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From Isovists to Visibility Graphs: A Methodology for the Analysis of Architectural Space
Open accessAbstract
An isovist, or viewshed, is the area in a spatial environment directly visible from a location within the space. Here we show how a set of isovists can be used to generate a graph of mutual visibility between locations. We demonstrate that this graph can also be constructed without reference to isovists and that we are in fact invoking the more general concept of a visibility graph. Using the visibility graph, we can extend both isovist and current graph-based analyses of architectural space to form a new methodology for the investigation of configurational relationships. The measurement of local and global characteristics of the graph, for each vertex or for the system as a whole, is of interest from an architectural perspective, allowing us to describe a configuration with reference to accessibility and visibility, to compare from location to location within a system, and to compare systems with different geometries. Finally we show that visibility graph properties may be closely related to manifestations of spatial perception, such as way-finding, movement, and space use.
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TL;DR
The paper shows how a set of isovists can be converted into a visibility graph of mutually visible locations, and argues that this graph supports local and global configurational analysis of architectural space. It demonstrates the method on simple configurations and built examples, including a Tate Gallery analysis where mean shortest path length correlates with room occupancy.
Key findings
- A first-order visibility graph can be constructed directly from mutually visible locations and is identical to the corresponding first-order isovist graph; second-order visibility relationships are a “flattened” form of the first-order graph.
- Neighbourhood size \(k_i\) corresponds to the isovist and is linearly related to isovist area \(A_i\); clustering coefficient \(C_i\) is a local measure of relational/self-contained visibility; mean shortest path length \(\bar{L}_i\) is a global measure of configurational accessibility.
- In the Tate Gallery, mean shortest path length averaged per room showed an exponential correlation with observed room occupancy (\(R^2 = 0.63\)); the only significant outlier was the Tate Gallery shop, the only room not used as gallery space.
- Case analyses of Villa Mairea, Farnsworth House, and the Barcelona Pavilion show how \(C_i\) and \(\bar{L}_i\) patterns distinguish private/social spaces, visibility versus permeability, and local versus global configurational effects.
Methods
- The visibility graph is built by selecting generating locations on a regular “human-scale” grid of around one metre, using locations as vertices and mutual visibility as edges; a permeability graph is the special case constructed at floor level, optionally including furniture and obstacles.
- Graph measures analysed are neighbourhood size, clustering coefficient, and mean shortest path length; values are mapped at each generating location and compared with isovist fields and prior graph-based spatial analyses.
- Case studies include Villa Mairea (1.0 m grid at eye level, floors linked via staircases), Farnsworth House (visibility and permeability with furniture), Barcelona Pavilion (visibility and permeability), and the Tate Gallery (public first-floor spaces observed five times in a day and averaged; occupancy compared with \(\bar{L}_i\), plus a Euclidean \(\bar{L}_i\) comparison).
Limitations
- The paper states that there is no compelling way to choose one graph-construction approach over another, that grid resolution is limited by computing power, that perfect resolution is impossible, and that a more systematic method for selecting and generating point locations is needed.
- It also states that populations in a space will change visual fields, that people experience space through personal memory of previous spaces, and that the Farnsworth analysis did not consider built fabric, context, or the glass envelope.
- Evident from the text: the Tate correlation is observational rather than causal, and graph measures depend on chosen grid, resolution, and whether obstacles or furniture are included; in small or shallow systems, \(\bar{L}_i\) patterns may resemble neighbourhood-size patterns, limiting their distinctiveness.
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In the paper
“the points located below the T-crossbar in figure 9(a) form distinctly coloured triangular regions according to their”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“analysis of a plan of Farnsworth House with C i values results in a gradual partitioning of space, where information is seen to vary continuously across the space and within e-spaces [figure 7( a)]”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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In the paper
“If an individual leaves one of these triangular zones, then they are entering a zone where, one step away, they can see a larger area, as shown in figure 9(b).”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
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In the paper
“In fact, if once inside we consider the walls as containing our `visibility' (or at least our sense of enclosure), then there is no location within the house where the points of an isovist on either side of the core element connect in a loop behind it [figure 8(c)].”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The external envelope of Farnsworth House is made entirely of glass.
