The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet.
Catechol O -methyltransferase val 158 -met genotype and individual variation in the brain response to amphetamine
Open accessAbstract
Monamines subserve many critical roles in the brain, and monoaminergic drugs such as amphetamine have a long history in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and also as a substance of abuse. The clinical effects of amphetamine are quite variable, from positive effects on mood and cognition in some individuals, to negative responses in others, perhaps related to individual variations in monaminergic function and monoamine system genes. We explored the effect of a functional polymorphism ( val 158 -met ) in the catechol O -methyltransferase gene, which has been shown to modulate prefrontal dopamine in animals and prefrontal cortical function in humans, on the modulatory actions of amphetamine on the prefrontal cortex. Amphetamine enhanced the efficiency of prefrontal cortex function assayed with functional MRI during a working memory task in subjects with the high enzyme activity val / val genotype, who presumably have relatively less prefrontal synaptic dopamine, at all levels of task difficulty. In contrast, in subjects with the low activity met / met genotype who tend to have superior baseline prefrontal function, the drug had no effect on cortical efficiency at low-to-moderate working memory load and caused deterioration at high working memory load. These data illustrate an application of functional neuroimaging in pharmacogenomics and extend basic evidence of an inverted-“U” functional-response curve to increasing dopamine signaling in the prefrontal cortex. Further, individuals with the met / met catechol O -methyltransferase genotype appear to be at increased risk for an adverse response to amphetamine.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Studies have shown that WM performance in psychotic and healthy subjects rely on dopamine levels within the PFC (Dumontheil et al., 2011; Mattay et al., 2003; Okubo et al., 1997).”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Mattay et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some human participants who had lower baseline dopamine levels (due to Val/Val allele in COMT gene), showed improved WM performance after dexamphetamine administration, while others who had a higher dopamine level (met/met allele subjects) showed the opposite effect”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Mattay et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“For example, methionine substitutions in COMT increase the stress response in mice75 and make humans more susceptible to cognitive impairment following stress and psychostimulant medication74.”
From Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function (2009) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the methionine substitution in the COMT protein that results from one of the COMT polymorphisms reduces the ability of COMT to catabolize dopamine and increases vulnerability to stress- or stimulant-induced working memory impairments in human subjects74 and in mice75.”
From Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function (2009) · cites this paper as [74]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal
Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., & Oeltermann, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35084005 · Cited by 6,551
Effect of COMT Val 108/158 Met genotype on frontal lobe function and risk for schizophrenia
Egan, M. F., Goldberg, T. E., Kolachana, B. S., Callicott, J. H., Mazzanti, C. M., Straub, R. E., Goldman, D. A., & Weinberger, D. R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.111134598 · Cited by 2,416
Self-citationModulation of memory fields by dopamine Dl receptors in prefrontal cortex
Williams, G. V., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/376572a0 · Cited by 1,593
Allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and the 5' nuclease assay.
Livak, K. (1999) · Genetic Analysis, Techniques and Applications (GATA) · doi:10.1016/s1050-3862(98)00019-9 · Cited by 1,352
A circuitry model of the expression of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine-like psychostimulants
Pierce, R. C., & Kalivas, P. W. (1997) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00021-0 · Cited by 1,239
Männistö, P. T., & Kaakkola, S. (1999) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0031-6997(24)01423-6 · Cited by 1,068
Volkow, N. D., Chang, L., Wang, G.-J., Fowler, J. S., Ding, Y.-S., Sedler, M., Logan, J., Franceschi, D., Gatley, J., Hitzemann, R., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2015 · Cited by 916
Gogos, J. A., Morgan, M., Luine, V., Santha, M., Ogawa, S., Pfaff, D., & Karayiorgou, M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9991 · Cited by 864
Allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and the 5' nuclease assay
Foitzi, T. (1999) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 783
Callicott, J. H. (1999) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/9.1.20 · Cited by 771
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- P Mannisto, S Kaakkola Pharmacol Rev 51, 593–628 (1999).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–893 of 893
Amphetamine, psychosis, and cognition in the schizophrenia spectrum
Mitropoulou, V., Harvey, P. D., Iskander, E. G., New, A. S., Silverman, J. M., & Siever, L. J. (2005) · Current Psychosis & Therapeutics Reports · doi:10.1007/bf02629451 · Cited by 1
Philosophy of psychopharmacology : a naturalist approach
Stein, D. J. (2008) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 1
Noninvasive brain imaging for experimental medicine in drug discovery
Matthews, P. M., & Wise, R. G. (2006) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1517/17460441.1.2.111 · Cited by 1
Working Memory, Catecholamines and Psychosis: Illustrative Case
Lévy, F. (2007) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670601050499 · Cited by 1
What can psychological treatments say about causes in schizophrenia?
