Spatial accumulation and strength of affiliation of heavy metals in bioretention media
Abstract
On-site sequestration and accumulation of heavy metals in bioretention cells introduces the potential for short- and long-term management concerns regarding the metals’ environmental availability, human health impacts, and implications for maintenance practices. Media samples from a 4-year-old bioretention cell were collected across the cell surface and to a depth of 90 cm to assess the spatial distribution of accumulated lead, copper, and zinc in the media. Analyses consisted of total metal, a five-step sequential extraction, bioavailable lead, and media pH and organic matter content. Metal concentrations in the media have increased substantially over the original levels but are well below regulatory cleanup thresholds. Metals are strongly bound to bioretention media and are largely immobile. Lead bioavailability is comparable to generic soil estimates. Most metal accumulation is near the inflow point in the top 3–12 cm of media. Based on trends observed after 4 years of operation, many years of capacity are estimated to remain in the cell with respect to metals. Regulatory cleanup thresholds are likely to be first reached at a localized hotspot near the inflow point, although routine maintenance actions may be able to delay attainment of such thresholds indefinitely.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sequential extractions of filter materials from two approximately four-year-old full-scale bioretention facilities in Washington D.C. and Maryland (USA) indicated that adsorbed metals were strongly bound to the bioretention filter material and largely immobile (not in the exchangeable fraction).
“Sequential extractions of filter materials from two approximately four-year-old full-scale bioretention facilities in Washington D.C. and Maryland (USA) indicated that adsorbed metals were strongly bound to the bioretention filter material and largely immobile (not in the exchangeable fraction) (Li and Davis, 2008; Jones and Davis, 2013).”
From Dissolved metal adsorption capacities and fractionation in filter materials for use in stormwater bioretention facilities (2019) · cites this paper as Jones and Davis, 2013
Cites
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
Jenkins, S. H. (1982) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/0043-1354(82)90249-4 · Cited by 30,098 · see citing works
Soil sampling and methods of analysis
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-3799 · Cited by 3,629 · see citing works
The urban stream syndrome: Current knowledge and the search for a cure
Walsh, C. J., Roy, A. H., Feminella, J. W., Cottingham, P. D., Groffman, P. M., & Morgan, R. P. (2005) · Journal of the North American Benthological Society · doi:10.1899/04-028.1 · Cited by 3,018 · see citing works
Characterization of heavy metal particles embedded in tire dust
Adachi, K., & Tainosho, Y. (2004) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.04.004 · Cited by 969 · see citing works
Loading estimates of lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc in urban runoff from specific sources.
Davis, A., Shokouhian, M., & Ni, S. (2001) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00561-0 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Self-citationRuby, M. V., Schoof, R. A., Brattin, W. J., Goldade, M. P., Post, G. B., Harnois, M., Mosby, D. E., Casteel, S. W., Berti, W. R., Carpenter, M., et al. (1999) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es990479z · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Tire-Wear Particles as a Source of Zinc to the Environment
Councell, T. B., Duckenfield, K. U., Landa, E. R., & Callender, E. C. (2004) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es034631f · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Acidity
Hendershot, W. H., Lalande, H., & Duquette, M. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420005271.ch16 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Hydrologic and pollutant removal performance of stormwater biofiltration systems at the field scale
Hatt, B. E., Fletcher, T. D., & Deletić, A. (2008) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.001 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Laboratory Study of Biological Retention for Urban Stormwater Management
Davis, A. P., Shokouhian, M., Sharma, H., & Minami, C. (2001) · Water Environment Research · doi:10.2175/106143001x138624 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Self-citationHydrologic shortcomings of conventional urban stormwater management and opportunities for reform
Burns, M. J., Fletcher, T. D., Walsh, C. J., Ladson, A. R., & Hatt, B. E. (2012) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.12.012 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Competitive Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Soils
Elliott, H. A., Liberati, M. R., & Huang, C. (1986) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq1986.00472425001500030002x · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Field Performance of Bioretention: Hydrology Impacts
Davis, A. P. (2008) · Journal of Hydrologic Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2008)13:2(90 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Self-citationField Performance of Bioretention: Water Quality
Davis, A. P. (2007) · Environmental Engineering Science · doi:10.1089/ees.2006.0190 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citationFate and Effect of Zinc from Tire Debris in Soil
Smolders, E., & Degryse, F. (2002) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es025567p · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Hydraulic and pollutant removal performance of fine media stormwater filtration systems
Hatt, B. E., Fletcher, T. D., & Deletic, A. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es071264p · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Saturation to Improve Pollutant Retention in a Rain Garden
Dietz, M. E., & Clausen, J. C. (2005) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es051644f · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Water quality improvement through reductions of pollutant loads using bioretention
