041-1 · Cited by 40
Treatment of HF in an Era of Multiple Therapies
Bhatt, A. S., Abraham, W. T., Lindenfeld, J., Bristow, M. R., Carson, P. E., Felker, G. M., Fonarow, G. C., Greene, S. J., Psotka, M. A., Solomon, S. D., et al. (2020) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2020.10.014 · Cited by 37
Self-citationThe year in cardiovascular medicine 2020: heart failure and cardiomyopathies
Bueno, H., Moura, B., Lancellotti, P., & Bauersachs, J. K. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa1061 · Cited by 36
“…2 of body-The body-The year in CV Medicine: HF and cardiomyopathies surface area per year, P 0.001), the risk of serious renal outcomes, 115 and the risk and total number of inpatient and outpatient worsening HF events, which starts early after the initiation of treat-ment and remains…”
InfluentialCahn, A., Raz, I., Leiter, L. A., Mosenzon, O., Murphy, S. A., Goodrich, E. L., Yanuv, I., Rozenberg, A., Bhatt, D. L., McGuire, D. K., et al. (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-2492 · Cited by 38
Zheng, C., Lin, M., Chen, Y., Xu, H., Yan, L., & Dai, H. (2021) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01272-z · Cited by 38
Täger, T., Frankenstein, L., Atar, D., Agewall, S., Frey, N., Grundtvig, M., Clark, A. L., Cleland, J. G. F., & Fröhlich, H. (2021) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-021-01913-z · Cited by 38
“Then again, a subgroup analysis of the DECLARE-TIMI 58 trial showed that dapagliflozin improved CV outcomes in patients with HFrEF but not in those with HFpEF at baseline [33].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA Role for SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Treating Non-diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease
Vecchio, L. D., Beretta, A., Jovane, C., Peiti, S., & Genovesi, S. (2021) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01573-3 · Cited by 37
“Two randomized controlled trials performed in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (EF) also tested renal outcomes: the EMPagliflozin outcomE tRial in Patients With chrOnic heaRt Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (EMPEROR-Reduced) [102] and the Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin o…”
BackgroundMethodRao, S. D. (2021) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-021-01989-z · Cited by 38
“Thus far, clinical trials that focused specifically on patients with HF (EMPEROR-Reduced [32], DAPA-HF [29], SOLOIST-WHF [34], and EMPEROR-Preserved [36]) have been of relatively shorter duration (median follow-up of 9–26 months) compared with the trials in patients with T2D (median follow-up of up to 4.”
MethodResultMetra, M., Pagnesi, M., Claggett, B. L., Díaz, R., Felker, G. M., McMurray, J. J. V., Solomon, S. D., Bonderman, D., Fang, J. C.-T., Fonseca, C., et al. (2022) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac293 · Cited by 36
Cox, Z. L., Nandkeolyar, S., Johnson, A. J., Lindenfeld, J. M., & Rali, A. S. (2022) · Cardiac failure review · doi:10.15420/cfr.2022.08 · Cited by 36
Connelly, K. A., Mazer, C. D., Puar, P., Teoh, H., Wang, C., Mason, T., Akhavein, F., Chang, C., Liu, M., Yang, N., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.122.062769 · Cited by 38
Self-citationButt, J. H., Kondo, T., Yang, M., Jhund, P. S., Docherty, K. F., Vaduganathan, M., Claggett, B. L., Hernandez, A. F., Lam, C. S. P., Inzucchi, S. E., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad276 · Cited by 36
Self-citationEgorova, A. D., Nederend, M., Tops, L. F., Vliegen, H. W., Jongbloed, M. R. M., & Kiès, P. (2022) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.13871 · Cited by 34
Zhang, X., Wang, N., Fu, P., An, Y., Sun, F., Wang, C., Han, X., Zhang, Y., Yu, X., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000001474 · Cited by 36
Assessment and management of heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease
Guaricci, A. I., Sturdà, F., Russo, R., Basile, P., Baggiano, A., Mushtaq, S., Fusini, L., Fazzari, F., Bertandino, F., Monitillo, F., et al. (2023) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-023-10346-x · Cited by 39
“The eGFR decline is slower with empagliflozin as compared with placebo [89].”
