Effects of oxytocin on recollections of maternal care and closeness
Open accessAbstract
Although the infant–caregiver attachment bond is critical to survival, little is known about the biological mechanisms supporting attachment representations in humans. Oxytocin plays a key role in attachment bond formation and maintenance in animals and thus could be expected to affect attachment representations in humans. To investigate this possibility, we administered 24 IU intranasal oxytocin to healthy male adults in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover designed study and then assessed memories of childhood maternal care and closeness—two features of the attachment bond. We found that the effects of oxytocin were moderated by the attachment representations people possess, with less anxiously attached individuals remembering their mother as more caring and close after oxytocin (vs. placebo) but more anxiously attached individuals remembering their mother as less caring and close after oxytocin (vs. placebo). These data contrast with the popular notion that oxytocin has broad positive effects on social perception and are more consistent with the animal literature, which emphasizes oxytocin's role in encoding social memories and linking those memories to the reward value of the social stimulus.
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A study by Unkelbach, Guastella, and Forgas showed that male participants were quicker to identify positively-valenced stimuli associated with bonding and relationships when operating under the influence of oxytocin compared to a placebo.
“In line with this view, a study by Unkelbach, Guastella, and Forgas [68] showed that male participants were quicker to identify positively-valenced stimuli associated with bonding and relationships when operating under the influence of oxytocin compared to a placebo.”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [68]
Exogenous OXT can have anxiogenic effects in humans exposed to social stimuli.
“Likewise, exogenous OXT can have anxiogenic effects in humans exposed to social stimuli (Bartz et al., 2010; Striepens et al., 2012; Grillon et al., 2013; MacDonald et al., 2013).”
From Sex-specific modulation of juvenile social play behavior by vasopressin and oxytocin depends on social context (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2010
In humans, exogenously administered oxytocin enhances the encoding of social memory, both of positive and negative events, suggesting that higher oxytocin levels improve memorization of social interactions.
“Additionally, in humans, exogenously administered oxytocin enhances the encoding of social memory, both of positive [30] and negative [31] events, suggesting that higher oxytocin levels improve memorization of social interactions.”
From Food sharing is linked to urinary oxytocin levels and bonding in related and unrelated wild chimpanzees (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
The effects of intranasal oxytocin appear to be influenced by attachment representations: less anxiously attached individuals remembered their mother as more caring and close after oxytocin, but the opposite effect was observed for more anxiously attached individuals.
“Notably, the effects of OXT IN appear to be influenced by the attachment representations people possess.Less anxiously attached individuals remembered their mother as more caring and close after OXT IN , but the opposite effect was observed for more anxiously attached individuals (53).”
From Dissecting the Role of Oxytocin in the Formation and Loss of Social Relationships (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
Intranasal administration of OT increases the links between social memories and reward in mothers.
“intranasal administration of OT increases the links between social memories and reward in mothers (41)”
From Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry (2011) · cites this paper as [41]
Recent studies indicate that the beneficial effects of oxytocin are more nuanced than previously thought.
“However, recent studies indicate that the beneficial effects of oxytocin are more nuanced than previously thought (Bartz et al., 2010;De Dreu et al., 2010;Van IJzendoorn et al., 2011).”
From Oxytocin effects on complex brain networks are moderated by experiences of maternal love withdrawal (2013) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2010
Some previous studies have shown stronger OT effects in more socially adapted individuals such as those with low attachment anxiety or low social anxiety.
“However, some previous studies have shown stronger OT effects in more socially adapted individuals such as those with low attachment anxiety (53) or low social anxiety (54).”
From Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
The studies showing stronger OT effects in well-adapted individuals used social-oriented trait measurement, such as the attachment anxiety scale that measured the attachment bond between participants and their parents.
“The studies, showing stronger OT effects in well-adapted individuals, used social-oriented trait measurement, such as the attachment anxiety scale that measured the attachment bond between participants and their parents (53).”
From Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
More anxiously attached men remember their mother as less caring and close after OT (vs. placebo).
“while more anxiously attached men remember their mother as less caring and close after OT (vs. placebo) (Bartz et al., 2010)”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2010
Less anxiously attached, healthy men remember their mother as more caring and close after OT (vs. placebo).
“less anxiously attached, healthy men remember their mother as more caring and close after OT (vs. placebo)”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Bartz et al., 2010
Anxiously attached healthy males remembered their mother as less caring after OT administration, compared with placebo.