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In the paper
“At a distance, the clustering coefficient will remain relatively high, because the connections between isovists on either side of the house are realised in a loop around it [figure 8(a)].”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The external envelope of Farnsworth House is made entirely of glass.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In larger and more complex systems than the Barcelona Pavilion, the local (such as k i ) and global (such as”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
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“this kind of partitioning does not show up in any obvious first-order partition, including such detailed descriptions as those of endpoint partitions by Peponis et al.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Peponis et al
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In the paper
“The correspondence is demonstrated more clearly by inspection of a scatter plot of observed room occupancy against”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
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In the paper
“L i values for the main level of the Tate Gallery, and the difference between the local and the global spatial measure is very obvious, now that many changes of direction are required for full exploration of the space.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
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In the paper
“Thus, in the visibility model,”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- Probably not a substantial claim. 38
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
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In the paper
“The figure shows that the most private spaces, such as bedrooms and study rooms, are highly clustered whereas social spaces, such as the living rooms on each floor and ground-floor sitting rooms offer multidirectional fields of view and therefore low C i , values, hinting atöwithout intruding onöthe range of the more private spaces.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(We assume adequate coverage of generating locations throughout the system.In figure 3 the coverage is not sufficient and the isovist area no longer corresponds perfectly to the neighbourhood size.)”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Neighbourhood size
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“there is a maximum at locations closer to the central element, which is more self-contained, with almost convex visual fields.The lowest values occur further away where isovists are multidirectional”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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In the paper
“A best-fit line through the data gives a reasonable exponential correlation between the two variables and it is noticeable that the only significant outlier found is the Tate Gallery shop, which is the only room that is not used as gallery space.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Tate Gallery shop is the only room that is not used as gallery space.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there is `informational stability' with respect to vertical surfaces there are clear variations in the internal relational properties of the isovists within these spaces.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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In the paper
“When analysed in terms of accessibility, however, the core”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
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In the paper
“As we move towards the entrance, through the terraces, the space becomes gradually more clustered and only the central core inside the building, visible through the glass, features as an object [figure 8(b)].”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The external envelope of Farnsworth House is made entirely of glass.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have shown results comparing the level of occupation of rooms found in a building with the results of an”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
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In the paper
“The main difference in the configurational patterns generated results from the way the large pool is analysed.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The isovist polygon at p 1 is more convex (in terms of M 2 and P) than that at p 2 , yet the value of C i at p 2 is higher.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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In the paper
“In both cases, path length analysis produces a pattern that resembles that of neighbourhood size, or area of visual fields, and therefore is similar to Benedikt's area measurement, owing to the fact that this is a small or shallow system where the architect introduces partitions to structure the space without disturbing too much its continuity”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benedikt
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Note that the isovist field lines are continuous, whereas the discrete generating locations used to construct the visibility graph can be seen in the second diagram.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Neighbourhood size
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In the paper
“However, despite the elegance of Benedikt's isovist methodology, and its close relationship to theories of visual perception and spatial description, applications of the isovist in architectural analysis have been limited to a small number of studies.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Introduction
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In the paper
“In a representation on a two-dimensional plane, the graph edges are undirected (that is, if v 1 can see v 2 , then v 2 can see v 1 ).”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Constructing an isovist graph
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally we show that visibility graph properties may be closely related to manifestations of spatial perception, such as way-finding, movement, and space use.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Abstract
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In the paper
“The clustering coefficient and mean shortest path length have previously been used together to characterise graph systems as a whole (see Watts and Strogatz, 1998) and we discuss how this characterisation might be applied to visibility graphs of environments in further work.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Constructing an isovist graph
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Watts and Strogatz, 1998 source