Lewis, S. W., & Drake, R. (2004) · Steinkopff eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7985-1953-4_27 · Cited by 1
Personalized Management of Neurological Disorders
Jain, K. K. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0769-1_11 · Cited by 1
Short-Term and Working Memory in Humans
Cools, R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_183-3 · Cited by 1
Chapter 3. Genetics and Epigenetics
Keverne, J., Czamara, D., & Binder, E. B. (2024) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615375523.as03 · Cited by 1
Effects of stimulant medication on neuropsychological functioning in college students without ADHD.
Vasko, J. M., Looby, A., Serrano, J. W., Abu-Ramadan, T. M., Miller, E. A., McGee, N., Smith, D. T., & Hartung, C. M. (2026) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000853
Heinz, A., & Puls, I. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374620-7.00017-0
Functional Neuroimaging in Social Anxiety Disorder
Warwick, J., Stein, D. J., & Carey, P. D. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18773-5_22
Visual working memory in health and disease
Gorgoraptis, N. (2013) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers in Schizophrenia Research
Tost, H., Hakimi, S., & Meyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9831-4_6
Applications of MRI to Psychopharmacology
Stein, D. J., Yang, Y., & Salmeron, B. J. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0345-7_33
Evaluation of candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia
van Winkel, R. (2008) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20080131rw
Personalized Management of Neurological Disorders
Jain, K. K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2553-7_12
Prabhakaran, R. (2010) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Behavioral impulsivity and hallucinations : insights from Parkinson's disease
Ashourian, P. (2011) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
Neuropharmacology of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Glaser, P. E. A., Castellanos, F. X., & Margulies, D. S. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470101001.hcn056
Common genetic variants underlying cognitive ability
Gosso, M. F. (2003) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Genes candidatos para la comorbilidad entre trastornos de ansiedad y trastornos adictivos.
Moreno, X. G. (2008) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona)
Medical Interventions for Cognitive Impairment
Steen, R. (2010) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0092-0_11
Villemonteix, T. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/84304c2az6a4fz488czbda7z8935968796d4 · Cited by 1
Von der Grundlagenforschung zum klinischen Einsatz in Diagnostik und Therapie
Fink, G. R., & Schneider, F. W. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-29800-4_4
Genetics of monoamine metabolizing enzymes: psychopharmacogenetics
Meloni, R., Khalfallah, O., & Biguet, N. F. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-34577-2_11
Fink, G. R. (2004) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000137535.99362.a5
Association between Intelligence and COMT Genotypes in Chinese Healthy Children
Lü, L., & Shi, J. (2010) · International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515844
Schellekens, A., Hoppenreijs, S., Ellenbroek, B. A., de Jong, C., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., Cools, L., & Verkes, R. (2009) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(09)70105-1
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase and Genetic Variation Under Hemizygosity
Eisenberg, D. P., & Berman, K. F. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.011
Pharmacogenomics versus Aetiology in ADHD
Lévy, F. (2007) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2007.15.3.5
Neurobiology of U-Shaped Characteristic in Major Adverse Cardiac Events
Friedman, E. H. (2005) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.01.036
Vorstman, J. A. S. (2002) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Flöel, A., & Knecht, S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3293-7_20
EffectofCatechol-O-Methyltransferaseval 158 metGenotype onAttentionalControl
Callicott, J. B., Kolachana, B. S., Egan, M. F., & T, G. (2005)
