The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 15 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction
Open accessAbstract
Contents §0. Introduction §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer §2. Classical models of computations 2.1. Boolean schemes and sequences of operations 2.2. Reversible computations §3. Quantum formalism 3.1. Basic notions and notation 3.2. Transformations of mixed states 3.3. Accuracy §4. Quantum models of computations 4.1. Definitions and basic properties 4.2. Construction of various operators from the elements of a basis 4.3. Generalized quantum control and universal schemes §5. Measurement operators §6. Polynomial quantum algorithm for the stabilizer problem §7. Computations with perturbations: the choice of a model §8. Quantum codes (definitions and general properties) 8.1. Basic notions and ideas 8.2. One-to-one codes 8.3. Many-to-one codes §9. Symplectic (additive) codes 9.1. Algebraic preparation 9.2. The basic construction 9.3. Error correction procedure 9.4. Torus codes §10. Error correction in the computation process: general principles 10.1. Definitions and results 10.2. Proofs §11. Error correction: concrete procedures 11.1. The symplecto-classical case 11.2. The case of a complete basis Bibliography
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Claims the paper makes
86 No basis given · 26 Own interpretation · 12 Not checked yet · 5 Own result · 2 Own method
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“We shall see that Q is a complete basis in the approximate sense, see Theorem 4.8 below.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Choice of the basis.
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“The norm of an admissible transformation is always equal to one.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 8 below).
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“Proposition 2.3.We assume that F : Ν ->• B m (N C B n ) is computable in a basis A by means of a Boolean scheme of dimension L. Then F® can be represented in the basis A& = {/® : / G A} by a reversible scheme of dimension 2L + m.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 2.2. Reversible computations.
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“Corollary. C^ is a complete basis for reversible computations.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Corollary. C^ is a complete basis for reversible computations.
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“Proposition 3.6.Let Τ £ T(M,M ® 1) be an admissible transformation such that Try Γ = I M .Then there exists λ G D(J) such that TX = X <g> λ (for any X € L(M)).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > By Lemma 3.2 the non-zero eigenvalues of
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“Any classical operator can be represented in the basis 3? = {1.3,σχ ,@,Λφ}.(This follows from the completeness of the classical reversible basis 31.)It follows that any classical operator can be represented in the basis Q.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 4.2. Construction of various operators from the elements of a basis.
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“If a basis of the subgroup Ρ C Z 2 is known, then it is easy to find an element of the form (τη, -1) G P. Then ( m = g, that is, m is the discrete logarithm of g with base ζ.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The action of the group G on the finite set M and the group operations in G are easy to compute.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The group G in the stabilizer problem is Abelian.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The set M can be identified with a subset of the Boolean cube B^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The function F is available as an oracle or black box that returns F(g,x) for inputs in its domain.
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“The operators 5 and Κ (see (24)) generate a finite group Ε C U(25) of order 192.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 4.2. Construction of various operators from the elements of a basis.
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“Moreover, there exists a rather simple polynomial algorithm for reducing a basis to a unique (for a given subgroup A C Z k ) canonical form.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The action of the group G on the finite set M and the group operations in G are easy to compute.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The group G in the stabilizer problem is Abelian.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The set M can be identified with a subset of the Boolean cube B^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The function F is available as an oracle or black box that returns F(g,x) for inputs in its domain.
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In the paper
“Then the set of operators Η U V~1HV generates the whole group SU(M).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > (29) v2
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
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“Factorizing Ε relative to its centre {( k : k = 0,... , 7}, we obtain the corresponding group of unitary transformations ESp 2 (l) C UT(£) of order 24.8 The group ESp 2 (l) is isomorphic to the group of characteristic rotations of the cube, the Pauli matrices σ χ ,σ ν ,σ Ζ £ L(!B® n ) transforming like the basis unit vectors.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 4.2. Construction of various operators from the elements of a basis.
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“Quantum probability is additive, just as classical probability is.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 3.1. Basic notions and notation.
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“It is clear that any Boolean scheme of dimension L can be transformed into a sequence of cL operations (where c is the largest number of bits acted upon by a basis function).Conversely, any sequence of L operations can be modelled by a Boolean scheme of dimension L.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Λ[6;4,5] -[5] V[3,5;3] V[4;l,2] Λ [3; 3,4] V[2,4;2] V[l,3;l].