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In the paper
“In a closed convex area there is some potential for interaction, whereas in a junction there are numerous, but different, opportunities to form intervisible links.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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In the paper
“Indeed, much of the viewshed literature still concentrates on mapping the properties of single viewsheds as fields, not on the relationships between viewsheds.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Related work
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In the paper
“Many possible measures of an undirected graph are also applicable to a directed graph, including those we illustrate in this paper, so that the generality of the method presented is unaffected.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Constructing an isovist graph
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In the paper
“In addition, de Arruda Campos (1997) finds good correlation with the number of axial lines intersecting at an urban space (implying a multidirectional visual field, that is, low C i ) and the number of people making informal use of the square”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites de Arruda Campos (1997)
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- Not matched
In the paper
“For example, Benedikt and Burnham (1985) show that perception of the size of a space is affected by the variance of the radials of an isovist and the perimeter (both indicators of convexity).”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benedikt and Burnham (1985)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“To be clear, a `permeability graph' is the special case of a visibility graph constructed at floor level.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Constructing an isovist graph
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In the paper
“As a spatial description, e-spaces present a different approach to visibility graphs, primarily because they are derived by relating space to built form, rather than derived from the space as it might be experienced.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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In the paper
“First, the geometric formulation of isovist measures means that they index purely local properties of space, and the visual relationship between the current location and the whole spatial environment is missedöincluding the fact that the internal visual relationships between locations within the isovist are ignored.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Introduction
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In the paper
“However, in other representations visibility is not necessarily mutualöfor example, viewshed analyses often consider viewer height.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Constructing an isovist graph
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In the paper
“Because movement in some sense involves making decisions about which parts of one's current visual information to leave behind, the clustering coefficient is potentially related to the decisionmaking process in way-finding and navigation and certainly marks out key decision points within complex configurations.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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In the paper
“However, although finding a sufficient set by this method is possible, it is not guaranteed to be a minimal covering set (Davis and Benedikt, 1979).”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Constructing an isovist graph
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Davis and Benedikt, 1979 source
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that we are in fact invoking the more general concept of a visibility graph.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Abstract
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In the paper
“Now if the set of generating locations covers the entire space (at some uniform resolution, so that for our purposes it fully describes the space), then this set can be thought of as equivalent to the isovist itself.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Neighbourhood size
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In the paper
“If the isovist being considered is almost a convex polygon, then almost all the point locations within the neighbourhood will be able to see each other, and hence C i will tend to one.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as isovists can be drawn at any location in space, a graph of lines-of-sight connections may be constructed easily, at any required degree of spatial resolution, by using the visual relationships between isovists.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Related work
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In the paper
“Despite their general applicability, the ability of these maps to represent and quantify spatial configurations still has one major drawback: each line or convex region is represented by a node in the graph, and so only a single graph measure can be defined for points along the whole length of the line, or all points within the convex region.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Related work
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In the paper
“By reinterpreting the set of isovists as a graph we have made the system more amenable to a new set of analytic tools, while retaining a mapping back to the original isovist interpretation through the neighbourhood size k i of a vertex.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
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In the paper
“We have proposed two further measurements of the graph that may be useful for understanding the perception and use of architectural spaces.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
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In the paper
“However, by looking at relationships at both a local and a global level, we hope to capture the common experience of that space, and so visibility graph analysis may represent a step towards exploring the relationship between architects, as designers of spaces, and users, as architects of their own experience of space.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
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In the paper
