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Sister grouping of chimpanzees and humans as revealed by genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of brain gene expression profiles.
Open accessAbstract
Gene expression profiles from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, and macaque samples provide clues about genetic regulatory changes in human and other catarrhine primate brains. The ACC, a cerebral neocortical region, has human-specific histological features. Physiologically, an individual's ACC displays increased activity during that individual's performance of cognitive tasks. Of approximately 45,000 probe sets on microarray chips representing transcripts of all or most human genes, approximately 16,000 were commonly detected in human ACC samples and comparable numbers, 14,000-15,000, in gorilla and chimpanzee ACC samples. Phylogenetic results obtained from gene expression profiles contradict the traditional expectation that the non-human African apes (i.e., chimpanzee and gorilla) should be more like each other than either should be like humans. Instead, the chimpanzee ACC profiles are more like the human than like the gorilla; these profiles demonstrate that chimpanzees are the sister group of humans. Moreover, for those unambiguous expression changes mapping to important biological processes and molecular functions that statistically are significantly represented in the data, the chimpanzee clade shows at least as much apparent regulatory evolution as does the human clade. Among important changes in the ancestry of both humans and chimpanzees, but to a greater extent in humans, are the up-regulated expression profiles of aerobic energy metabolism genes and neuronal function-related genes, suggesting that increased neuronal activity required increased supplies of energy.
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“This scenario reconciles human brain metabolism with comparative genetic analyses that show that genes related to cell metabolism are among those that exhibit the larger changes in human evolution [9], [10], with evidence of evolutionary pressure for high rates of aerobic energy consumption [52].”
From Scaling of Brain Metabolism with a Fixed Energy Budget per Neuron: Implications for Neuronal Activity, Plasticity and Evolution (2011) · cites this paper as [10]
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“recent microarray studies have shown that genes involved in neuronal signaling and energy production are up-regulated in the human neocortex compared with chimpanzees and other great apes (4, 5).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Comparative microarray experiments have also revealed up-regulation of genes in the human neocortex related to energy metabolism (4, 5).”
From Evolution of increased glia–neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex (2006) · cites this paper as [4]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Uddin, M., Wildman, D. E., Liu, G., Xu, W., Johnson, R. M., Hof, P. R., Kapatos, G., Grossman, L. I., & Goodman, M.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2004-02-19
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2957-2962
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC365727
- OpenAlex
- W2044621597
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 37.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0118696, 0318375)
- Wayne State University
- National Institutes of Health
- University of California, Davis
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 65580, R24GM065580)
- California National Primate Research Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Keywords
- chimpanzees, human, sister group relationships, anterior cingulate cortex, gene expression profiles, brain evolution, catarrhine primates, gorillas, macaque, regulatory evolution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Brain, Pan troglodytes, Chromosome Mapping, Humans, Phylogeny, Primates, Hominidae, Genome, Human, Genome, Evolution, Molecular, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Expression Profiling
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