“However, opposite effects of OT administration on attachment have also been found: anxiously attached healthy males remembered their mother as less caring after OT administration, compared with placebo (Bartz et al, 2010).”
From Intranasal oxytocin administration dampens amygdala reactivity towards emotional faces in male and female PTSD patients (2016) · cites this paper as Bartz et al, 2010
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“…in humans (Grillon et al., 2013; Striepens et al., 2012) and that less anxiously attached, healthy men remember their mother as more caring and close after OT (vs. placebo), while more anxiously attached men remember their mother as less caring and close after OT (vs. placebo) (Bartz et al., 2010).”
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“Furthermore, OXT appears to negatively bias recollections of maternal care and closeness and to diminish trust and cooperation in insecurely or anxiously attached individuals (19, 20).”
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“Additionally, in humans, exogenously administered oxytocin enhances the encoding of social memory, both of positive [30] and negative [31] events, suggesting that higher oxytocin levels improve memorization of social interactions.”
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“One showed that OT improves the recollections of maternal care received in more securely attached men, while it worsens recollections in more anxiously attached men (Bartz et al., 2010).”
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“Because of the impairments in attachment in insecurely attached individuals, the quality of early experiences seems to have differential effects on the oxytonergic system (Heim et al., 2009; Bartz et al., 2010) and peripheral oxytocin levels in mothers watching cues of their infants (Strathearn et al.”
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“Consistent with prior studies [27], OT did not impact on anxiety, anger, depression, confusion, fatigue, or vigor (all p’s .”
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“Likewise, exogenous OXT can have anxiogenic effects in humans exposed to social stimuli (Bartz et al., 2010; Striepens et al., 2012; Grillon et al., 2013; MacDonald et al., 2013).”
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“In addition, OT has been implicated in impeded trust and cooperation as well as in negatively biased recollections of maternal care and closeness in insecurely or anxiously attached individuals (Bartz et al., 2010, 2011b).”
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“Nevertheless, OT has also caused detrimental effects on recollections of early attachment in anxiously attached individuals (Bartz et al, 2010b) and on trust and cooperation in patients suffering from borderline personality disorder (Bartz et al, 2010a).”
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“…of attachment anxiety or attachment avoidance on this anxiogenic effect, given other evidence that attachment parameters moderate responses to OT (Bartz et al., 2010, 2011a; De Dreu, 2012), it is possible that giving OT to our predominantly insecurely attached sample may have primed memory…”
BackgroundThe effects of mother–infant singing on emotional closeness, affect, anxiety, and stress hormones
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“” It has been used in a wide range of studies, including those relating to maternal closeness (Bartz et al., 2010) and those relating to singing and social bonding (Pearce et al.”
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Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.013 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Less anxiously attached individuals remembered their mother as more caring and close after OXT, but the opposite effect was observed for more anxiously attached individuals (53).”
ResultLong-term exposure to intranasal oxytocin in a mouse autism model
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Koch, S. B. J., van Zuiden, M., Nawijn, L., Frijling, J. L., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.11.018 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Bohus et al., 1978; Toth et al., 2012). Several rodent studies have shown that intraventricular administration of OT facilitated the extinction of passive avoidance behaviour, measured as the latency to enter a compartment previously associated with an aversive stimulus (e.g. Bohus et al., 1978). Importantly, Toth and…”
BackgroundDai, L., Carter, C. S., Ying, J., Bellugi, U., Pournajafi-Nazarloo, H., & Korenberg, J. R. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038513 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Our data indicate a paradigm shift toward understanding OT as an endogenous modulator of human behaviors that may not always be adaptive in daily life; similar conclusions have been suggested by recent reports of the effects of intranasal OT [21,72,73,74,75,76,77].”
ResultMontag, C., Brockmann, E.-M., Lehmann, A. I., Müller, D. J., Rujescu, D., & Gallinat, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051882 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“In humans, a substantial body of research indicates its regulative function for social cognition [26–28], social memory [29–31], prosocial behavior [32–34], attachment [35] and trust [36].”