BackgroundMeregildo-Rodríguez, E. D., Asmat-Rubio, M. G., & Vásquez-Tirado, G. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1307715 · Cited by 35
How to make cardiology clinical trials more inclusive
Zannad, F. M., Berwanger, O. B., Corda, S., Cowie, M., Gamra, H., Gibson, C. M., Gonçalves, A., Hucko, T., Khunti, K., Kostrubiec, M., et al. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03273-3 · Cited by 36
“Attitudes toward healthcare and physicians, such as those related to previous negative experiences with healthcare professionals or healthcare settings, along with historic research misconduct and marginalization in some ethnic groups, can leave patients unwilling to participate in research 29 .”
Self-citationExploring the Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Opportunities
Pandey, A., Alcaraz, M., Saggese, P., Soto, A., Gomez, E., Jaldu, S., Yanagawa, J., & Scafoglio, C. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17030466 · Cited by 35
“The metabolic and hemodynamic effects of SGLT2is result in cardiovascular and renal protection independent of glycemic con-trol [38,39].”
Aggarwal, R., Bhatt, D. L., Szarek, M. J., Cannon, C. P., Leiter, L. A., Inzucchi, S. E., Lópes, R. D., McGuire, D. K., Lewis, J. B., Riddle, M. C., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00362-0 · Cited by 38
Self-citationThe efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in women and men with type 2 diabetes mellitus
O’Donoghue, M. L., Kato, E. T., Mosenzon, O., Murphy, S. A., Cahn, A., Herrera, M., Tankova, T. I., Šmahelová, A., Merlini, P. A., Gause‐Nilsson, I. A. M., et al. (2021) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05399-2 · Cited by 34
“Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events, including CV death or heart failure (HF), in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [1], and in patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction independent of type 2 diabetes status [2, 3].”
BackgroundSciacqua, A., Succurro, E., Armentaro, G., Miceli, S., Pastori, D., Rengo, G., & Sesti, G. (2021) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-021-10182-x · Cited by 35
Vericiguat in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Saldarriaga, C., Atar, D., Stebbins, A., Lewis, B. S., Abidin, I. Z., Blaustein, R. O., Butler, J., Ezekowitz, J. A., Hernandez, A. F., Lam, C. S. P., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2468 · Cited by 35
Self-citationAdvances in the Treatment Strategies in Hypertension: Present and Future
Verdecchia, P., Cavallini, C., & Angeli, F. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd9030072 · Cited by 43
“In patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), both with and without diabetes, empagliflozin and dapagliflozin reduced cardiovascular mortality and the need of re-hospitalizations for heart failure [73,74].”
BackgroundOstrominski, J. W., Vaduganathan, M., Claggett, B. L., de Boer, R. A., Desai, A. S., Dobreanu, D., Hernandez, A. F., Inzucchi, S. E., Jhund, P. S., Kosiborod, M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2652 · Cited by 36
Costanzo, A. D., Esposito, G., Indolfi, C., & Spaccarotella, C. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24108732 · Cited by 40
“Regardless of the presence or absence of T2DM, these drugs reduced hospitalization and death in patients with ejection function < 40% [2,3].”