Li, H., & Davis, A. P. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000026 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationUrban Stormwater Treatment Using Bioretention
Trowsdale, S. A., & Simcock, R. (2011) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.023 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Concentration and fractionation of heavy metals in roadside soils receiving de-icing salts
Norrström, A., & Jacks, G. (1998) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00203-4 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The removal of heavy metals in urban runoff by sorption on mulch
Jang, A., Seo, Y., & Bishop, P. L. (2005) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.020 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Turer, D., Maynard, J. B., & Sansalone, J. J. (2001) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1023/a:1013290130089 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Ahnstrom, Z. A. S., & Parker, D. R. (1999) · Soil Science Society of America Journal · doi:10.2136/sssaj1999.6361650x · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Brown, R. A., & Hunt, W. F. (2010) · Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000167 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Heavy metal adsorption by humic umbrisols: selectivity sequences and competitive sorption kinetics
Covelo, E. F., Couce, M. L. A., & Vega, F. A. (2004) · Journal of Colloid and Interface Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.07.024 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Heavy metal capture and accumulation in bioretention media
Li, H., & Davis, A. P. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es702681j · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationBlecken, G.-T., Zinger, Y., Deletić, A., Fletcher, T. D., & Viklander, M. (2009) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.008 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Influence of Hydrology on Rainfall-Runoff Metal Element Speciation
Dean, C. M., Sansalone, J. J., Cartledge, F. K., & Pardue, J. H. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2005)131:4(632 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF HIGHWAY RUNOFF WATER QUALITY
Young, G. K., Stein, S. M., Cole, P. W., Kammer, T., Graziano, F., & Bank, F. G. (1996) · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Experimental Assessment of Stormwater Infiltration Basin Evolution
Dechesne, M., Barraud, S., & Bardin, J.-P. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2005)131:7(1090 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Bäckström, M., Karlsson, S., & Allard, B. (2003) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1023/b:emas.0000003572.40515.31 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Nonpoint pollution and urban stormwater management
Novotný, V. (1995) · Technomic Pub. Co. eBooks · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Copper, lead and cadmium loads and behavior in urban stormwater runoff in Curitiba, Brazil
Prestes, E. C., dos Anjos, V. E., Sodré, F. F., & Grassi, M. T. (2006) · Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society · doi:10.1590/s0103-50532006000100008 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Reactions of compost-derived humic substances with lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc
Chien, S. W. C., Wang, M. C., & Huang, C.-Y. (2006) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.041 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
KINETICS OF SINGLE AND MULTIPLE METAL ION SORPTION PROCESSES ON HUMIC SUBSTANCES
Jin, X., Bailey, G. W., Yu, Y. S., & Lynch, A. T. (1996) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-199608000-00006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Removal of selected pollutants from aqueous media by hardwood mulch
RAY, A., Selvakumar, A., & Tafuri, A. N. (2006) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.094 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A Review of the Contaminants and Toxicity Associated with particles in Stormwater Runoff
Grant, S. B. (2015) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4847.1526 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
ACCUMULATION OF AS, NI, CU, AND PB IN RETENTION AND RECHARGE BASINS SOILS FROM URBAN RUNOFF1
Nightingale, H. I. (1987) · JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association · doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00840.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Partitioning and first flush of metals in urban roadway storm water
Sansalone, J. J., & Buchberger, S. G. (1997) · Journal of Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1997)123:2(134
Hunt (2008) · doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2008)134:5(403
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Kreeb L. B., 2003, Hydrologic efficiency and design sensitivity of bioretention facilities
- Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE). (2009). Maryland stormwater design manual chapter 5.0—environmental site design Baltimore MD. 〈http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/Water/StormwaterManagementProgram/MarylandStormwaterDesignManual/Pages/programs/waterprograms/sedimentandstormwater/stormwater _design/index.aspx〉 (Jun. 24 2012).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Storm Water Management Model: Performance Review and Gap Analysis
Niazi, M., Nietch, C. T., Maghrebi, M., Jackson, N. J., Bennett, B. R., Tryby, M. E., & Massoudieh, A. (2017) · Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment · doi:10.1061/jswbay.0000817 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Review and Research Needs of Bioretention Used for the Treatment of Urban Stormwater