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“It is obvious that X),e Q P(p, Vj) + P(p, V±) = 1, where V± is the orthogonal complement of φ^€η V^•.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 3.1. Basic notions and notation.
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In the paper
“The discrete logarithm and decomposition into prime factors can be reduced to this problem.”
- Also stated in: § §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer · plain
“The computational problems of 'factorization' and the 'discrete logarithm' can be reduced to an Abelian problem on the stabilizer.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49]
- Not checked yetcites [11]
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- Also stated in: § §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer · plain
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“1) ΤΓ(ΓΧ) = Tr X for any X e L(W) or {which is equivalent) T*1 M = 1 N ;”
- Also stated in: § 3.2. Transformations of mixed states. · plain
“3) Τ is a positive operator.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 3.2. Transformations of mixed states.
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- Also stated in: § 3.2. Transformations of mixed states. · plain
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“First, any mixed state ρ £ D(N) can be represented as”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 3.1. Basic notions and notation.
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“It follows that St_F(a) is isomorphic to Z k and has a basis {51,... ,#&} of polynomial dimension, that is, ]Cj = i size(gj-) ^ poly(n + k).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer
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- The authors state this as an assumption: The action of the group G on the finite set M and the group operations in G are easy to compute.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The group G in the stabilizer problem is Abelian.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The set M can be identified with a subset of the Boolean cube B^n.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The function F is available as an oracle or black box that returns F(g,x) for inputs in its domain.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The basis Q' generates a set of operators closed under the transformation U >-¥ A(U) (and also under U i-> U~1).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > (29) v2
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“Unfortunately, Λ(5) can only be represented approximately, which gives rise to some technical inconvenience.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > {|°^ * a = ° (28)
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In the paper
“These operators commute with one another and have eigenvalues |(1 ± %/-15), which are not roots of 1.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > (29) v2
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“The canonical generators are unitary, they belong to the gradation spaces, and have the following properties:”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.1. Algebraic preparation.
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“The information operators are defined to within multiplication by a verification operator.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.1. Algebraic preparation.
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“Besides, each element of Q' can be represented in the basis Q.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > (29) v2
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In the paper
“A symplectic code can be completely characterized by specifying the verification operators Χχ,... ,X S and information operators Υ Ί & = (U • £/t)a T [s + k]”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.1. Algebraic preparation.
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“Corollary.The operator Λ(Τί) {see Example 4.10) can be represented with accuracyfoot_10 Ο(δ) by a scheme of dimension poly(log(l/(5)) in the basis Q.This scheme can be constructed algorithmically in time poly(log(l/(5)).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > U L :
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“(Warning: the operator @ copies each basis state appearing in the quantum superposition, rather than the superposition as a whole!)”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Modelling of classical probability. (Compare with Example 3.3.)
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“It is not hard to show that ESp 2 (n) is generated by the unitary operators S, Κ and ©, which can be applied to different qbits.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.1. Algebraic preparation.
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“The operators σ {αχ βχ,... ,α η β η ) = σ αι β 1 (&-• -®σ αη β η form the standard basis in L(S !8ln ).Each of them is both unitary and Hermitian.Their eigenvalues are equal to ±1.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.1. Algebraic preparation.
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“It follows that GL 2 (n) g ESp 2 (n).The group GL 2 (n) is generated by the operator ©, which can be applied to various qbits.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.1. Algebraic preparation.
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“It is obvious that w(/i,/j) = 0 (i,j = 1,2,3,4).linearly independent, so E(A, 2) U F + = {0}.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.1. Algebraic preparation.
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“If t is a unitary transformation, then the condition of (2, 2Γ, Testability can be replaced by (2, Γ, Testability.For classical schemes it suffices to require (Ι,Γ, Testability.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Remark.
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“Theorem 4 . 8 . Any unitary matrix U £ U(!B® n ) can be represented with arbitrary accuracy δ > 0 by a quantum scheme of dimension exp(O(n)) poly(log(l/i)) in the basis Q'.This scheme can be constructed algorithmically in time exp(O(n))poly(log(l/i)).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > QB[0] (S-S)[0] R<-[0;A O } T'[A 0 , A U A 2 ,A 3 ] {\ξ)(ξ\)[Αο\.