Self-citationCatechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphisms in Saudi cases with schizophrenia
El-Tantawy, A., Al-Yahia, A., Raya, Y., Al-Mohaimeed, A., & Settin, A. (2015) · Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/1110-1105.166348
BIOMARKERS AND PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS
Littman, B. H., & Krishna, R. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976087.010
Stewart, P. (2015) · ProQuest Demo Repository
The role of central catecholamines in performance during prolonged exercise in warm conditions
Cordery, P. (2013) · Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University)
Carvalho, M. C., Carmo, H., Costa, V. M., Carvalho, F. D., Bastos, M. D. L., & Capela, J. P. (2012)
Pharmacogenomic Variability Associated with Psychotropic Medication Response
Mrazek, D. A., & Kolla, B. P. (2013) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/9789814405614_0029
Genetic Regulation of Emotion Brain Circuitries
Rabl, U., Scharinger, C., Hofmaier, T., Freissmuth, M., & Pezawas, L. (2011) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/b11232-5
Psychology and biology of memory
Meyer‐Lindenberg, A., & Goldberg, T. E. (2012) · doi:10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0032
Self-citationHuman molecular genetics of opioid addiction
Kreek, M. J., Proudnikov, D., Nielsen, D. A., & Yuferov, V. P. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139025997.025
Genetics in neurorehabilitation
Pearson‐Fuhrhop, K. M., & Cramer, S. C. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511995590.005
Mutant and Transgenic Tools in Modeling Schizophrenia
Desbonnet, L., Tomiyama, K., Koshikawa, N., O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., & Waddington, J. L. (2009) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-474-6_12
Effects of aripiprazole vs. haloperidol on brain activity in healthy volunteers
Bolstad, I. (2016) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Add Health Wave IV Documentation Report
Whitsel, E. A., Cuthbertson, C. C., Tabor, J. W., Potter, A., Wener, M. H., Clapshaw, P. A., Killeya‐Jones, L. A., Halpern, C. T., & Harris, K. M. (2013)
Kim, J. (2016) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
22q11 欠損症候群モデルマウスにおける Comt によるGABA システムの制御
谷垣, 健. (2015) · 日本生物学的精神医学会誌 = Japanese journal of biological psychiatry · doi:10.11249/jsbpjjpp.26.4_175
The Genetics of Cognition in Schizophrenia: Combining Mouse and Human Studies
Scheggia, D., & Papaleo, F. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118540770.ch6
Bildgebende Verfahren in der Psychiatrie
Meisenzahl, E. M., Volz, H., & Dorn, F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_29
Quinn, C. M., Borzello, M., Zahir, A. T., Kramer, J. H., & Chiong, W. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/790808
Bonetti, L., Sedghi, N. A., Bruzzone, S. E. P., Haumann, N. T., Paunio, T., Kantojärvi, K., Kliuchko, M., Vuust, P., & Brattico, E. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.09.26.314732
Recent Developments in Treating Cognitive Impairment Associated with SchizophreniaPreprint
Bittner, R. A., Barnes-Scheufler, C. V., Hettwer, M. D., Reif, A., & Qubad, M. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0257.v1
A Brief Review of the Concept ‘Addiction’ in Psychological Perspective
Yang, S. (2021) · International Journal of Humanities and Social Science · doi:10.14445/23942703/ijhss-v8i4p104
Applications of MRI to Psychopharmacology
Stein, D. J., Yang, Y., & Salmeron, B. J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1995-6_19
Meisenzahl, E. M., & Volz, H. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03637-8_26
(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53717-1.00285-7
(2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53266-4.50007-0
(2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396952-1.00030-0
Schlösser, R. G. M., Koch, K., & Smesny, S. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19844-1_44
Schlösser, R. G. M., & Koch, K. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68748-1_18
Meisenzahl, E. M., & Volz, H. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33129-2_25
Short-Term and Working Memory in Humans
Cools, R. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_183
Short-Term and Working Memory in Humans
Cools, R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_183
