The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 25 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness
Open accessAbstract
Although the infant–caregiver attachment bond is critical to survival, little is known about the biological mechanisms supporting attachment representations in humans. Oxytocin plays a key role in attachment bond formation and maintenance in animals and thus could be expected to affect attachment representations in humans. To investigate this possibility, we administered 24 IU intranasal oxytocin to healthy male adults in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover designed study and then assessed memories of childhood maternal care and closeness—two features of the attachment bond. We found that the effects of oxytocin were moderated by the attachment representations people possess, with less anxiously attached individuals remembering their mother as more caring and close after oxytocin (vs. placebo) but more anxiously attached individuals remembering their mother as less caring and close after oxytocin (vs. placebo). These data contrast with the popular notion that oxytocin has broad positive effects on social perception and are more consistent with the animal literature, which emphasizes oxytocin's role in encoding social memories and linking those memories to the reward value of the social stimulus.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 24 IU intranasal oxytocin in healthy men, oxytocin did not broadly improve recollections of childhood maternal care and closeness. Instead, attachment anxiety moderated the effect: less anxious men recalled their mother more positively after oxytocin, while more anxious men recalled her less positively.
Key findings
- Oxytocin had no main effect on change in maternal care ratings [b = 0.02, t(26) = 0.22, nonsignificant] or maternal closeness ratings [b = −0.03, t(26) = −0.17, ns].
- Attachment anxiety significantly predicted oxytocin-vs-placebo change in maternal care [b = −0.12, t(26) = −2.16, P < 0.05] and maternal closeness [b = −0.45, t(26) = −2.95, P < 0.01]: less anxiously attached individuals remembered their mother as more caring and close after oxytocin, whereas more anxiously attached individuals remembered their mother as less caring and close.
- Avoidance and the anxiety × avoidance interaction did not predict change in maternal care (all ts < 1.7) or maternal closeness (all ts < 1.4).
- Oxytocin did not affect self-esteem, current attachment, closeness to participants’ closest current relationship partner, or state mood (all ts < 1 or ≤ 1), and participants were unaware of drug condition [54.84% receiving placebo and 45.16% receiving oxytocin; χ²(2, n = 62) = 1.42, ns].
Methods
- Participants were 31 medication-free, healthy men aged 19–45 y (mean, 27.06 y; SD, 7.05 y; median, 25 y) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial; they received 24 IU intranasal oxytocin or matching placebo on two occasions 3–5 wk apart.
- Baseline measures included the Experience in Close Relationships scale for adult attachment and the Profile of Mood States; approximately 90 min after oxytocin/placebo, recollections of maternal care were assessed with the Parental Bonding Instrument and maternal closeness with the Inclusion of Other in the Self scale.
- Main analyses used regression with mean-centered attachment anxiety, mean-centered avoidance, their interaction, and drug administration order to predict change scores calculated as oxytocin-day ratings minus placebo-day ratings.
Limitations
- The paper states that it cannot conclusively determine whether oxytocin increases accuracy of maternal recollections because it lacks information about participants’ attachment style to their mother in childhood, which would be needed for a true accuracy index.
- The paper states that participants were men, so future research is needed to confirm whether findings generalize to women; it also notes possible measurement issues for current attachment because it assessed general rather than mother-specific attachment.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (31 men; regression df = 26), and maternal recollections were retrospective self-reports without independent verification of childhood maternal care or closeness.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
16 Own result · 13 Sources not found · 7 Own method · 4 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“remembered being closer to their mother (Fig. 2, left side) when they received oxytocin compared with when they received placebo”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“paired-samples t tests comparing change in state mood (i.e., postoxytocin/placebo mood ratings vs. baseline mood ratings) in the oxytocin and placebo conditions showed no effects of drug on change in anxiety, anger, depression, confusion, fatigue, or vigor (all ts < 1, ns).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither avoidance nor the anxiety × avoidance interaction predicted change in maternal care (all ts < 1.7)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or change in maternal closeness ratings [b = −0.03, t(26) = −0.17, ns].”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and change in maternal closeness ratings for oxytocin vs. placebo [b = −0.45, t(26) = −2.95, P < 0.01].”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither avoidance nor the anxiety × avoidance interaction predicted change in maternal care (all ts < 1.7)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results showed no main effect of oxytocin on change in maternal care ratings [b = 0.02, t(26) = 0.22, nonsignificant (ns)]”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“attachment anxiety significantly predicted change in maternal care ratings for oxytocin vs. placebo [b = −0.12, t(26) = −2.16, P < 0.05]”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“less anxiously attached individuals remembered their mother as more caring (Fig. 1, left side)”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or change in maternal closeness (all ts < 1.4) ratings.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or change in maternal closeness (all ts < 1.4) ratings.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more anxiously attached individuals, who remembered their mother as less caring (Fig. 1, right side)”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“remembered being less close to their mother (Fig. 2, right side) after oxytocin vs. placebo.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Indeed, these findings are more consistent with the animal literature, in which it has been suggested that oxytocin is involved in encoding social memories and linking those memories to the reward value of social stimuli (6, 9).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxytocin is popularly dubbed the “hormone of love,” but these data suggest that oxytocin is not an all-purpose attachment panacea.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that the effects of oxytocin on maternal recollections were critically moderated by individual differences in attachment anxiety.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that oxytocin had a polarizing rather than a main effect on maternal recollections suggests that oxytocin plays a more nuanced role in attachment representations than previously thought.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Oxytocin plays a key role in attachment bond formation and maintenance in animals and thus could be expected to affect attachment representations in humans.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“Oxytocin also is released directly into the brain, where it has been shown to play a critical role in attachment bond formation and maintenance in animals (5–8).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although there is some evidence that oxytocin facilitates accurate memory for faces in humans (17–19), we cannot conclusively say whether oxytocin increases people's accuracy here because we do not have information about participants’ attachment style to their mother in childhood, which would be needed for a true index of accuracy.”