BackgroundGirardi, A. C. C., Polidoro, J. Z., Castro, P. C., Pio-Abreu, A., Noronha, I. L., & Drager, L. F. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00143.2024 · Cited by 32
Jiang, Y., Zheng, R., & Sang, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.733681 · Cited by 37
Sfairopoulos, D. G., Liu, T., Zhang, N., Tse, G., Bazoukis, G., Letsas, Κ. P., Goudis, C. A., Milionis, H. J., Vrettos, A., & Korantzopoulos, P. G. (2022) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10741-022-10281-3 · Cited by 35
Liew, A., Lydia, A., Matawaran, B. J., Susantitaphong, P., Tran, H. T. B., & Lim, L. (2023) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.14167 · Cited by 36
Lim, J., Choi, Y.-J., Kim, B. S., Rhee, T., Lee, H.-J., Han, K. D., Park, J., Na, J. O., Kim, Y.-J., Lee, H., et al. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01911-7 · Cited by 33
Ueda, P., Wintzell, V., Melbye, M., Eliasson, B., Söderling, J., Gudbjörnsdottir, S., Hveem, K., Jonasson, C., Svanström, H., Hviid, A., et al. (2024) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2023.08.034 · Cited by 34
Mentz, R. J., Brunton, S., & Rangaswami, J. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-02023-y · Cited by 38
“…of LVEF was confirmed by a planned pooled analysis of data from EMPEROR-Preserved and its sister trial in patients with HFrEF, EMPEROR-Reduced [68] [69], in which the reduction in cumulative annual deficit in eGFR for empagliflozin vs, placebo was higher in patients with HFrEF than HFpEF…”
MethodMüllens, W., Dauw, J., Gustafsson, F., Mebazaa, A., Steffel, J., Witte, K. K., Delgado, V., Linde, C. M., Vernooy, K., Anker, S. D., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.3150 · Cited by 35
Self-citationSGLT2 Inhibitors in Kidney Diseases—A Narrative Review
Gajewska, A., Wasiak, J., Sapeda, N., Młynarska, E., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25094959 · Cited by 39
“Additionally, through this study, the nephroprotective effect of the investigated drugs can be discerned [73].”
BackgroundGaddy, A. R., Elrggal, M. E., Madariaga, H. M., Kelly, A., Lerma, E. V., & Colbert, G. B. (2025) · Disease-a-Month · doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2024.101848 · Cited by 40
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Cannata, A. N., Crespo-Leiro, M. G., Bromage, D. I., Ruschitzka, F., & McDonagh, T. A. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01851-3 · Cited by 38
Spertus, J. A., Birmingham, M. C., Butler, J., Lingvay, I., Lanfear, D. E., Abbate, A., Kosiborod, M., Fawcett, C., Burton, P. B. J., Damaraju, C. V., et al. (2021) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007767 · Cited by 35
Self-citationEpidemiological and clinical boundaries of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Gentile, F., Ghionzoli, N., Borrelli, C., Vergaro, G., Pastore, M. C., Cameli, M., Emdin, M., Passino, C., & Giannoni, A. (2021) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwab077 · Cited by 35
Costs and healthcare utilisation of patients with chronic kidney disease in Spain
Escobar, C., Palacios, B., Aranda, U., Capel, M., Sicras, A., Sicras, A., Hormigo, A., Arroyo, R. A., Manito, N., & Botana, M. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06566-2 · Cited by 35
“It is very likely that the higher use of these drugs in T2D and non T2D populations will translate into a reduction of cardiovascular and renal complications and secondarily to a decrease of health care related costs [42, 43].”
BackgroundBjornstad, P., Greasley, P. J., Wheeler, D. C., Chertow, G. M., Langkilde, A. M., Heerspink, H. J. L., & van Raalte, D. H. (2021) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.07.003 · Cited by 41
“(72) (74)(75)First, cConfirmation of beneficial effects in patients with HFrEF has come from the EMPERORReduced study, which investigated the effects of empagliflozin on HF outcomes, in patients with or without diabetes.(74) Reverse left ventricular remodeling with SGLT2 inhibition has also been demonstrated in patien…”
BackgroundPabel, S., Hamdani, N., Singh, J. S., & Sossalla, S. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.752370 · Cited by 36
“While this review discusses some potentially relevant mechanisms of SGLT2i in HFpEF, also other pleiotropic effects of SGLT2i have been described as discussed elsewhere (Packer, 2020).”