BackgroundSex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin
MacDonald, K. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00194 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“…example, neurotypical patients’ generosity in response to IN OT is moderated by parental love-withdrawal (Huffmeijer et al., 2012), and patients with aversive early attachment representations had a negative response to IN OT compared to those with more positive representations (Bartz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAdult attachment representations predict cortisol and oxytocin responses to stress
Pierrehumbert, B., Torrisi, R., Ansermet, F., Borghini, A., & Halfon, O. (2012) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2012.706394 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“( 2010 ), showing that OT inhalation has different effects on recollections regarding maternal care, in adults characterized by, respectively, anxious 6 attachment (negative memories), and low-anxious attachment (positive-rewarding memories).”
BackgroundDe Dreu, C. K. W. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.10.003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“In another study, Bartz et al. (2010b) observed that especially among individuals high in attachment anxiety, oxytocin increased trust in a cooperative protagonist among individuals low in attachment avoidance, yet decreased trust in a cooperative protagonist among individuals high in attachment…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRiem, M. M. E., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Huffmeijer, R., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.12.023 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that intranasal administration of oxytocin promotes a range of social behaviors, including trust (Kosfeld et al., 2005), in-group altruism (De Dreu et al., 2010), empathy (Bartz et al., 2010a) and sensitivity to infant signals (Naber et al., 2010; Riem et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOxytocin and Autism Spectrum Disorders
Yamasue, H., & Domes, G. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_24 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of Parental Response to Baby‐Cry
Swain, J. E., Kim, P., & Ho, S. S. (2011) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2011.02212.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Seltzer, L. J., Ziegler, T. E., Connolly, M. J., Prososki, A. R., & Pollak, S. D. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12136 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Finally, in men who were anxiously attached to their mothers during childhood, intranasal OT seems to facilitate the recollection of negative memories of their rearing, whereas the opposite is true for men who were securely attached (Bartz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundChildhood separation anxiety and the pathogenesis and treatment of adult anxiety.
Milrod, B., Markowitz, J., Gerber, A., Cyranowski, J., Altemus, M., Shapiro, T., Hofer, M., & Glatt, C. T. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13060781 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Oxytocin and stress-related disorders: neurobiological mechanisms and treatment opportunities
Sippel, L. M., Allington, C. E., Pietrzak, R. H., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Mayes, L. C., & Olff, M. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547016687996 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Similarly, anxiously attached individuals remembered their mothers as less caring and close following OT versus placebo, compared with securely attached individuals, who remembered their mothers as more caring and close in childhood following IN OT versus placebo.(170) Alternatively, some studies suggest utility of IN…”
Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality
Cardoso, C., Ellenbogen, M. A., & Linnen, A.-M. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2527-6 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“One advantage of this proposal is that it can explain why there are putative negative behavioral effects of oxytocin (Bartz et al. 2010b; De Dreu et al. 2010, 2011; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009).”
BackgroundKoch, S. B., van Zuiden, M., Nawijn, L., Frijling, J. L., Veltman, D. J., & Olff, M. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.299 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Sasayama, D., Hattori, K., Teraishi, T., Hori, H., Ota, M., Yoshida, S., Arima, K., Higuchi, T., Amano, N., & Kunugi, H. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.016 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Accumulating evidence indicates that oxytocin plays an important role in social interactions (Lim and Young, 2006; Bartz et al., 2010).”
DeWall, C. N., Gillath, O., Pressman, S. D., Black, L. L., Bartz, J. A., Moskovitz, J., & Stetler, D. A. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613516876 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“, 2011), activates negative cognitions about attachment figures in highly anxiously attached individuals (Bartz et al., 2010), and increases intolerance and aggression toward out-group members (De Dreu et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWang, D., Yan, X., Li, M., & Ma, Y. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx085 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“The effects of IN-OT have been shown to be modulated by cognitive style (Ma et al., 2015a), attachment style (Bartz et al., 2010), personality traits (Scheele et al., 2014; Perry et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2016b), social support (Winslow and Insel, 2004), and early life experiences (Meinlschmidt and…”
BackgroundOxytocin effects on complex brain networks are moderated by experiences of maternal love withdrawal
Riem, M. M. E., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Tops, M., Boksem, M. A. S., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.01.011 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“However, recent studies indicate that the beneficial effects of oxytocin are more nuanced than previously thought (Bartz et al., 2010; De Dreu et al., 2010; Van IJzendoorn et al., 2011).”