“We must of course be careful to note that any population of a space will lead to changes in the visual field which we have not considered and that members of the population will experience a space through their personal memory of the previous spaces they themselves have moved through.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“accessibility of every location in the spatial system, it has a significant advantage over axial and convex configurational analysis, which, for example, is unable to identify variation across `open-plan' layouts.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The pavilion was built in 1929 for the German participation in the Barcelona exhibition and demolished afterwards.It was retrieved through photographs and plans, to be rebuilt in 1986 (for a detailed discussion, see Futagawa and Neumeyer, 1995).”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Futagawa and Neumeyer, 1995
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence the clustering coefficient is not strictly a convexity measure, but perhaps more related to how `self-contained' the information in a particular isovist is.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this case, because they cannot `see' the top spaces of the configuration, an individual occupying that location would not know that there might be a place `around the corner'.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a correspondence of this sort might be expected in view of the fact that we are mapping a measure of centrality, it is worth demonstrating that this is not a necessary result.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The comparison shows how the space has been manipulated by the architect to arrange views across the pool and the movement around it.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The clustering coefficient C i demonstrates a local measure of the graph, since it depends only on the relation between vertices in a neighbourhood”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that comparing the”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The isovists we employ are used to derive the graph of intervisible locations and hence the visibility graph is a tool with which we can begin consciously to explore the visibility and permeability relations in spatial systems.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sensitivity of clustering coefficient analysis to the size of object in the environment would have a significant impact if we were to consider not just the internal relationships in Farnsworth House, but also its relationship to the surrounding environment.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Benedikt uses the plans of this building to investigate isovist ^field contour maps, demonstrating that the area of the visual field changes continuously with movement, as surfaces disappear and others come into view.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Mean shortest path length
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Benedikt
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas the mean shortest path length”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and Conroy (2000) notes correspondence between `junctions' and places where people pause on journeys.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Conroy (2000)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, because C i is not just a measure of geometric `spikiness', but also a measure of how much objects of varying sizes disrupt the space, it may improve our understanding of how a space is perceived.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: People will not usually be fooled by adding a pillar to a space; through movement they will still perceive the space as a whole.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The measures are justified to some extent by the application of similar metrics to graphs of urban and building environments, and by their relevance to ongoing research; however, they are also intended as examples of the wider set of graph measures available.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, the analysis we have made has not considered the built fabric, or the relation of the interior to the building's context.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Any pair of mutually visible locations within the isovist area contribute to the overall C i value; thus any system with `visibility loops' will display higher C i values than those without.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Clustering coefficient
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, sets of locations within the isovist of a point determine conditions of copresence of occupants and hence potential action and interaction.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This allows us to discuss any measurement of the graph in terms of its spatial meaning.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“average clustering coefficient and the characteristic path length (the average of the mean shortest path length for the whole system) have been used by Watts and Strogatz (1998) to analyse small worlds networks.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Further work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Watts and Strogatz (1998) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to van Fraassen's scientific empiricism (1980, pages 76 ^91) our interpretation of any graph will be limited by the ability of our measures to distinguish between different configurations, so we can only describe a graph through the number of metrics we invent to classify it.”
§ From isovists to visibility graphs: a methodology for the analysis of architectural space > Further work
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van Fraassen, 1980 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Isovists can be meaningfully generated throughout a space.
“Following Benedikt, we assume that isovists can be meaningfully generated throughout a space”
The authors state this as an assumption.
It is useful to examine isovist properties (whether local or relational) throughout a system.
“and furthermore that it is useful to examine isovist properties (whether local or relational) throughout a system.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There is adequate coverage of generating locations throughout the system.
“(We assume adequate coverage of generating locations throughout the system.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The external envelope of Farnsworth House is made entirely of glass.
“the external envelope of Farnsworth House is made entirely of glass”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Tate Gallery shop is the only room that is not used as gallery space.
“the Tate Gallery shop, which is the only room that is not used as gallery space”
The paper relies on this without support.
People will not usually be fooled by adding a pillar to a space; through movement they will still perceive the space as a whole.