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As described in Results, participants were unable to discern whether they had taken active drug or placebo when queried at the end of each testing session.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the percentage of participants guessing they received oxytocin did not differ by drug condition [54.84% receiving placebo and 45.16% receiving oxytocin; c2(2, n = 62) = 1.42, ns], indicating that participants were unaware of whether they had received oxytocin or placebo.”
plainn = 62- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that oxytocin had a polarizing rather than a main effect on maternal recollections suggests that oxytocin plays a more nuanced role in attachment representations than previously thought.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
In the paper
“Given the small correlations between explicit measures of global attachment and mother-specific attachment, it would seem unlikely that our significant effect for global attachment anxiety was due solely to chronic mother-specific representations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no effects of drug, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, or the anxiety × avoidance interaction on change in self-esteem (all ts < 1), current attachment (all ts ≤ 1), or perceptions of closeness to participants’ closest current relationship partner (all ts < 1).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regression analyses like those described above revealed no effects of drug, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, or the anxiety × avoidance interaction on change in self-esteem (all ts < 1)”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no effects of drug, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, or the anxiety × avoidance interaction on change in self-esteem (all ts < 1), current attachment (all ts ≤ 1), or perceptions of closeness to participants’ closest current relationship partner (all ts < 1).”
plainn = 62- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drug/placebo administration order was counterbalanced, and participants and experimenters were blind to drug condition (the Mount Sinai School of Medicine pharmacy oversaw packaging, storage, and dispensation of study drug and placebo, maintained drug accountability, and assigned randomization codes to study participants).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A working hypothesis is that social contact triggers the release of oxytocin; oxytocin then orients attention to social stimuli and facilitates the encoding of social memories along with the hedonic value of the social stimulus (via interactions with the dopamine system) so that attachment bonds are formed with social but not nonsocial objects (6, 9).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“The attachment representation formed as a function of the infant–caregiver relationship then becomes an “interpretative filter” through which new relationships are meaningfully understood and construed (2, 3, 13), although it is clear that subsequent interpersonal experiences can modify people's attachment representations.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Eligible participants completed a series of self-report questionnaires including the Experience in Close Relationships scale (ECR) (27), a widely used and highly reliable self-report measure of adult attachment.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [27]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drug/placebo administration order was counterbalanced, and participants and experimenters were blind to drug condition (the Mount Sinai School of Medicine pharmacy oversaw packaging, storage, and dispensation of study drug and placebo, maintained drug accountability, and assigned randomization codes to study participants).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial in which adult male participants received 24 IU intranasal oxytocin or a matching placebo on two occasions (3–5 wk apart).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“A working hypothesis is that social contact triggers the release of oxytocin; oxytocin then orients attention to social stimuli and facilitates the encoding of social memories along with the hedonic value of the social stimulus (via interactions with the dopamine system) so that attachment bonds are formed with social but not nonsocial objects (6, 9).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Not matched
In the paper
“[Indeed, a recent meta-analysis found that infant and adult attachment styles are typically only moderately correlated (Pearson r = 0.27), indicating that there is both stability and change in attachment representations over time (14).]”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [14]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These observations are striking given that maternal recollections like those assessed here are thought to be fairly stable (16).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [16]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“data suggest that global and relationship-specific measures tap distinguishable constructs that are modestly correlated (26).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Although there is some evidence that oxytocin facilitates accurate memory for faces in humans (17–19), we cannot conclusively say whether oxytocin increases people's accuracy here because we do not have information about participants’ attachment style to their mother in childhood, which would be needed for a true index of accuracy.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [18]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [19]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“theory (3) and empirical work (25) suggest that attachment representations are hierarchically organized, with episodic memories of specific attachment interactions at the bottom, representations of relationship “kinds” in the middle, and more general attachment representations at the top.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [25]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Attachment anxiety is theorized to be rooted in early experiences with a caregiver who inconsistently responds to the infant's bids for protection and nurturance; in response, the infant becomes anxious, preoccupied with securing the caregiver's love and attention, and fearful of abandonment.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [2]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Drug/placebo administration order was counterbalanced, and participants and experimenters were blind to drug condition (the Mount Sinai School of Medicine pharmacy oversaw packaging, storage, and dispensation of study drug and placebo, maintained drug accountability, and assigned randomization codes to study participants).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
Intranasal administration of 24 IU oxytocin increases oxytocin availability in the brain.