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In the paper
“Error correction, that is, the computation of v, can be reduced to finding the smallest 1-chain given its boundary.In turn, this problem can be reduced to the problem of least weight matching, for which a polynomial algorithm is known [55].”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.4.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55]
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“It follows that 2s old errors (which existed prior to applying the procedure Σ) in the code qbits will be corrected and only 0(1) ^ β' new ones will appear.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 11.1. The symplecto-classical case.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: In the symplecto-classical case, all classical elements in the basis SC are accurate.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The classical scheme Σ10 is absolutely reliable.
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In the paper
“Suppose that two errors occur as the scheme Σ is run.We can always find an i such that the subschemes Σί,Σ( + ι,Σ; + 2 work correctly.It follows that hi = hi + i = hi+2-”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 11.1. The symplecto-classical case.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: In the symplecto-classical case, all classical elements in the basis SC are accurate.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The classical scheme Σ10 is absolutely reliable.
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In the paper
“To represent the transformation Λ in the code REP(n, 1) (η ^ 5) it suffices to perform the operation Λ for each pair of code bits, after correcting any possible errors in the input (see Fig. 2b).If a new error occurs (in one of the subschemes R. n or one of the elements Λ), then no more than one output bit will be corrupted.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Additional information
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In the paper
“It follows that if the state |i7 + ) is prepared in the second qbit, then W acts on the first qbit in the same way as Κ.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Stable realization of the operator K.
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In the paper
“It is easily seen that U • U^ is a symplectic transformation.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Ρ(\ξ,ξ,Ο(ξ,ξ,ξ\) = \{\Φ + )(Φ+\,ο) + i(|V->W-l,i),
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In the paper
“This situation can be rectified using the identity A C (A C (U))[1,2,A}=A C (U)[3,A}A{3;1,2).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Stable realization of the operator K.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Let D o be the identity code and let D r+l = C <v D r (r = 0,1,...).(The codes D r are called cascade codes.)In the basis A we shall construct schemes Φ ίΓ (t £ .A) with the following property: any transformation Τ e Trans(* ir ,(5) represents t in the code D r with accuracy e r = co^l 2 ^, where c = const.Moreover, we require that any Τ £ Trans($/ r ,<5) should represent / in D in the strong”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Remark.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The identity transformation i^ will be realized by a (2, 2F,F')-stable scheme Σ.All the remaining elements of the basis will be realized in a (2, Γ', Testable way.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 11.1. The symplecto-classical case.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the symplecto-classical case, all classical elements in the basis SC are accurate.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is easy to verify that the transformations Υ α β Ί • Υ&β Ί are symplectic, so they can be realized in a stable way.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Additional information
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless (this is a key point in the whole construction!), the depth of the scheme Σ9 ο • • • ο Σι is bounded because TOR(fc) are codes with local verification.Consequently, each of the two possible errors can corrupt only 0(1) qbits.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 11.1. The symplecto-classical case.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: In the symplecto-classical case, all classical elements in the basis SC are accurate.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The classical scheme Σ10 is absolutely reliable.
In the paper
“He proved that a computation of length L can be carried out if the accuracy of each operation is (logL)~c (c = const).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §0. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a quantum state cannot be copied”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §0. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since any finitely-generated Abelian group is a factor group Z fc , we can assume without loss of generality that G = Z*.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The group G in the stabilizer problem is Abelian.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, there is a one-to-one correspondence between combined spaces and finite-dimensional C*-algebras.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 3.1. Basic notions and notation.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The less general case G = (Z p )* was studied by Grigoriev in [14], where he constructed an algorithm that is polynomial in k and ρ (but not in logp).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §1. Abelian problem on the stabilizer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The group G in the stabilizer problem is Abelian.