“people will not usually be fooled by such an addition [figure 5(b)].Through movement they will still be able to perceive the space as a whole”
Citations
Cites
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The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception
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The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition
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Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
Nicol, J., King, B., Quattrochi, D., Dowman, I. J., Ehlers, M., & Xiaoli, D. (2007) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 9,325
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Natural movement: or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement
Hillier, B., Penn, A., Hanson, J., Grajewski, T., & Xu, J. (1993) · Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design · doi:10.1068/b200029 · Cited by 1,581
Self-citationNetworks, Dynamics, and the Small‐World Phenomenon
Watts, D. J. (1999) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/210318 · Cited by 1,510
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 970
Moreira, E., Cardoso, D. R., & Simões, P. J. A. (2018) · InfoDesign - Revista Brasileira de Design da Informação · doi:10.51358/id.v15i1.579
DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE METROPOLITAN AREAS USING A MULTI-SCALE DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMPreprint
Yamu, C., & Frankhauser, P. (2012) · HAL
The visual pattern of integrated spaces for Chow Kit AIDS/HIV community
Chiong, H. S. (2017)
AXIAL LINES AND CONTOUR LINES:
Cutini, V. (2015)
Rambo, M. H., & de Medeiros, V. A. S. (2019) · Revista Projetar - Projeto e Percepção do Ambiente · doi:10.21680/2448-296x.2019v4n1id16895
A STUDY ON METHOD FOR SUBDIVISION OF VISUAL AREA UNITS FOR ANALYZING GEOMETRIC APPEARANCE FEATURE
HIROSE, H., SHIMOKAWA, Y., & Fukumoto, D. (2019) · Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) · doi:10.3130/aija.84.2467
Architecture, C. S. (2021)
Intertwining of bodies and forms
Colombia, P. U. J. , & Galeano, A. E. (2018) · ESTOA · doi:10.18537/est.v007.n014.a02
Cock, L. D., Ooms, K., de Weghe, N. V., & Maeyer, P. D. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50726-8_54
Design Consideration for Window Placement to Provide the View within the Patient's Visual Range
Sengke, M. M. C., Atmodiwirjo, P., Yatmo, Y. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Design and Built Environment · doi:10.22452/jdbe.vol20no1.2
Dongen, A. V., Lambot, S., Eeckhout, P. A., & Buglio, D. L. (2020) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20208203006
“Les deux premières pistes sont très proches et intègrent des théories issues de la syntaxe spatiale (Hillier et Hanson, 1984 ; Turner et al. , 2001 Nous prenons ici le parti de les scinder pour clarifier notre méthodologie Le recours à l’analyse par graphes de visibilité, ou à la syntaxe spatiale…”
BackgroundMiddleton, D. A. (2020) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14869-0_9
An Evaluation of Measuring the Publicness Level of Interiors in Public Building Design
Aykutlar, P., Kutucu, S., & Can, I. (2020) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-5849-2.ch012
Brandão, J., Costa, C. F. R., & da Silva, G. J. A. (2020) · doi:10.5151/sigradi2020-16
“…a saber: (i) o estudo da forma urbana do bairro, por meio da aplicação do método de Decomposição Sistêmica e da Decomposição Elementar do tecido urbano, apresentado por Coelho (2013); (ii) uma análise de grafos de visibilidade ( Visibility Graph Analysis – VGA), proposta por Turner et al .”
Bjelić, I. S. (2020) · Starinar · doi:10.2298/sta2070145b
Principia of Roman Castrum Pontes — Spatial and Social Relations in the Building
Bjelić, I. S. (2020) · Arheologija i prirodne nauke · doi:10.18485/arhe_apn.2020.16.9
Analytical Space Theories and Gyula Hajnóczi’s Spatiology
Krähling, J. (2021) · Építés - Építészettudomány · doi:10.1556/096.2021.00007
Casarin, V., de Saboya, R. T., & Santiago, A. G. (2012) · Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture · doi:10.17265/1934-7359/2012.09.008
A visibility based method to assess the shrinkage feeling in downtown Detroit
Bertrand, M., Leduc, T., Lescop, L., et al. (2012) · HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)
Kesselheim, W. (2021) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110572933-008
Space Syntax Approaches in Architecture
(2019) · Advances in systems analysis, software engineering, and high performance computing book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1698-0.ch004
Measurement of Spatial Openness of Indoor Space Using 3D Isovists Methods and Fibonacci Lattices
Cao, Y., Zheng, H. R., & Liu, S. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1280-1_26
Isparta’da Kooperatif Konut Alanları Iceren Mahallelerde Morfolojik Bir Inceleme
Güç, B., & KARACAN, O. (2022) · Mimarlık Bilimleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi (MBUD) · doi:10.30785/mbud.1029026
Pusporini, N., Palupi, W. R., Santosa, H. R., et al. (2022) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1007/1/012016
“The low-value parameter will be indicated by the blue colour gradation towards the green, where the green colour gradation towards yellow is the intermediate value, and the yellow colour towards the red colour gradation is the highest value [11].”
