The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Recent fear is resistant to extinction
Open accessAbstract
In some individuals, fearful experiences (e.g., combat) yield persistent and debilitating psychological disturbances, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early intervention (e.g., debriefing) after psychological trauma is widely practiced and argued to be an effective strategy for limiting subsequent psychopathology, although there has been considerable debate on this point. Here we show in an animal model of traumatic fear that early intervention shortly after an aversive experience yields poor long-term fear reduction. Extinction trials administered minutes after aversive fear conditioning in rats suppressed fear acutely, but fear suppression was not maintained the next day. In contrast, delivering extinction trials 1 day after fear conditioning produced an enduring suppression of fear memory. We further show that the recent experience of an aversive event, not the timing of the extinction intervention per se, inhibits the development of long-term fear extinction. These results reveal that the level of fear present at the time of intervention is a critical factor in the efficacy of extinction. Importantly, our work suggests that early intervention may not yield optimal outcomes in reducing posttraumatic stress, particularly after severe trauma.
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“This finding was not well replicated in rodents [see Ref. (88, 89)] and was only weakly observed in humans [see Ref. (90)].”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [88]
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Myers, K. M., & Davis, M. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001939 · Cited by 1,277
Pape, H.-C., & Pare, D. (2010) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2009 · Cited by 994
“However, it should be mentioned that the effects of extinction timing on recovery effects (renewal, spontaneous recovery, reinstatement) are controversial, with contrasting and even completely opposite results in different studies (68, 271, 328).”
Extinction-Reconsolidation Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories
Monfils, M.-H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E., & LeDoux, J. E. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167975 · Cited by 960
Fear Extinction and Relapse: State of the Art
Vervliet, B., Craske, M. G., & Hermans, D. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185542 · Cited by 671
The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in the Conditioning and Extinction of Fear
Giustino, T. F., & Maren, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00298 · Cited by 519
“In addition, the timing of extinction trials relative to conditioning is also a key factor governing the longterm success of extinction training (Maren and Chang, 2006; Myers et al., 2006; Maren, 2014).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Maren, S., & Chang, C.-H.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- *Department of Psychology and
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2006-11-21
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 47
- Pages
- 18020-18025
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1693865
- OpenAlex
- W1991036243
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH065961)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- fear extinction, post-traumatic stress disorder, fear conditioning, early intervention, debriefing, extinction time, fear memory consolidation, war injuries
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Male, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats
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