In the paper
“In 1994 Shor designed polynomial quantum algorithms for the discrete logarithm and the decomposition of integers into prime factors [11].”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §0. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both problems are regarded as difficult.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §0. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“In the literal sense this is impossible.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §7. Computations with perturbations: the choice of a model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Symplectic codes were first defined in [29].Quasilinear codes were considered (in slightly different terms) by Steane [20], and Shor and Calderbank [19].”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 9.1. Algebraic preparation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29]
- Not checked yetcites Steane [20]
- Not checked yetcites Shor and Calderbank [19]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear that the computation of Sti'(o) is polynomially equivalent to that of H.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §6. Polynomial quantum algorithm for the stabilizer problem
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Theorem 8.3.Let 5H C Τ(Ή, Ή') be a set of completely positive transformations.We define the minimal space of operators £ C L(N, N') such that 91 C £ • £*.The following conditions are equivalent:”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 8.2. One-to-one codes.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The group Η is generated by sufficiently many random elements (see below).”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > §6. Polynomial quantum algorithm for the stabilizer problem
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the problem concerning the transmission of information (or a quantum state) many-to-one codes provide no advantage as compared to one-to-one codes.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 8.2. One-to-one codes.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The construction described is due to Shor [43].”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 11.2. The case of a complete basis.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shor [43]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The only way around this difficulty is to supply the input information in an encoded form.The output information should also be encoded using a many-to-one code.(The ambiguity includes errors arising at the last step.)Finally, it is natural to encode bitwise all the intermediate results obtained as the accurate scheme is run.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > 10.1. Definitions and results.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, if R is realized in an unstable way, the error involved in it can only corrupt the classical bit 2, but not the quantum bit 1 (represented in the code C).Thus we must repeat the measurement five times and take the MAJ function of the five results.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Stable realization of the operator K.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scheme (64) is almost stable: two errors can corrupt only the classical bit 0. Therefore, the measurement is to be repeated five times, followed by taking the MAJ function.”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > QB[0] (S-S)[0] R<-[0;A O } T'[A 0 , A U A 2 ,A 3 ] {\ξ)(ξ\)[Αο\.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(This is always enough, since we assume that no more than two errors can occur.)”
§ Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction > Stable realization of the state |0).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: No more than two errors can occur.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The action of the group G on the finite set M and the group operations in G are easy to compute.
“We assume that this action and the group operations in G are easy to compute.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The group G in the stabilizer problem is Abelian.
“We shall assume instead that G is an Abelian group.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The set M can be identified with a subset of the Boolean cube B^n.
“we shall assume that Μ is identified with a subset of the Boolean cube”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The function F is available as an oracle or black box that returns F(g,x) for inputs in its domain.
“The function F is to be regarded as an oracle, that is, a 'black box' which receives an input word”
The paper relies on this without support.
In real-world conditions, qubits are subject to perturbations even when no operation is performed on them.
“Under real-life conditions qbits will be subject to perturbations even if nothing is done to them.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In sensible applications, the function F can be computed in polynomial time.
“In all sensible applications (see the examples below) F can be computed in polynomial time.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Operators acting on a small number of quantum bits can be physically realized.
“It is possible to realize such operators physically if η is small.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Errors at different steps are statistically independent because the environment is renewed each step.
“Assuming that the environment is renewed at each step, we can exclude it from consideration and use the language of transformations of density operators (see §3.2). (This assumption means that errors at different steps are statistically independent.)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Perturbations leave classical bits in classical states.
“Nevertheless, it is natural to assume that the perturbation leaves the classical bits in a classical state.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The accuracy constant δ is small enough and does not depend on the specific layered scheme.
“The accuracy constant δ will be assumed to be sufficiently small, but independent of the concrete layered scheme.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The quantum computer operates with mixed states, and unperturbed elementary transformations need not be of the form U·U†.
“It proves convenient to assume from the very beginning that the quantum computer works with mixed states, and even that unperturbed elementary transformations do not necessarily have the form U • t/t.Such computations are called mixed.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the simplified quantum code problem, a perturbation occurs at only one step.
“Suppose that a perturbation acts at a single step only.Arbitrary transformations, namely, coding and decoding, are allowed before and after this step.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The quantum channel belongs to a class where the transformation is a tensor product of single-qubit admissible transformations, each within δ of the identity.
“We shall consider the following class of channels: Ν = DM' = T> n , Τ = Τι®• • •®Γ η , where Tj are admissible transformations with a single qbit”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There exists a T in the error set such that ||T - f|| < ε.
“We assume that there is a T £ 9t such that”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the derived code setting, Ή'=3Γ and £ contains 3j.
“As a rule, we shall assume that”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In the symplecto-classical case, all classical elements in the basis SC are accurate.
“Now we shall assume that all the classical elements in the basis SC are accurate.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The classical scheme Σ10 is absolutely reliable.
“the classical scheme Σ10 is assumed to be absolutely reliable.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Until concrete examples are reached, all bits are assumed to be quantum bits.
“Until we arrive at concrete examples we shall assume that all bits are quantum ones.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
No more than two errors can occur.
“(This is always enough, since we assume that no more than two errors can occur.)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The first step, construction of schemes similar to R_n, has already been made.