BackgroundExtending GIS-Based Visual Analysis
Llobera, M. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420006377.ch20
Paliou, E. (2014) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110266436.1
Bravo, L. (2020) · The Journal of Public Space · doi:10.32891/jps.v5i1.1264
Assessment of primary Health Care Facilities in Kosovo using Space Syntax Analysis
Navakazi, V., Meka, B., & Beqiri, F. X. (2021) · Journal of Science Humanities and Arts - JOSHA · doi:10.17160/josha.8.3.764
Sailer, K. (2019) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839446386-021
“(unten) Vergleich des Begegnungspotenzials der neun Entwurfsalternativen hinsichtlich der Space-Syntax-Metriken Mean Depth und Connectivity.”
InfluentialBaumanová, M. (2020) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780190922481-0040
(2020) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110664959-012
Vicente, A. C., & de Soto, P. (2022) · Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage · doi:10.1016/j.daach.2022.e00222
Machine Learning for Spatial and Visual Connectivity
Tarabishy, S., Psarras, S., Kosicki, A. M., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119815075.ch22
LOOS’UN KONUT TASARIMLARINDA YER ALAN TİYATRO LOCALARININ GÖRSEL ETKİLEŞİM AÇISINDAN İRDELENMESİ
ACIRLI, Z. (2022) · Sanat ve Tasarım Dergisi · doi:10.20488/sanattasarim.1133772
Lopes, J., Paio, A. C. R., & Beirão, J. N. D. C. (2019) · eCAADe proceedings · doi:10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.3.277
Guo, Z., Yang, W., Huang, Y., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1145/3546632.3546885
“Moreover, the Isovist average of the unit voxel in the target area was utilized to represent the indoor visual field of the area [10].”
MethodBielik, M., Schneider, S., Geddert, F., et al. (2013) · eCAADe proceedings · doi:10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.109
Rajabi, M., Mohammadi, M. N., & Montazerolhodjah, M. (2022) · URBAN DESIGN International · doi:10.1057/s41289-022-00213-w
“It enables us to demonstrate that human movement is directed by geometrical and topological rather than metrical considerations and that spatial structure influences movement strongly (Hillier and Iida 2005; Turner and Penn 1999; Turner et al. 2001; Figueiredo and Amorim 2005).”
BackgroundBonafede, A., & Erioli, A. (2022) · eCAADe proceedings · doi:10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.113
A Visibility Algorithm Based on Voxel Modelling Method Developed for Architectural Geometries
Yalçınkaya, S., & Çolakoğlu, B. (2022) · eCAADe proceedings · doi:10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.057
Space Syntax Analysis on Edu-Tourism Accessibility (Case Study: Planetarium UIN Walisongo Area)
Adi, A. R., & Riyadi, S. (2023) · Sinektika Jurnal Arsitektur · doi:10.23917/sinektika.v20i1.19342
Chmielewski, S., & Grabowski, T. (2023) · Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna · doi:10.14746/rrpr.2023.63.11
Motivation moderates gender differences in navigation performancePreprint
Schinazi, V. R., Meloni, D., Grübel, J., Angus, D. J., Baumann, O., Weibel, R. P., Jeszenszky, P., Hölscher, C., & Thrash, T. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2932875/v1
Monitoring Urban Planning Actions for Reducing Crime Risk Vulnerability
Grimaldi, M., Coppola, F., & Fasolino, I. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34211-0_12
Guo, H., Shi, Z., & Deng, M. (2023) · International Conference on Electronic Technology and Information Science (ICETIS) · doi:10.1117/12.2682369
“Scholar Turner once proposed a method for measuring the two-dimensional visual range, abstracting the architectural space as a set of points in a two-dimensional mean grid, and explaining the positional relationship in the space by describing the topological relationship between points [6].”
