Applying Learning Principles to the Treatment of Post‐Trauma Reactions
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be characterized as a failure of recovery caused, in part, by a failure of fear extinction after trauma. By studying the process of extinction, we can be informed regarding the etiology and maintenance of PTSD. The normal response to trauma in humans includes a set of predictable reactions including reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal that typically extinguish in the days and weeks after the trauma. In the majority of people exposed to trauma, these responses extinguish over time. However, in a substantial minority, extinction fails and these persisting responses become the symptoms of PTSD. Therefore, one of our fundamental hypotheses is that PTSD is a disorder caused in part by the failure of extinction of predictable posttraumatic physiological and psychological reactions. The most empirically validated treatments for PTSD involve exposure of the patient to trauma-related cues in the absence of danger that then lead to the extinction of these reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms. There is also mounting evidence that individuals with PTSD are more resistant to extinction. Regarding early interventions with traumatized individuals, there is mounting evidence that some early one-time interventions actually may impede extinction, whereas interventions delivered in more than one session, at least several weeks after the trauma, to individuals continuing to experience above average reactions, generally are effective in…
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Fear extinction is critical to the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders such as phobias and PTSD, which are characterized by an inappropriate fear response to a cue that is no longer dangerous.
“This process is critical to the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders such as phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which are characterized by an inappropriate fear response to a cue that is no longer dangerous (Rothbaum and Davis, 2003).”
From The impact of developmental timing for stress and recovery (2015) · cites this paper as Rothbaum and Davis, 2003
Effective fear extinction is the foundation of PE treatment.
“effective fear extinction is the foundation of PE treatment (Foa and Kozak, 1986; Rothbaum and Davis, 2003; Smith et al., 2017).”
From Augmenting Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD with intranasal oxytocin: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Rothbaum and Davis, 2003
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- Authors
- ROTHBAUM, B. O., & DAVIS, M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- ROTHBAUM, BARBARA OLASOV
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 1008
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 112-121
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W1997211693
- Cited by
- 454
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, fear extinction, re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, early intervention, PTSD prevention, intervention timing, risk level, learning principles
- MeSH terms
- Arousal, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Humans, Learning, Psychotherapy, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Treatment Failure
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