BackgroundSim, R., Chong, C. W., Loganadan, N. K., Fong, A. Y. Y., Navaravong, L., Hussein, Z. B., Khunti, K., & Lee, S. W. H. (2021) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14780 · Cited by 35
Khan, M. S., Bakris, G. L., Shahid, I., Weir, M. R., & Butler, J. (2022) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5151 · Cited by 35
Self-citationTeo, Y. N., Ting, A. Z. H., Teo, Y. H., Chong, E. Y., Tan, J. T. A., Syn, N. L. X., Chia, A. Z. Q., Ong, H. T., Cheong, A. J. Y., Li, T. Y., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-022-00528-7 · Cited by 36
Fan, Z.-G., Xu, Y., Chen, X., Ji, M.-Y., & Ma, G. (2022) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s371506 · Cited by 34
“Similar positive results were also reported by another two large randomized clinical trials (RCT) of SGLT2i, showing that Empagliflozin was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization in the same patient subsets.(14,15) The clinical benefits of SGLT2i seem to be fully demonstrated in HF, bu…”
ResultBruckert, C., Matsushita, K., Mroueh, A., Amissi, S., Auger, C., Hounguè, U., Remila, L., Chaker, A. B., Park, S., Algara‐Suárez, P., et al. (2022) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2022.107095 · Cited by 34
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and the Risk of Pneumonia and Septic Shock
Li, H., Tse, Y.-K., Chandramouli, C., Hon, N. W. L., Cheung, C., Lam, L.-Y., Wu, M., Huang, J.-Y., Yu, S.-Y., Leung, K. L. C., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac558 · Cited by 34
Self-citationButler, J., Usman, M., Anstrom, K. J., Blaustein, R. O., Bonaca, M. P., Ezekowitz, J. A., Freitas, C., Lam, C. S. P., Lewis, E. F., Lindenfeld, J. M., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2720 · Cited by 34
“Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (5); Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Bayer AG,”
BackgroundSelf-citationComprehensive Review of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Josloff, K., Beiriger, J., Khan, A., Gawel, R. J., Kirby, R. S., Kendrick, A. D., Rao, A. K., Wang, R. X., Schafer, M., Pearce, M. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd9120419 · Cited by 35
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease
Solomon, J., Festa, M. C., Chatzizisis, Y. S., Samanta, R., Suri, R. S., & Mavrakanas, T. A. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108330 · Cited by 34
Semo, D., Obergassel, J., Dorenkamp, M., Hemling, P., Strutz, J., Hiden, U., Muller, N., Müller, U., Zulfikar, S. A., Godfrey, R., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12041356 · Cited by 33
“These include the EMPA-REG OUTCOME (NCT01131676) [1,12], DAPA-HF (NCT03036124) [13] and the EMPORER-Reduced (NCT03057977) [14].”
BackgroundThe role of anti-diabetic drugs in NAFLD. Have we found the Holy Grail? A narrative review
Zachou, M., Flevari, P., Ansari, N. N., Varytimiadis, C., Kalaitzakis, E., Kassi, E. N., & Ανδρουτσάκος, Θ. (2023) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-023-03586-1 · Cited by 38
Saijo, Y., Okada, H., Hata, S., Nakajima, H., Kitagawa, N., Okamura, T., Osaka, T., Kitagawa, N., Majima, S., Senmaru, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12226993 · Cited by 34
The Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors on Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure
Stachteas, P., Nasoufidou, A., Patoulias, D., Karakasis, P., Karagiannidis, E., Mourtzos, M.-A., Samaras, A., Apostolidou, X., & Fragakis, N. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25063122 · Cited by 33
“Similar findings have been previously attributed to SGLT-2 inhibitors due to glycosuria [60].”
Buttice, L., Ghani, M., Suthakar, J., Gnanalingham, S., Carande, E. J., Kennedy, B. W. C., Pitcher, A., Gamble, J. H. P., Ahmad, M., Lewis, A., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15586 · Cited by 37
“1 When given to individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, SGLT2 inhibitors reduced cardio-vascular mortality and hospitalizations for acute heart failure by approximately 25% 2,3 and in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by approximately 20%.”
BackgroundFujiki, S., Iijima, K., Nakagawa, Y., Takahashi, K., Okabe, M., KUSANO, K. F., Owada, S., Kondo, Y., Tsujita, K., Shimizu, W., et al. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02309-9 · Cited by 35
Karakasis, P., Fragakis, N., Κούσκουρας, Κ., Karamitsos, T. D., Patoulias, D., & Rizzo, M. (2024) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.06.010 · Cited by 35
Neves, J. S., Leite, A. R., Mentz, R. J., Holman, R. R., Zannad, F. M., Butler, J., Packer, M., & Ferreira, J. P. (2024) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.3478 · Cited by 40
Self-citationSGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome
Gajjar, A., Raju, A. K. V., Gajjar, A. J., Menon, M., Shah, S. A. Y., Dani, S. S., & Weinberg, A. M. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13081924 · Cited by 42
“Multiple randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials showed that SGLT-2 inhibitors significantly reduced heart failure (HF) hospitalization, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality [37,44,45].”