Müller, L. E., Bertsch, K., Bülau, K., Herpertz, S. C., & Buchheim, A. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.011 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Radke (2013) · doi:10.1177/0956797612472682 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…anxiety, findings are inconsistent, showing more beneficial effects of oxytocin for participants with low rather than high attachment anxiety (Bartz et al., 2010) but also for individuals with high trait anxiety (Alvares et al., 2012) and social anxiety disorder when administered alongside…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMitchell, J. M., Arcuni, P. A., Weinstein, D., & Woolley, J. D. (2016) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000213 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Our results suggest that oxytocin may be effective at reducing alcohol cravings in individuals with alcohol abuse with anxious attachment styles and are consistent with previous reports that oxytocin effects can be moderated by attachment anxiety (Bartz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialPlasencia, G., Luedicke, J., Pournajafi‐Nazarloo, H., Carter, C. S., & Ebner, N. C. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104419 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that OT increased positive emotions in those securely attached and negative emotions in those anxiously attached (Bartz et al., 2010).”
Resultvan IJzendoorn, M. H., Huffmeijer, R., Alink, L. R. A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Tops, M. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00258 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Bartz et al., 2010b; see also Bartz et al., in press) found that effects of oxytocin administration were moderated by participants’ attachment representations.”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of oxytocin receptors in modulation of fear by social memory
Guzmán, Y. F., Tronson, N. C., Sato, K., Mesic, I., Guedea, A. L., Nishimori, K., & Radulović, J. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3356-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“A similar role of Oxt in memory has also been established in humans, where Oxt enhanced the intensity rating of both positive and negative social memories at recall (Bartz et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThe neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and attachment
Tomoda, A., Nishitani, S., Takiguchi, S., Fujisawa, T. X., Sugiyama, T., & Teicher, M. H. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Conversely, more anxiously attached individuals remember their mother as less caring [181].”
Oxytocin and the Pharmacological Dissection of Affiliation
Bartz, J. A. (2016) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721415626678 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“In another study (Bartz et al., 2010), we found that even normal variation in attachment anxiety moderates the effects of oxytocin.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAntisocial oxytocin: Complex effects on social behavior
Beery, A. K. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.11.006 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Social neuroscience: The social brain, oxytocin, and health
Norman, G. J., Hawkley, L. C., Cole, S. W., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.568702 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“placebo) and more anxious individuals remembering their mother as less caring (Bartz et al, 2010b ).”
BackgroundHavránek, T., Zatkova, M., Lestanova, Z., Bačová, Z., Mravec, B., Hodosy, J., Štrbák, V., & Bakoš, J. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23559 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Unexpected anxiogenic and fearenhancing effects of oxytocin were observed in humans and mice (Bartz et al., 2010; Pagan et al., 2011).”
BackgroundChang, S. W. C., & Platt, M. L. (2014) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.11.006 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“…envy (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009), negative outgroup bias (De Dreu et al., 2011), negative social perception in individuals with anxious attachment (Bartz et al., 2010), declined social interactions (Bales and Carter, 2003), as well as aggressive behaviors, such as mate-guarding aggression…”
BackgroundOxytocin selectively moderates negative cognitive appraisals in high trait anxious males
Alvares, G. A., Chen, N. T. M., Balleine, B. W., Hickie, I. B., & Guastella, A. J. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.018 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Oxytocin administration alters HPA reactivity in the context of parent–infant interaction
Weisman, O., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Feldman, R. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.06.006 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Other studies showed no effects of OT administration on circulating CT (Burri et al., 2008; de Oliviera et al., 2012).”
Huffmeijer, R., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2012) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000341333 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Peled‐Avron, L., Abu-Akel, A. M., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.023 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Bartz, J. A., Lydon, J. E., Kolevzon, A., Zaki, J., Hollander, E., Ludwig, N., & Bolger, N. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615580279 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationHormones, Stress, and Cognition: The Effects of Glucocorticoids and Oxytocin on Memory
Wirth, M. M. (2014) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-014-0010-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript effects of oxytocin manipulation seem to depend on the attachment style of the person receiving the oxytocin (Bartz et al., 2010; 2011a; 2011b; de Dreu, 2012).”