“(It is assumed that the first step, namely, the construction of schemes similar to R n , has already been made.)”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All spaces considered are unitary.
“For simplicity we shall assume that all the spaces considered are unitary.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The idea is based on a theorem by Schumacher and Nielsen[61] which asserts that a quantum state can be corrected only if no information about the state has leaked to the environment through the noise process.”
From Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation with Constant Error Rate (2008) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“More precisely, if the reduced density matrix on any t qubits does not depend on the logical qubit, then there exists a unitary operation which recovers the original state even if the environment interacted with t qubits, i.e. t errors occurred.”
From Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation with Constant Error Rate (2008) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“If the EPG is smaller than a threshold, then scalable quantum computing is possible. 5-8”
From Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices (2005) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Estimated thresholds vary from below 10 -6 [5-8] to 3 × 10 -3 [9], with 10 -4 [10] often quoted as the EPG to be achieved in experimental quantum computing.”
From Quantum computing with realistically noisy devices (2005) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
Cites
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Scheme for reducing decoherence in quantum computer memory
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Elementary gates for quantum computation
Barenco, A., Bennett, C. H., Cleve, R., DiVincenzo, D. P., Margolus, N., Shor, P., Sleator, T., Smolin, J. A., & Weinfurter, H. (1995) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.52.3457 · Cited by 4,311
Logical Reversibility of Computation
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Purification of Noisy Entanglement and Faithful Teleportation via Noisy Channels
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Research works printed but not linked: 6
- D. Grigoriev, "Testing shift equivalence of polynomials using quantum mechanics", Preprint, 1995.
- Β. Β. Plenio, V. Vedral, and P. L. Knight, "Optimal realistic quantum error correcting code", LANL e-print quant-ph/9603022, http://xxx.lanl.gov. · arXiv
- C. H. Bennett, D. P. DiVincenzo, J. A. Smolin, and W. K. Wootters, "Mixed state entanglement and quantum error-correcting codes", LANL e-print quant-ph/9604024, http://xxx.lanl.gov. · arXiv
- A. S. Kholevo, "Some estimates for the amount of information transmittable by a quantum communication channel", Problemy Peredachi Informatsii 9:3 (1973), 3-11; English transl. in Problems of Information Transmission 9 (1973).
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Fault-Tolerant Gates on Hypergraph Product Codes
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State Preparation on Quantum Computers via Quantum Steering
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Protected quantum-state transfer in decoherence-free subspaces
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Topological quantum error correction with optimal encoding rate
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Algebraic and Logical Methods in Quantum ComputationPreprint
Ross, N. J. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.4230/lipics.fscd.2018.3 · Cited by 40
Level Reduction and the Quantum Threshold TheoremPreprint
Aliferis, P. (2007) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0703230 · Cited by 50
Energy-Consumption Advantage of Quantum Computation
Meier, F., & Yamasaki, H. (2025) · PRX Energy · doi:10.1103/prxenergy.4.023008 · Cited by 57
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Computing stabilized norms for quantum operations
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Dahlsten, O., Lupo, C., Mancini, S., & Serafini, A. (2014) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/47/36/363001 · Cited by 42
Efficient simulation of sparse Markovian quantum dynamics
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Experimental quantum reading with photon counting
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Operational Quantification of Continuous-Variable Quantum Resources
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The trapped-ion qubit tool box
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Quantifying Nonlocality: How Outperforming Local Quantum Codes Is Expensive
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Optimized Quantum Phase Estimation for Simulating Electronic States in Various Energy Regimes
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A practitioner’s guide to quantum algorithms for optimisation problems
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Experimental Demonstration of a Cheap and Accurate Phase Estimation
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Lineal: A linear-algebraic Lambda-calculus
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Strictly contractive quantum channels and physically realizable quantum computers
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Universal quantum computation on the power of quantum non-demolition measurements
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Exploring noiseless subsystems via nuclear magnetic resonance
Fortunato, E. M., Viola, L., Pravia, M. A., Knill, E. H., Laflamme, R., Havel, T. F., & Cory, D. G. (2003) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.67.062303 · Cited by 39
Decoherence, Control, and Symmetry in Quantum ComputersPreprint
Bacon, D. (2003) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0305025 · Cited by 55
Quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithms for feature subset selection: a comprehensive survey
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Measurement-Free Topological Protection Using Dissipative Feedback
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Operational Characterization of Divisibility of Dynamical Maps
Bae, J., & Chruściński, D. (2016) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.117.050403 · Cited by 36
