The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Defining the primary route for lutein synthesis in plants: The role of Arabidopsis carotenoid β-ring hydroxylase CYP97A3
Abstract
Lutein, a dihydroxy derivative of α-carotene (β,ε-carotene), is the most abundant carotenoid in photosynthetic plant tissues where it plays important roles in light-harvesting complex-II structure and function. The synthesis of lutein from lycopene requires at least four distinct enzymatic reactions: β- and ε-ring cyclizations and hydroxylation of each ring at the C-3 position. Three carotenoid hydroxylases have already been identified in Arabidopsis , two nonheme diiron β-ring monooxygenases (the B1 and B2 loci) that primarily catalyze hydroxylation of the β-ring of β,β-carotenoids and one heme-containing monooxygenase (CYP97C1, the LUT1 locus) that catalyzes hydroxylation of the ε-ring of β,ε-carotenoids. In this study, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis CYP97A3 (the LUT5 locus) encodes a fourth carotenoid hydroxylase with major in vivo activity toward the β-ring of α-carotene (β,ε-carotene) and minor activity on the β-rings of β-carotene (β,β-carotene). A cyp97a3 -null allele, lut5-1 , causes an accumulation of α-carotene at a level equivalent to β-carotene in wild type, which is stably incorporated into photosystems, and a 35% reduction in β-carotene-derived xanthophylls. That lut5-1 still produces 80% of wild-type lutein levels, indicating at least one of the other carotene hydroxylases, can partially compensate for the loss of CYP97A3 activity. From these data, we propose a model for the preferred pathway for lutein synthesis in plants: ring cyclizations to form α-carotene, β-ring hydroxylation of α-carotene by CYP97A3 to produce zeinoxanthin, followed by ε-ring hydroxylation of zeinoxanthin by CYP97C1 to produce lutein.
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Cites
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Self-citationInteractions among enzymes of the Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthetic pathway
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Structure of Human Microsomal Cytochrome P450 2C8
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Cited by
Carotenoid Metabolism in Plants
Nisar, N., Li, L., Lu, S., Khin, N. C., & Pogson, B. J. (2015) · Molecular Plant · doi:10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.007 · Cited by 1,255
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Kaur, N., Alok, A., Shivani, Kumar, P., Kaur, N., Awasthi, P., Chaturvedi, S., Pandey, P., Pandey, A., Pandey, A. K., et al. (2020) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ymben.2020.01.008 · Cited by 258
Metadata
- Authors
- Kim, J., & DellaPenna, D.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2006-02-21
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3474-3479
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W1965041031
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 34
- FWCI
- 4.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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