BackgroundSchneider-Hassloff, H., Straube, B., Jansen, A., Nuscheler, B., Wemken, G., Witt, S. H., Rietschel, M., & Kircher, T. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.009 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“The social salience hypothesis postulates that OXT heightens attention to social cues, increases their salience via linking them to mesolimbic dopamine pathways and enhances the formation of social memories along with their reinforcing properties [Bartz et al., 2010; Insel and Young, 2001; Skuse and Gallagher, 2011].”
BackgroundThe endocrinology of human caregiving and its intergenerational transmission
Bos, P. A. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000973 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Whereas individuals scoring low on self-reported anxious attachment reported their mother as being more close and caring after OXT administration, individuals high on anxious attachment reported their mother as less caring after OXT (Bartz et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTabak, B. A., Meyer, M. L., Castle, E., Dutcher, J. M., Irwin, M. R., Han, J. H., Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Sex- and context-dependent effects of oxytocin on social sharing
Ma, X., Zhao, W., Luo, R., Zhou, F., Geng, Y., Xu, L., Gao, Z., Zheng, X., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“, 2016), but also more negative memories about maternal care (Bartz et al., 2010), less positive compassionate experiences (Rockliff et al.”
Campbell-Smith, E. J., Holmes, N. M., Lingawi, N. W., Panayi, M. C., & Westbrook, R. F. (2015) · Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) · doi:10.1101/lm.036962.114 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“…that the levels of conditioned fear may interact with OT signaling in specific amygdala nuclei to determine the effects on the acquisition and expression of fear as well as those on shortand long-term fear inhibition; effects which may be important for the therapeutic use of OT (Bartz et al. 2010).”
BackgroundEisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Rubinow, D. R., Schiller, C. E., Johnson, J. L., Leserman, J., & Girdler, S. S. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.026 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Notably, experiences and traits associated with negative social cognitive bias moderate the effects of oxytocin, another hormone that increases social salience (Bartz et al., 2011), on social cognition (Bartz et al., 2010a) and social behavior (Bartz et al., 2010b).”
BackgroundThe Roles of Oxytocin and CD38 in Social or Parental Behaviors
Lopatina, O. L., Ивановна, И. А., Salmina, A. B., & Higashida, H. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00182 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Nasal OXT spray can modify social signals and the social feedback process in high-functioning autistic patients (Andari et al., 2010; Bartz et al., 2010; Hirosawa et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMairesse, J., Gatta, E., Reynaert, M., Marrocco, J., Morley‐Fletcher, S., Soichot, M., Deruyter, L., Camp, G. V., Bouwalerh, H., Fagioli, F., et al. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.07.005 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Macdonald, K., Berlow, R., & Thomas, M. L. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.040 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Effects of a 10-day oxytocin trial in older adults on health and well-being
Barraza, J. A., Grewal, N. S., Ropacki, S., Perez, P., Gonzalez, A., & Zak, P. J. (2013) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0031581 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Oxytocin and anxiety disorders
Gottschalk, M. G., & Domschke, K. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_25 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Current findings on the role of oxytocin in the regulation of food intake
Spetter, M. S., & Hallschmid, M. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.007 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Oxytocin sharpens self-other perceptual boundary
Colonnello, V., Chen, F. S., Panksepp, J., & Heinrichs, M. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.08.010 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“This result is in line with previous studies showing that explicit self-esteem is not influenced by oxytocin administration (Bartz et al., 2010; Cardoso et al., 2012).”
ResultThe Neurobiology of Empathy in Borderline Personality Disorder
Ripoll, L. H., Snyder, R., Steele, H., & Siever, L. J. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0344-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Oxytocin improves empathic accuracy in individuals with autistic symptoms [84] and heightens positive recollections of maternal attachment figures in individuals reporting less attachment anxiety, while those reporting high attachment anxiety remember their mothers as less caring when given oxytocin [85].”
BackgroundOxytocin effects on neural correlates of self-referential processing
Liu, Y., Sheng, F., Woodcock, K. A., & Han, S. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.08.003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Distinct oxytocin effects on belief updating in response to desirable and undesirable feedback
Ma, Y., Li, S., Wang, C., Liu, Y., Li, W., Yan, X., Chen, Q., & Han, S. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1604285113 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“However, some previous studies have shown stronger OT effects in more socially adapted individuals such as those with low attachment anxiety (53) or low social anxiety (54).”