“We investigated whether oxytocin is involved in human attachment representations by manipulating the availability of oxytocin in the brain and assessing the effects of oxytocin on recollections of childhood maternal care and closeness—two key features of the attachment bond.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Likewise, exogenous OXT can have anxiogenic effects in humans exposed to social stimuli (Bartz et al., 2010; Striepens et al., 2012; Grillon et al., 2013; MacDonald et al., 2013).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In line with this view, a study by Unkelbach, Guastella, and Forgas [68] showed that male participants were quicker to identify positively-valenced stimuli associated with bonding and relationships when operating under the influence of oxytocin compared to a placebo.”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [68]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Additionally, in humans, exogenously administered oxytocin enhances the encoding of social memory, both of positive [30] and negative [31] events, suggesting that higher oxytocin levels improve memorization of social interactions.”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Notably, the effects of OXT IN appear to be influenced by the attachment representations people possess.Less anxiously attached individuals remembered their mother as more caring and close after OXT IN , but the opposite effect was observed for more anxiously attached individuals (53).”
From Dissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“intranasal administration of OT increases the links between social memories and reward in mothers (41)”
From Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry (2011) · cites this paper as [41]
In the citing paper
“However, recent studies indicate that the beneficial effects of oxytocin are more nuanced than previously thought (Bartz et al., 2010;De Dreu et al., 2010;Van IJzendoorn et al., 2011).”
From Oxytocin effects on complex brain networks are moderated by experiences of maternal love withdrawal (2013) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“However, some previous studies have shown stronger OT effects in more socially adapted individuals such as those with low attachment anxiety (53) or low social anxiety (54).”
From Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“The studies, showing stronger OT effects in well-adapted individuals, used social-oriented trait measurement, such as the attachment anxiety scale that measured the attachment bond between participants and their parents (53).”
From Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“while more anxiously attached men remember their mother as less caring and close after OT (vs. placebo) (Bartz et al., 2010)”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“less anxiously attached, healthy men remember their mother as more caring and close after OT (vs. placebo)”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“However, opposite effects of OT administration on attachment have also been found: anxiously attached healthy males remembered their mother as less caring after OT administration, compared with placebo (Bartz et al, 2010).”
From Intranasal oxytocin administration dampens amygdala reactivity towards emotional faces in male and female PTSD patients (2016) · cites this paper as Bartz et al, 2010
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(26) = -0.17reported n.s. · recomputed p = .866
“t(26) = −0.17, ns”
- Consistentt(26) = -2.16reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .040
“t(26) = −2.16, p < .05”
- Consistentt(26) = -2.95reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .007
“t(26) = −2.95, p < .01”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 6,009
Attachment in adulthood: structure, dynamics, and change
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2903 · Cited by 4,303
(1998) · Cited by 3,968
A parental bonding instrument.
Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x · Cited by 3,788
Oxytocin increases trust in humans
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03701 · Cited by 3,690
Attachment theory and close relationships
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-6513 · Cited by 3,642
A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3 · Cited by 2,931
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- J Bowlby Attachment and Loss, Volume 1. Attachment (Basic Books, New York, 1969).
- DM McNair, M Lorr, LF Dropplemanm EdiITS Manual for the Profile of Mood States (Educational & Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, CA, 1992).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3044 · Cited by 1,688
Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002 · Cited by 1,581
Self-citationOlff, M., Frijling, J. L., Kubzansky, L. D., Bradley, B., Ellenbogen, M. A., Cardoso, C., Bartz, J. A., Yee, J. R., & van Zuiden, M. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.019 · Cited by 620
“Furthermore, intranasal oxytocin increased empathetic accuracy only in individuals who were less socially proficient (Bartz et al., 2010b).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIs oxytocin “nature’s medicine”
Carter, C. S., Kenkel, W. M., MacLean, E. L., Wilson, S. R., Perkeybile, A. M., Yee, J. R., Ferris, C. F., Nazarloo, H. P., Porges, S. W., Davis, J. M., et al. (2020) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.120.019398 · Cited by 394
“These effects differ according to the social history of the individual, contributing to what has been termed “context” (Bartz et al., 2010; Carter, 2017).”
BackgroundGraustella, A. J., & MacLeod, C. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.002 · Cited by 379
Metadata
- Authors
- Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Ochsner, K. N., Bolger, N., Kolevzon, A., Ludwig, N., & Lydon, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bartz, Jennifer A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2010-11-29
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 50
- Pages
- 21371-21375
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3003037
- OpenAlex
- W2152693006
- Semantic Scholar
- bacdcf8193a328fb39c30e9123de395750a2b004
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 8.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Beatrice and Samuel A. Seaver Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, maternal care, attachment representations, childhood memories, closeness, attachment anxiety, social memory, social perception, intranasal oxytocin, social reward
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Animals, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Male, Maternal Behavior, Memory, Object Attachment, Oxytocin, Placebos, Social Perception, Cross-Over Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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