Liu, J., Sample, D. J., Bell, C., & Guan, Y. (2014) · Water · doi:10.3390/w6041069 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Tedoldi, D., Chebbo, G., Pierlot, D., Kovacs, Y., & Gromaire, M.-C. (2016) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.215 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Kaushal, S. S., Likens, G. E., Pace, M. L., Haq, S., Wood, K. L., Galella, J. G., Morel, C. J., Doody, T. R., Wessel, B. M., Kortelainen, P., et al. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0017 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Al-Ameri, M., Hatt, B., Le Coustumer, S., Fletcher, T., Payne, E., & Deletic, A. (2018) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.03.027 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Paus, K. H., Morgan, J., Gulliver, J. S., Leiknes, T., & Hozalski, R. M. (2013) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-013-1803-y · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Tedoldi, D., Chebbo, G., Pierlot, D., Branchu, P., Kovacs, Y., & Gromaire, M.-C. (2017) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.226 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…to the present findings, several authors detected highest contamination near the inlet pipe (Le Coustumer et al., 2007; El-Mufleh et al., 2014; Napier et al., 2009) or inflow zone (Norrström and Jacks, 1998), with an overall decrease in concentrations along the flow pathway (Jones and Davis, 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMetal accumulation and hydraulic performance of bioretention systems after long-term operation
Kluge, B., Markert, A., Facklam, M., Sommer, H., Kaiser, M., Pallasch, M., & Wessolek, G. (2016) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-016-1533-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A regenerative urban stormwater management methodology: the journey of a Mediterranean city
Perales‐Momparler, S., Andrés‐Doménech, I., Andreu, J., & Escuder‐Bueno, I. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.039 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Does It Pay to be Mature? Evaluation of Bioretention Cell Performance Seven Years Postconstruction
Willard, L. L., Wynn‐Thompson, T., Krometis, L., Neher, T. P., & Badgley, B. D. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0001232 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Søberg, L. C., Winston, R., Viklander, M., & Blecken, G.-T. (2019) · Water Research X · doi:10.1016/j.wroa.2019.100032 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“and Maryland (USA) indicated that adsorbed metals were strongly bound to the bioretention filter material and largely immobile (not in the exchangeable fraction) (Li and Davis, 2008; Jones and Davis, 2013).”
BackgroundJohnson, J. P., & Hunt, W. F. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Wang, J., Zhang, P., Yang, L., & Huang, T. (2016) · Journal of Contaminant Hydrology · doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2016.01.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Bioretention cell age and construction style influence stormwater pollutant dynamics
Costello, D. M., Hartung, E. W., Stoll, J. T., & Jefferson, A. J. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135597 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Phosphorus Retention by Fly Ash Amended Filter Media in Aged Bioretention Cells
Kandel, S., Vogel, J. R., Penn, C. J., & Brown, G. O. (2017) · Water · doi:10.3390/w9100746 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Vegetation and Media Characteristics of an Effective Bioretention Cell
Muerdter, C. P., Özkök, E., Li, L., & Davis, A. P. (2015) · Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment · doi:10.1061/jswbay.0000804 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment of metal and PAH profiles in SUDS soil based on an improved experimental procedure
Tedoldi, D., Chebbo, G., Pierlot, D., Kovacs, Y., & Gromaire, M.-C. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.063 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Impacts of rainfall and catchment characteristics on bioretention cell performance
Sun, Y., Pomeroy, C. A., Li, Q., & Xu, C. (2019) · Water Science and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.wse.2019.06.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Yang, F., Fu, D., Zevenbergen, C., & Rene, E. R. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113956 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Boogaard, F. C., Venvik, G., de Lima, R. L. P., Cassanti, A. C., Roest, A. H., & Zuurman, A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12093694 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chai, G., Wang, D., Shan, J., Jiang, C., Yang, Z., Liu, E., Meng, H., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Lu, Q., et al. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134314 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kaya, D., Croft, K., Pamuru, S. T., Yuan, C., Davis, A. P., & Kjellerup, B. V. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135753 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationFurén, R., Flanagan, K., Winston, R. J., Tirpak, R. A., Dorsey, J. D., Viklander, M., & Blecken, G.-T. (2022) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157372 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Galella, J. G., Kaushal, S. S., Mayer, P. M., Maas, C. M., Shatkay, R. R., & Stutzke, R. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2023.1020914 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chu, Y., Yang, L., Wang, X., Wang, X., & Zhou, Y. X. (2020) · Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment · doi:10.1061/jswbay.0000930 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Field assessment of metal and base cation accumulation in green stormwater infrastructure soils
Adhikari, B., Perlman, R., Rigden, A. J., Walter, M. T., Clark, S. E., & McPhillips, L. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162500 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Attenuation of copper in runoff from copper roofing materials by two stormwater control measures
LaBarre, W. J., Ownby, D. R., Lev, S. M., Rader, K. J., & Casey, R. E. (2015) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Application of indices to evaluate LID facilities for sediment and heavy metal removal