BackgroundResultOxytocin, Tolerance, and the Dark Side of Addiction
Pedersen, C. A. (2017) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2017.08.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ellenbogen, M. A., Linnen, A.-M., Cardoso, C., & Joober, R. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.016 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Oxytocin as a moderator of hypnotizability
Bryant, R. A., Hung, L., Guastella, A. J., & Mitchell, P. B. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.05.010 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Endogenous oxytocin, cortisol, and testosterone in response to group singing
Bowling, D. L., Gahr, J., Ancochea, P. G., Hoeschele, M., Canoine, V., Fusani, L., & Fitch, W. T. (2022) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105105 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“…example, the directionality of oxytocin's effect depend on who a person is interacting with (friend, foe, or stranger; De Dreu et al., 2010; Declerck et al., 2010), as well as individual differences in stress and anxiety associated with social attachment (Bartz et al., 2010; Declerck et al., 2020).”
Thielke, L. E., & Udell, M. A. R. (2015) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12235 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“A similar phenomenon has been studied in humans, where administration of intranasal OT resulted in individuals with anxious attachments to their mothers remembering their mothers as less caring and close, while individuals who had secure attachments to their mothers remembered their mothers as more caring and close af…”
BackgroundSzymanska, M., Schneider, M., Chateau‐Smith, C., Nezelof, S., & Vulliez‐Coady, L. (2017) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12544 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Especially among participants who were high rather than low in attachment avoidance, OT reduced betrayal aversion, and increased trust and cooperation compared to PB.”
BackgroundInfluentialKompier, N. F., Keysers, C., Gazzola, V., Lucassen, P. J., & Krugers, H. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00143 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wudarczyk, O. A., Earp, B. D., Guastella, A., & Savulescu, J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283642e10 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Complexity of oxytocin׳s effects in a chronic cocaine dependent population
Lee, M. R., Glassman, M., King‐Casas, B., Kelly, D. L., Stein, E. A., Schroeder, J. R., & Salmeron, B. J. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“OT has been shown to increase memory of negative events (Bartz et al., 2010) in persons with insecure attachment patterns, startle response to aversive social stimuli (Striepens et al., 2012) and, in a nonsocial context, anxiety to unpredictable threat (Striepens et al., 2012), perhaps an adaptive…”
BackgroundThe cultural contagion of conflict
Gelfand, M. J., Shteynberg, G., Lee, T., Lun, J., Lyons, S., Bell, C. M., Chiao, J. Y., Bruss, C. B., Al-Dabbagh, M., Aycan, Z., et al. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0304 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
DeAngelis, R., Gogola, J. V., Dodd, L., & Rhodes, J. S. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.02.013 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has been well studied for its role in female parental care; its release at parturition is a catalyst for an array of behavioral and physiological changes critical for offspring survival (Bartz et al., 2010; Francis et al., 2000).”
BackgroundOnline social support group use by breastfeeding mothers: A content analysis
Wagg, A. J., Callanan, M. M., & Hassett, A. (2019) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01245 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Berkman and Glass (2000) stated that seminal theories have provided richness, understanding and a rigorous attempt to define the critical domains of social support, that are still used today.”
BackgroundRiem, M. M. E., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2016) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2016.1149872 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“questionnaire, and it is also consistent with studies showing that oxytocin effects are a function of the baseline socio-emotional information processing of the individual (Bartz et al., 2010; Luminet et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLi, Q., Zhang, B., Cao, H., Liu, W., Guo, F., Shen, F., Ye, B., Liu, H., Li, Y., & Liu, Z. (2020) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107836 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Riem, M. M. E., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Voorthuis, A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.01.014 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Urinary and plasma oxytocin changes in response to MDMA or intranasal oxytocin administration
Francis, S. M., Kirkpatrick, M. G., de Wit, H., & Jacob, S. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.08.011 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Ochsner, K. N., Bolger, N., Kolevzon, A., Ludwig, N., & Lydon, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bartz, Jennifer A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2010-11-29
- Volume
- 107
- Issue
- 50
- Pages
- 21371-21375
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3003037
- OpenAlex
- W2152693006
- Semantic Scholar
- bacdcf8193a328fb39c30e9123de395750a2b004
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 29.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, maternal care, attachment representations, childhood memories, closeness, attachment anxiety, social memory, social perception
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Animals, Double-Blind Method, Humans, Male, Maternal Behavior, Memory, Object Attachment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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