Comparing Zeeman qubits to hyperfine qubits in the context of the surface code: Yb+174 and Yb+171
Brown, N. C., & Brown, K. R. (2018) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.97.052301 · Cited by 40
Radon–Nikodym derivatives of quantum operations
Raginsky, M. (2003) · Journal of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1615697 · Cited by 36
A Survey of Lower Bounds for Satisfiability and Related Problems
van Melkebeek, D. (2006) · now publishers, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1561/9781601980854 · Cited by 36
Resource theory of entanglement for bipartite quantum channelsPreprint
Bäuml, S., Das, S., Wang, X., & Wilde, M. M. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.19234.17603 · Cited by 48
Weak Decoupling Duality and Quantum Identification
Hayden, P., & Winter, A. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.2012.2191695 · Cited by 36
Quantum Error Correction For Dummies
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State preparation by shallow circuits using feed forward
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On Quantum Effects in a Theory of Biological Evolution
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Framework for resource quantification in infinite-dimensional general probabilistic theories
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Framework for classifying logical operators in stabilizer codes
Yoshida, B., & Chuang, I. L. (2010) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.81.052302 · Cited by 35
Changing topology by topological defects in three-dimensional topologically ordered phases
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A small quantum computer is needed to optimize fault-tolerant protocols
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Schmid, L., Locher, D. F., Rispler, M., Blatt, S., Zeiher, J., Müller, M., & Wille, R. (2024) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ad33ac · Cited by 43
Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
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Davaasuren, A., Suzuki, Y., Fujii, K., & Koashi, M. (2020) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.2.033399 · Cited by 39
Becker, S., Datta, N., Lami, L., & Rouzé, C. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.190504 · Cited by 43
Quantum circuit design methodology for multiple linear regression
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Random Stimuli Generation for the Verification of Quantum Circuits
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Optimal Universal Programming of Unitary Gates
Yang, Y., Renner, R., & Chiribella, G. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.210501 · Cited by 53
T-count and T-depth of any multi-qubit unitary
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Suppression of decoherence and disentanglement by the exchange interaction
De, A., Lang, A., Zhou, D., & Joynt, R. (2011) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.83.042331 · Cited by 34
Error Sensitivity to Environmental Noise in Quantum Circuits for Chemical State Preparation
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Quantum Strategies and Local OperationsPreprint
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Degeneracy and Its Impact on the Decoding of Sparse Quantum Codes
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Connectivity constrains quantum codes
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Quantum codes, CFTs, and defects
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Distinguishing quantum operations having few Kraus operators
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Quantum hardware of living matter
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Achieving minimum-error discrimination of an arbitrary set of laser-light pulses
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Phase transition in stabilizer entropy and efficient purity estimation
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Experimental Quantification of Coherence of a Tunable Quantum Detector
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An application of quantum finite automata to interactive proof systems
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Error-detection-based quantum fault tolerance against discrete Pauli noisePreprint
Reichardt, B. W. (2006) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.quant-ph/0612004 · Cited by 34
Quantum AlgorithmsPreprint
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A Polynomial-Time Classical Algorithm for Noisy Quantum Circuits
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Bisimulation for Quantum Processes
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Guaranteed recovery of quantum processes from few measurements
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Quantum computers: Definition and implementations
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Vasmer, M., & Kubica, A. (2022) · PRX Quantum · doi:10.1103/prxquantum.3.030319 · Cited by 39
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Quantum Nonreciprocal Interactions via Dissipative Gauge Symmetry
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MATHEMATICAL ASPECTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS THEORY
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kitaev, A. Y.
- Corresponding author
- Kitaev, A Yu
- ORCID
- Kitaev, A Yu
- Venue
- Russian Mathematical Surveys
- Publisher
- Steklov Mathematical Institute
- Published
- 1997-12-31
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1191-1249
- ISSN
- 0036-0279 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-4829
- OpenAlex
- W2159566537
- Semantic Scholar
- de6bbbce317c9510cd0e624b7c8d66eff5bf8977
- Cited by
- 1,424
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 89 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 34
- FWCI
- 16.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Russian Mathematical Surveys (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics › Coding theory and cryptography
- Keywords
- quantum computing, quantum algorithms, quantum error correction, quantum error-correcting codes, measurement operators, reversible computation, quantum control, mixed states
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