Gurung, S. B., Geronimo, F. K. F., Hong, J., & Kim, L.-H. (2018) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.077 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Yuan, C., Davis, A. P., Kaya, D., & Kjellerup, B. V. (2023) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139188 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationStudy of Bioretention System on Heavy-Metal Removal Effect
Zengchao, L., Li, J., Li, P., Li, Y., & Li, W. (2017) · Polish Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.15244/pjoes/74128 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Furén, R., Österlund, H., Winston, R. J., Tirpak, R. A., Dorsey, J. D., Smith, J. S., Viklander, M., & Blecken, G. (2023) · Environmental Science Water Research & Technology · doi:10.1039/d2ew00823h · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Jiang, C., Zhang, J., Peng, X., Li, J., & Yang, X. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104928 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Feraud, M., & Holden, P. A. (2021) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143778 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Assessing Hydrological Performances of Bioretention Cells to Meet the LID Goals
Sun, Y., Li, Q., Yu, F., Ma, M., & Xu, C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15054204 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stinshoff, P., Busse, L., Kick, D., & Helmreich, B. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125693 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Bao, J., Chang, Y., Cheng, N., Li, Y., Chang, X., Feng, J., Nan, X., & Ren, H. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176511 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Performance of Sand and Mixed Sand–Biochar Filters for Treatment of Road Runoff Quantity and Quality
Koivusalo, H., Dubovik, M., Wendling, L., Assmuth, E., Sillanpää, N., & Kokkonen, T. (2023) · Water · doi:10.3390/w15081631 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flanagan, K., Tedoldi, D., Branchu, P., & Gromaire, M.-C. (2017) · La Houille Blanche · doi:10.1051/lhb/2017016 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Al-Amin, A., Ryan, R. J., & McKenzie, E. R. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168651 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in a Rain Garden Flooded with Wastewater and Simulated Stormwater
Strong, P., & Hudak, P. F. (2015) · Environmental Quality Management · doi:10.1002/tqem.21447 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gnanaraj, A. R. J., & Drake, J. A. P. (2018) · International Low Impact Development Conference · doi:10.1061/9780784481783.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Seepage metal concentrations beneath long-term operated bioretention systems
Reck, A., Thalmann, M., Paton, E. N., & Kluge, B. (2021) · Blue-Green Systems · doi:10.2166/bgs.2021.014 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
XRF Quick-Scan Mapping for Heavy Metal Pollutants in SuDS: A Methodological Approach
Venvik, G., & Boogaard, F. C. (2020) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci2010005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lucas, S., Lee, C. C., & Love, E. (2019) · Water · doi:10.3390/w11051074 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Novoa, R., Nacaratte, F., Peña‐Villalobos, I., Palma, V., Sabat, P., & Copaja, S. V. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139524 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lam, D., Zhang, K., & Parolari, A. J. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169907 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cumulative Risk of Heavy Metals in Long-Term Operational Rain Garden
Yan, D., Li, H., Li, J., Jiang, C., Jia, B., & Cheng, B. (2025) · Water · doi:10.3390/w17070955 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Venvik, G., & Boogaard, F. C. (2020) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci2020046 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kokkinos, J. M. (2017) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Venvik, G., & Boogaard, F. C. (2020) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci2020021 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Duan, X., Li, J., Li, Y., Chao, S., Xu, Y., Gao, J., Shi, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment · doi:10.1061/jswbay.sweng-556 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Venvik, G., & Boogaard, F. C. (2020) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci2030064 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quinn, R. (2015) · Greenwich Academic Literature Archive (University of Greenwich) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Venvik, G., & Boogaard, F. C. (2020) · Sci · doi:10.3390/sci2020034
Davis, A. P., Hunt, W. F., & Traver, R. G. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119339786.ch18
Self-citationHigh Efficiency Pollutant Removal Using Hybrid- Bluelay Sustainable Drainage SystemsPreprint
Sreenivas, P., & Cotterill, S. E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5342120
High Efficiency Pollutant Removal Using Hybrid- Bluelay Sustainable Drainage SystemsPreprint
Sreenivas, P., & Cotterill, S. E. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5342116
Long-term hydrological performance of bioretention systems: Do they age well?
Alamdari, N. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129889
- Authors
- Jones, P. S., & Davis, A. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davis, Allen P.
- ORCID
- Davis, Allen P.
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Engineering
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 139
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 479-487
- ISSN
- 0733-9372 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-7870
- OpenAlex
- W2064764539
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Urban Stormwater Management Solutions
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- heavy metals, bioretention media, lead, copper, zinc, metal accumulation, spatial distribution, metal bioavailability, sequential extraction, media pH, organic matter, stormwater management, maintenance practices
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