MethodOu, Y., Manfredini, M., Gao, G., et al. (2023) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-1403-6_37
Demand vs Design – Comparing Design Proposals to “New Work” – Based Spatial Requirements
Mack, A., Fuchkina, E., & Schneider, S. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37189-9_42
A Spatial Analysis Proposal for Activity Affordance in Exhibition Halls
García, M. Y. T. (2023) · Digital innovations in architecture, engineering and construction · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2217-8_5
VISSOP: A Tool for Visibility-Based Analysis
Opperer, C. (2023) · Digital innovations in architecture, engineering and construction · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2217-8_6
Universal Design of Signage Through Virtual Human Simulation
Haworth, B., Johnson, C., & Schwartz, M. (2023) · KAIST research series · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-2314-4_4
Different display patterns of commercial space in cruises based on the space narrative approach
Chen, Y., & Lu, S. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0171235
Gonçalves, G. M., & de Faria, A. P. N. (2023) · Revista de geografía Norte Grande · doi:10.4067/s0718-34022023000200105
Teszt, A. (2023) · Periodica Polytechnica Architecture · doi:10.3311/ppar.23759
Bilgili, A., Şen, A., & Başaraner, M. (2023) · Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17341/gazimmfd.1209668 · Cited by 1
Bulhakova, T., Sazonov, C., Сафронова, О. О., et al. (2023) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0165483
Bir Mekân Olarak Kent Meydanı ve Mekân Dizimi ile Değerlendirilmesi: Rize Kent Meydanı Örneği
DEMİRCİ, G. (2023) · Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.53501/rteufemud.1339310
Lee, G.-B., Kim, G., Lee, J., et al. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4683964
Mapping Space Syntax as a Computational Tool: A Bibliometric Analysis
Babbu, A. H. (2023) · Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review · doi:10.25103/jestr.166.10
Muadzin, K. F. (2023) · COMPACT Spatial Development Journal · doi:10.35718/compact.v2i3.1052
Networking Social Behaviours in a 19th-Century Cemetery
Santos, J., & Casimiro, T. M. (2024) · Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology · doi:10.5334/jcaa.118
Computing Life and Architecture
Ireland, T. (2023) · Biosemiotics/Biosemiotics. Bookseries · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-45925-2_4
Morphological Analysis of the Kheireddine Palace converted into the Museum of Tunis City
Bouhamed, R. (2023) · IMEKO TC4 International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (MetroArchaeo) · doi:10.21014/10.21014/tc4-arc-2023.109
OPTIMALISASI VISIBILITAS MENGGUNAKAN SPACE SYNTAX: STUDI KASUS GEDUNG GALERI NUSANTARA SEMARANG
Adi, A. R., & Rizqi, M. (2023) · Nature National Academic Journal of Architecture · doi:10.24252/nature.v10i2a5
3D VISIBILITY ANALYSES USING BIM & GIS INTEGRATION
Corlu, E., & Isikdag, U. (2024) · The international archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences/International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences · doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w9-2024-107-2024
Áreas urbanas em beira d'água: o Riacho das Piabas e sua integração com a cidade de Campina Grande
Filho, M. N. M. B., Brito, R. G. S., Serrano, G. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.5821/siiu.12672
HAYASHI, Y., & Osaragi, T. (2024) · Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) · doi:10.3130/aija.89.638
Espaços gourmet em moradas brasileiras
Trigueiro, E., Umbelino, A., Morais, F. D. O., et al. (2024) · Revista de Morfologia Urbana · doi:10.47235/rmu.v12i1.366
Sampayo, M., & Sousa-Rodrigues, D. (2024) · MATEC Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/matecconf/202439613002
“Turner [8] extends the notion of isovist, by showing that they can be used to generate a graph representation of mutual visibility between locations.”
