Mouse and human phenotypes indicate a critical conserved role for ERK2 signaling in neural crest development
Open accessAbstract
Disrupted ERK1/2 (MAPK3/MAPK1) MAPK signaling has been associated with several developmental syndromes in humans; however, mutations in ERK1 or ERK2 have not been described. We demonstrate haplo-insufficient ERK2 expression in patients with a novel approximately 1 Mb micro-deletion in distal 22q11.2, a region that includes ERK2. These patients exhibit conotruncal and craniofacial anomalies that arise from perturbation of neural crest development and exhibit defects comparable to the DiGeorge syndrome spectrum. Remarkably, these defects are replicated in mice by conditional inactivation of ERK2 in the developing neural crest. Inactivation of upstream elements of the ERK cascade (B-Raf and C-Raf, MEK1 and MEK2) or a downstream effector, the transcription factor serum response factor resulted in analogous developmental defects. Our findings demonstrate that mammalian neural crest development is critically dependent on a RAF/MEK/ERK/serum response factor signaling pathway and suggest that the craniofacial and cardiac outflow tract defects observed in patients with a distal 22q11.2 micro-deletion are explained by deficiencies in neural crest autonomous ERK2 signaling.
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BRAF is upstream of ERK2, which plays a critical role in neural crest development and regulates neuronal gene expression in both the neocortex and hippocampus.
“BRAF is upstream of ERK2, which plays a critical role in neural crest development [71] and regulates neuronal gene expression in both the neocortex and hippocampus [69].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [71]
Both BRAF and ERK2 inactivation can bring about syndromic symptoms by disrupting neural crest development.
“Both BRAF and ERK2 inactivation can bring about syndromic symptoms by disrupting neural crest development [71].”
From Self-domestication in Homo sapiens: Insights from comparative genomics (2017) · cites this paper as [71]
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- Authors
- Newbern, J., Zhong, J., Wickramasinghe, R. S., Li, X., Wu, Y., Samuels, I., Cherosky, N., Karlo, J. C., O'Loughlin, B., Wikenheiser, J., Gargesha, M., Doughman, Y. Q., Charron, J., Ginty, D. D., Watanabe, M., Saitta, S. C., Snider, W. D., & Landreth, G. E.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Hôtel-Dieu de Québec (CA)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2008-11-04
- Volume
- 105
- Issue
- 44
- Pages
- 17115-17120
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2579387
- OpenAlex
- W2146153583
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institutes of Health (NS031768, NS34814)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL080637, P50HL074731, HL074731, R21HL080637)
- National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH074241)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-031768, R01NS031768, F32NS061591, NS 34814, R01NS034814, R37NS034814)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Congenital heart defects research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Craniofacial Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- ERK2 signaling, neural crest development, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, conotruncal anomalies, craniofacial anomalies, Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, serum response factor, BRAF, Raf-1, MEK1, MEK2, haploinsufficiency, conditional gene inactivation, mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22, Embryo, Mammalian, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Mice, Transgenic, Neural Crest, Phenotype, Thymus Gland, Thyroid Gland, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mice
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