Extensive and divergent effects of sleep and wakefulness on brain gene expression
Open accessAbstract
Sleep is present in all species where it has been studied, but its functions remain unknown. To investigate what benefits sleep may bring at the cellular level, we profiled gene expression in awake and sleeping rats by using high-density microarrays. We find that approximately 10% of the transcripts in the cerebral cortex change their expression between day and night and demonstrate that half of them are modulated by sleep and wakefulness independent of time of day. We also show that molecular correlates of sleep are found in the cerebellum, a structure not known for generating sleep rhythms. Finally, we show that different functional categories of genes are selectively associated with sleep and wakefulness. The approximately 100 known genes whose expression increases during sleep provide molecular support for the proposed involvement of sleep in protein synthesis and neural plasticity and point to a novel role for sleep in membrane trafficking and maintenance.
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Several studies show an increase in extracellular glutamate concentrations and molecular markers of LTP across wake periods and a decrease after sleep periods, particularly after SWS.
“several studies show an increase in extracellular glutamate concentrations as well as molecular markers of LTP across wake periods and a decrease after sleep periods, particularly after SWS (204,205,207,257,457,607,940,1264)”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [204]
The relationship of LTP during waking to increased production of slow waves in sleep is likely relevant for depression, in that most effective antidepressants increase expression of plasticity-related genes much like sleep deprivation, although on a longer time course.
“The relationship of LTP during waking to increased production of slow waves in sleep is likely relevant for depression, in that most effective antidepressants increase expression of plasticity-related genes (reviewed in Duman, 2002; Payne et al., 2002) much like sleep deprivation (Cirelli et al., 2004), although on a longer time course.”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Cirelli et al., 2004
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Cellular consequences of sleep deprivation in the brain☆
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Sleep Deprivation and the Epigenome
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- Authors
- Cirelli, C., Gutierrez, C. M., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cirelli, Chiara
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 35-43
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2071215075
- Cited by
- 627
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 17.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3485 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, wakefulness, brain gene expression, circadian rhythm, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, neuroplasticity, membrane trafficking
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Circadian Rhythm, Male, Rats, Inbred WKY, RNA, Messenger, Sleep, Wakefulness, Gene Expression, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Rats
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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