Koufakis, T., Pavlidis, A. N., Metallidis, S., & Kotsa, K. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-021-01256-9 · Cited by 33
Xiang, B., Zhao, X.-Y., & Zhou, X. (2021) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01266-x · Cited by 35
“The DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure) trial [16], which involved patients similar to those in the EMPEROR-Reduced trial [15], showed that dapagliflozin provided similar cardiovascular benefits to empagliflozin.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKhan, M. S., Solomon, N. C., DeVore, A. D., Sharma, A., Felker, G. M., Hernandez, A. F., Heidenreich, P. A., Matsouaka, R., Green, J. B., Butler, J., et al. (2021) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2021.11.001 · Cited by 35
Self-citationOtsuka, H., Yokomizo, H., Nakamura, S., Izumi, Y., Takahashi, M., Obara, S., Nakao, M., Ikeda, Y., Sato, N., Sakamoto, R., et al. (2022) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20210700 · Cited by 35
Metadata
- Authors
- Packer, M., Anker, S. D., Butler, J., Filippatos, G., Pocock, S. J., Carson, P., Januzzi, J., Verma, S., Tsutsui, H., Brueckmann, M., Jamal, W., Kimura, K., Schnee, J., Zeller, C., Cotton, D., Bocchi, E., Böhm, M., Choi, D.-J., Chopra, V., Chuquiure, E., Giannetti, N., Janssens, S., Zhang, J., Gonzalez Juanatey, J. R., Kaul, S., Brunner-La Rocca, H.-P., Merkely, B., Nicholls, S. J., Perrone, S., Pina, I., Ponikowski, P., Sattar, N., Senni, M., Seronde, M.-F., Spinar, J., Squire, I., Taddei, S., Wanner, C., & Zannad, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Kyushu University (JP)
- Boehringer Ingelheim (Germany) (DE)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- From Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas (M.P.); Imperial College (M.P.) and the Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (S.J.P.), London, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (N.S.), and the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester (I.S.) — all in the United...
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- University of Pisa (IT)
- ORCID
- Packer, Milton
- Anker, Stefan D.
- Butler, Javed
- Filippatos, Gerasimos
- Pocock, Stuart J.
- Januzzi, James
- Verma, Subodh
- Tsutsui, Hiroyuki
- Brueckmann, Martina
- Jamal, Waheed
- Kimura, Karen
- Schnee, Janet
- Zeller, Cordula
- Cotton, Daniel
- Bocchi, Edimar
- Böhm, Michael
- Choi, Dong-Ju
- Chopra, Vijay
- Giannetti, Nadia
- Janssens, Stefan
- Zhang, Jian
- Kaul, Sanjay
- Nicholls, Stephen J.
- Perrone, Sergio
- Ponikowski, Piotr
- Sattar, Naveed
- Senni, Michele
- Seronde, Marie-France
- Squire, Iain
- Taddei, Stefano
- Wanner, Christoph
- Zannad, Faiez
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2020-10-08
- Volume
- 383
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1413-1424
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W3081830235
- Semantic Scholar
- 9f762448aff37cda38166e57ac40bc13f0005f51
- Cited by
- 5,206
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 638 · 2025: 757 · 2024: 820 · 2023: 965 · 2022: 936 · 2021: 910 · 2020: 163
- FWCI
- 459.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- Eli Lilly
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- empagliflozin, SGLT2 inhibitors, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, cardiovascular mortality, hospitalization for worsening heart failure, renal outcomes, estimated glomerular filtration rate decline, genital tract infection, diabetes status, EMPEROR-Reduced trial
- MeSH terms
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Aged, Benzhydryl Compounds, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Double-Blind Method, Female, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Glucosides, Heart Failure, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stroke Volume, Proportional Hazards Models, Disease Progression, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
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