The development of day-night differences in sleep and wakefulness in Norway rats and the effect of bilateral enucleation
Open accessAbstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus exhibits circadian rhythmicity in fetal and infant rats, but little is known about the consequences of this rhythmicity for infant behavior. Here, in experiment 1, the authors measured sleep and wakefulness in rats during the day and night in postnatal day (P)2, P8, P15, and P21 subjects. As early as P2, day-night differences in sleep-wake activity were detected. Nocturnal wakefulness began to emerge around P15 and was reliably expressed by P21. The authors hypothesized that the process of photic entrainment over the 1st postnatal week, which depends on the development of connectivity between the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) and the SCN, influences the later emergence of nocturnal wakefulness. To test this hypothesis, in experiment 2 infant rats were enucleated bilaterally at P3 and P11, that is, before and after photic entrainment. Whereas pups enucleated at P11 and tested at P21 exhibited increased wakefulness at night, identical to sham controls, pups enucleated at P3 and tested at P21 exhibited the opposite pattern of increased wakefulness during the day. Pups tested at P28 and P35 exhibited this same pattern of increased daytime wakefulness. All together, these results suggest that prenatal and postnatal experience modulates the development of species-typical circadian sleep-wake patterns. Moreover, the authors suggest that visual system stimulation, via the RHT's connections with the SCN, exerts an organizational influence on the developing circadian system and, consequently, contributes to the emergence of nocturnality in this species.
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Regardless of the time of the lesion, the switch from exponential to power law distribution of waking behavior developed normally.
“However, regardless of the time of the lesion, the switch from exponential to power law distribution of waking behavior developed normally.”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Gall et al., 2008
Norway rats enucleated at postnatal day 3 showed a pattern of increased waking during subjective day when tested at postnatal days 21-35, which is opposite the normal pattern of increased waking during subjective night that typically develops by this time in normal animals, sham operated animals and rats enucleated at postnatal day 11.
“Norway rats enucleated at postnatal day 3 showed a pattern of increased waking during subjective day when tested at postnatal days 21–35, which is opposite the normal pattern of increased waking during subjective night (this species is nocturnal) that typically develops by this time in normal animals, sham operated animals and rats enucleated at postnatal day 11 (Gall et al., 2008).”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Gall et al., 2008
Visual input to the SCN is necessary for normal circadian development.
“However, there is some evidence that suggests that visual input to the SCN is necessary for normal circadian development.”
From Biological rhythms, higher brain function, and behavior: Gaps, opportunities, and challenges (2009) · cites this paper as Gall et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Gall, A. J., Todd, W. D., Ray, B., Coleman, C. M., & Blumberg, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Rhythms
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 232-241
- ISSN
- 0748-7304 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-4531
- PMC
- PMC2706589
- OpenAlex
- W2024663977
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Rhythms (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Hope College Digital Commons (Hope College) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K02MH066424, R01MH050701, MH50701, MH66424, R29MH050701)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- circadian rhythm, sleep-wake patterns, suprachiasmatic nucleus, bilateral enucleation, retinohypothalamic tract, light entrainment, nocturnal activity, postnatal development, visual system, diurnal variation, infant rats, prenatal experience
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electrodes, Electromyography, Female, Male, Sleep, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Wakefulness, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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