BackgroundAntes (1927-28) e depois (1935) da casa modernista da rua Santa Cruz
Gurgel, A. P. C., & Cabral, T. O. (2024) · Oculum Ensaios · doi:10.24220/2318-0919v21e2024a6862
El-Ghazouly, Y., Eldiasty, A., & El-Khouly, T. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4873760
Family communal space as a natural surveillance function to create resilient coastal settlements
Asmal, I. J., Asmal, S., Rivai, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Urbanism International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1080/17549175.2024.2390423
Sabsabi, M. B., & Hatipoglu, H. K. (2024) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59329-1_7
Performance-Driven Design of a Residential Unit with the Use of Genetic Algorithms
Guardigli, L., Prati, D., & Namvar, N. (2024) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71867-0_26
Tabata, S. (2024) · Environment and Planning B Urban Analytics and City Science · doi:10.1177/23998083241302570
“…et al., 2022; O ’ Sullivan and Turner, 2001), architecture and urban planning (Koutsolampros et al., 2019; Shen et al., 2019; Snopkov´a et al., 2023; Turner et al., 2001; Xiang et al., 2021), security (De Filippi et al., 2020; Nubani and Wineman, 2022; Rahimbakhsh et al., 2022), and sensor…”
Percepción de inseguridad y visibilidad en Ciudad Universitaria
Chao, C. G. O., Flores, A. P., & del Valle, N. S. S. (2024) · Academia XXII · doi:10.22201/fa.2007252xp.2024.15.30.90225
A spatial–functional analysis methodology of ultra‐thin free‐form shells
Vazquez, V., Tomé, A., & Vizotto, I. (2024) · Structural Concrete · doi:10.1002/suco.202400332
“After testing different layout possibilities, two different configurations with differing numbers of structures were selected for analysis using axial maps, VGA, and isovists.”
InfluentialYao, Y., Kumar, A., Mazzarello, M., et al. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04768-1
“Isovist analysis, mainly utilized in architectural and built environment research, represents all visible points from a given location in space, offering insights into how individuals might perceive and navigate architectural spaces (Benedikt, 1979; Turner et al., 2001).”
Aplicabilidade da sintaxe espacial à análise de jogabilidade em Counter-Strike
Simões, M. B., Castro, A. A. B. D. C., & Filho, M. N. M. B. (2025) · Revista FAMECOS · doi:10.15448/1980-3729.2025.1.46957
Experiential space analysis: scoring tranquil, social, and explorative places in habitable buildings
Goldstein, R., Shahmansouri, N., Mogk, J. P. M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2025.1530431
Reyes-Schade, E., Marques, S. C. M., Imam, A., et al. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17135880
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Graph approach for Gibson’s ecological optics with dynamics of network motifs
Lee, G.-B., & Lee, J. (2025) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2025.103865
How to generate a museum floor plan: LoRA for diffusion models, or GANs?
Zhou, L., Song, Z., & Lu, S. (2025) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2025.08.017
Bosch, S. J., MohammadiGorji, S., Rittenbacher, D., Platt, L. S., Valipoor, S., Nubani, L., & Mahmoudi, A. (2025) · Architectural Engineering and Design Management · doi:10.1080/17452007.2025.2573990 · Cited by 1
Data from the Casa di Octavius Quartio
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.005.0004
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.003.0010
Data from the Casa di Amorini Dorati
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.005.0003
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.002.0005
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.003.0006
Style and Assemblage in Roman Archaeology
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.001.0001
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.003.0009
List of Aegyptiaca Found in Pompeian Houses
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.005.0001
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.002.0004
Additional Tables from Part II
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.005.0002
How Things Become Egyptian: Colonizing a Style
Mol, E. M. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198912835.003.0002
Metadata
- Authors
- Turner, A., Doxa, M., O'Sullivan, D., & Penn, A.
- Affiliations
- VR Centre for the Built Environment
- Bartlett School of Graduate Studies
- Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Turner, Alasdair
- Doxa, Maria
- Penn, Alan
- ORCID
- Penn, Alan
- Venue
- Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 103-121
- ISSN
- 0265-8135 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-3417
- OpenAlex
- W2092291476
- Cited by
- 969
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 68 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 60.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Locations
- Environment and Planning B Planning and Design (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Design and Spatial Analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Visual Arts and Performing Arts › Architecture and Art History Studies
- Keywords
- isovists, viewshed, visibility graph, architectural space, spatial configuration, graph analysis, accessibility (transport and spatial geography), visibility, wayfinding, spatial perception, movement, space use
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