The Genetic Basis of Addictive Disorders
Goldman, D. A., Zhou, Z., & Hodgkinson, C. A. (2017) · doi:10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0042
BDNF and KIBRA Polymorphisms Are Related to Altered Resting State Network Connectivity in Middle Age
Blujus, J. K., Korthauer, L. E., Awe, E., Frahmand, M., & Driscoll, I. F. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215477
Maheshwari, R., & Wolfe, J. (2021) · Journal of Student Research · doi:10.47611/jsrhs.v10i4.3087
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Drug Development
Upadhyay, J., Borsook, D., & Becerra, L. R. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0134-7_5
Li, H., & Jin, X. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.03.20.533567
Applications of MRI to Psychopharmacology
Stein, D. J., Yang, Y., & Salmeron, B. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10909-6_37
Impact of the Val108/158Met nucleotide polymorphism of the COMT gene on executive functions in agingPreprint
Apa, Z. L., Gilsoul, J., Dideberg, V., & Collette, F. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ewu54
Li, H., & Jin, X. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.87644.3
Psychiatric Neuroscience: Incorporating Pathophysiology into Clinical Case Formulation
Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-11844-9.00020-5
Ozelbas, E., Sevimoğlu, T., & Kahveci, T. (2024) · Machine Learning Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2632-2153/ad829d
Psychiatric Neuroscience: Incorporating Pathophysiology into Clinical Case Formulation
Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-11972-9.00001-6
Effect of COMT Val158Met Polymorphism on Stroke Functional Outcome and Recovery
Liang, J., Xu, M., Wang, X., Li, H., Luo, X., Christoforou, A., & Wang, Q. M. (2025) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683251340926
Chen, P., Wang, L., Wang, F., Xu, W., Wang, D., Xiu, M., Chen, D., Lackey, B., Wu, H. E., & Zhang, X. (2025) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.33067
Padmanabhan, A. (2013) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Functional neuroimaging of alerting medication effects
THOMAS, R. J. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139088268.054
Dopaminergic mechanisms supporting hippocampal postencoding dynamics in humans
Ciampa, C. J., Morin, T., Parent, J. H., Adornato, A., Cowan, J. L., O’Malley, K., Marcus, R. E. G., Gordon, C., Howard, J. D., Tambini, A., et al. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2526799123
Individualized pharmacogenomics for depressive episodes: A narrative review
HADDAD, M., Dieckmann, L. H. J., Hoss, G. R. W., Mari, J. D. J., Young, A. H., & Juruena, M. F. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122261
Mashburn, C. A., Clarke, E. M., Pearcey, S. M., Pogue, E. D., Saleem, B., & Holliday, E. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1901554
Cognitive impairment: quantification and possibilities for pharmacological treatment
Housden, C. R. (2013) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.16550
Neurogenetic Risk Mechanisms of Schizophrenia: An Imaging Genetics Approach
Meyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0913-8_11
Technology of neurorehabilitation: outcome measurement and diagnostic technology
Selzer, M. E., Clarke, S., Cohen, L. G., Kwakkel, G., & Miller, R. H. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511995590.003
Metadata
- Authors
- Mattay, V. S., Goldberg, T. E., Fera, F., Hariri, A. R., Tessitore, A., Egan, M. F., Kolachana, B., Callicott, J. H., & Weinberger, D. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2003-04-25
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 6186-6191
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC156347
- OpenAlex
- W2123636362
- Cited by
- 893
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 19.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT Val158Met polymorphism, amphetamine, prefrontal cortex, working memory, dopamine signaling, pharmacogenomics, individual differences, monoaminergic systems
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Catechol O-Methyltransferase, Dextroamphetamine, DNA, Genotype, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Methionine, Organ Specificity, Valine, Amino Acid Substitution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
