Dynamics of sleep–wake cyclicity in developing rats
Open accessAbstract
Adult mammals cycle between periods of sleep and wakefulness. Recent assessments of these cycles in humans and other mammals indicate that sleep bout durations exhibit an exponential distribution, whereas wake bout durations exhibit a power-law distribution. Moreover, it was found that wake bout distributions, but not sleep bout distributions, exhibit scale invariance across mammals of different body sizes. Here we test the generalizability of these findings by examining the distributions of sleep and wake bout durations in infant rats between 2 and 21 days of age. In agreement with Lo et al., we find that sleep bout durations exhibit exponential distributions at all ages examined. In contrast, however, wake bout durations also exhibit exponential distributions at the younger ages, with a clear power-law distribution only emerging at the older ages. Further analyses failed to find substantial evidence either of short- or long-term correlations in the data, thus suggesting that the durations of current sleep and wake bouts evolve through time without memory of the durations of preceding bouts. These findings further support the notion that bouts of sleep and wakefulness are regulated independently. Moreover, in light of recent evidence that developmental changes in sleep and wake bouts can be attributed in part to increasing forebrain influences, these findings suggest the possibility of identifying specific neural circuits that modulate the changing complexity of sleep and wake dynamics during development.
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In developing rats, waking bout durations do not switch to the adult, power law distribution until about postnatal day 15.
“and waking bout durations do not switch to the adult, power law distribution until about postnatal day 15 (Blumberg et al., 2005).”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Blumberg et al., 2005
In developing rats, at postnatal day 2, both sleep and waking bout durations distribute in an exponential pattern.
“In studies of developing rats, however, at postnatal day 2, both sleep and waking bout durations distribute in an exponential pattern”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Blumberg et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Blumberg, M. S., Seelke, A. M. H., Lowen, S. B., & Karlsson, K. Æ.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Blumberg, Mark S.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2005-09-28
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 41
- Pages
- 14860-14864
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1253573
- OpenAlex
- W2160093112
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K02MH066424, R01MH050701, MH50701, MH66424, R29MH050701)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep-wake cycle, sleep bout duration, infant rats, power-law distribution, exponential distribution, scale invariance, forebrain development, sleep-wake dynamics, neural circuits
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Male, Models, Theoretical, Sleep, Time Factors, Wakefulness, Rats
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