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Q's next: the diverse functions of glutamine in metabolism, cell biology and cancer

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Evidence that glutamine, not sugar, is the major energy source for cultured HeLa cells.

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The key role of anaplerosis and cataplerosis for citric acid cycle function

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Targeting metabolic transformation for cancer therapy

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Alone and Together: Current Approaches to Targeting Glutaminase Enzymes As Part of Anti-Cancer Therapies

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Transfection with GLS2 Glutaminase (GAB) Sensitizes Human Glioblastoma Cell Lines to Oxidative Stress by a Common Mechanism Involving Suppression of the PI3K/AKT Pathway

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Mitochondrial determinants of chemoresistance

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GLS and GLS2 Glutaminase Isoenzymes in the Antioxidant System of Cancer Cells

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Metabolic rewiring in keratinocytes by miR‐31‐5p identifies therapeutic intervention for psoriasis

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Modern Perspective on Metabolic Reprogramming in Malignant Neoplasms

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Side Chain Optimization Remarkably Enhances the in Vivo Stability of 18 F-Labeled Glutamine for Tumor Imaging

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Glioma Stem-Like Cells and Metabolism: Potential for Novel Therapeutic Strategies

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Comprehensive Analyses of Glucose Metabolism in Glioma Reveal the Glioma-Promoting Effect of GALM

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Emerging Approaches for Targeting Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Malignant Glioma

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Pancreatic Cancer Metabolism: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications

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Analysing central metabolism in ultra-high resolution: At the crossroads of carbon and nitrogen

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Metabolic dysregulation of tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in glioblastoma

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New progress of glutamine metabolism in the occurrence, development, and treatment of ovarian cancer from mechanism to clinic

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Nanotechnology Meets Stem Cell Therapy for Treating Glioblastomas: A Review

Ghosh, A. K., Ghosh, A., & Das, P. K. (2024) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.3c04714 · Cited by 20

Metabolomics and lipidomics in non-small cell lung cancer

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Nitrogen isotopes provide clues to amino acid metabolism in human colorectal cancer cells

Krishnamurthy, R., Suryawanshi, Y., & Essani, K. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02793-y · Cited by 21

Comprehensive isotopomer analysis of glutamate and aspartate in small tissue samples

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Physiology of malate dehydrogenase and how dysregulation leads to disease

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In vivo analysis of lung cancer metabolism: nothing like the real thing

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Two Faces of Glutaminase GLS2 in Carcinogenesis

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Glutamine deprivation sensitizes human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells to TRIAL-mediated apoptosis

Dilshara, M. G., Jeong, J.-W., Jayasooriya, R. G. P. T., Molagoda, I. M. N., Lee, S., Park, S. R., Choi, Y. H., & Kim, G. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.02.059 · Cited by 18

Metabolic network modeling approaches for investigating the “hungry cancer”

Sharma, A. K., & König, R. (2013) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.05.001 · Cited by 17

The role of biotin and oxamate in the carboxyltransferase reaction of pyruvate carboxylase

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Multi-omics dissection of tumor microenvironment-mediated drug resistance: mechanisms and therapeutic reprogramming

Chen, F., Fu, Y., Bai, G., Qiu, J., & Hua, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1634413 · Cited by 19

Rewired Metabolism of Amino Acids and Its Roles in Glioma Pathology

Chen, S., Jiang, J., Shen, A., Miao, Y., Cao, Y., Zhang, Y., Cong, P., & Gao, P. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12100918 · Cited by 17

MicroRNA-143-3p targets pyruvate carboxylase expression and controls proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells

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Ganoderic acid T, a novel activator of pyruvate carboxylase, exhibits potent anti-liver cancer activity

Lei, B., Zhang, M., Shi, X., Feng, N., Yin, J., Dong, R., Xie, C., Zhu, Y., Zhong, J., & Ni, B. (2025) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2025.156321 · Cited by 17

Immunodetection of Pyruvate Carboxylase Expression in Human Astrocytomas, Glioblastomas, Oligodendrogliomas, and Meningiomas

Gondáš, E., Trancikova, A. K., Dibdiaková, K., Galanda, T., Hatok, J., Račay, P., Dobrota, D., & Murín, R. (2023) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-023-03856-5 · Cited by 16

Anaplerosis in cancer: Another step beyond the warburg effect

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Energy metabolism disorders in rare and common diseases. Toward bioenergetic modulation therapy and the training of a new generation of European scientists

Rossignol, R. (2015) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2015.01.003 · Cited by 16

Breast Cancer Cell Subtypes Display Different Metabolic Phenotypes That Correlate with Their Clinical Classification

Ripoll, C., Roldán, M., Ruedas-Rama, M. J., Orte, Á., & Martı́n, M. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10121267 · Cited by 16

Fast exchange fluxes around the pyruvate node: a leaky cell model to explain the gain and loss of unlabelled and labelled metabolites in a tracer experiment

Quek, L., Liu, M., Joshi, S., & Turner, N. A. (2016) · Cancer & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s40170-016-0153-9 · Cited by 16

Imaging of cancer lipid metabolism in response to therapy

Arlauckas, S. P., Browning, E. A., Poptani, H., & Delikatny, E. J. (2019) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.4070 · Cited by 15

Overexpression of Cystine/Glutamate Antiporter xCT Correlates with Nutrient Flexibility and ZEB1 Expression in Highly Clonogenic Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells (GSCs)

Koch, K., Hartmann, R., Suwala, A. K., Herrera-Rios, D., Kamp, M. A., Sabel, M., Steiger, H., Willbold, D., Sharma, A., Kahlert, U. D., et al. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13236001 · Cited by 15

Mitochondrial substrates in cancer: Drivers or passengers?

Kruspig, B., Zhivotovsky, B., & Gogvadze, V. G. (2014) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2014.08.007 · Cited by 15

Key indexes and the emerging tool for tumor microenvironment editing.

Dai, X., Luo, Y.-N., Xu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 15

Mitochondrial proteome landscape unveils key insights into melanoma severity and treatment strategies

Kim, Y., Doma, V., Çakır, U., Kuras, M., Betancourt, L. H., Plá, I., Sánchez, A., Sugihara, Y., Appelqvist, R., Oskolás, H., et al. (2025) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.35897 · Cited by 15

Wheels turning: CHO cell modeling moves into a digital biomanufacturing era

Ranpura, S. A., Maralingannavar, V., Gheorghe, A.-G., Ma, E., Morrissey, J., Betenbaugh, M. J., & Demirhan, D. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.06.035 · Cited by 13

Concomitant reduction of lactate and ammonia accumulation in fed‐batch cultures: Impact on glycoprotein production and quality

Karengera, E., Robotham, A. C., Kelly, J., Durocher, Y., Crescenzo, G. D., & Henry, O. (2018) · Biotechnology Progress · doi:10.1002/btpr.2607 · Cited by 14

Evaluation of α-hydroxycinnamic acids as pyruvate carboxylase inhibitors

Burkett, D. J., Wyatt, B. N., Mews, M., Bautista, A., Engel, R., Dockendorff, C., Donaldson, W. A., & Maurice, M. S. (2019) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.027 · Cited by 14

Inhibiting PHGDH with NCT-503 reroutes glucose-derived carbons into the TCA cycle, independently of its on-target effect

Arlt, B., Mastrobuoni, G., Wünschel, J., Astrahantseff, K., Eggert, A., Kempa, S., & Deubzer, H. E. (2021) · Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1080/14756366.2021.1935917 · Cited by 17

Inhibition of Glutaminolysis Inhibits Cell Growth via Down-regulating Mtorc1 Signaling in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Ye, X., Zhou, Q., Matsumoto, Y., Moriyama, M., Kageyama, S., Komatsu, M., Satoh, S., Tsuchida, M., & Saijo, Y. (2016) · Anticancer Research · doi:10.21873/anticanres.11191 · Cited by 14

Metabolic Profiles Point Out Metabolic Pathways Pivotal in Two Glioblastoma (GBM) Cell Lines, U251 and U-87MG

Martins, F., van der Kellen, D., Gonçalves, L. G., & Serpa, J. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11072041 · Cited by 13

Metabolic reprogramming in transformed mouse cortical astrocytes: A proteomic study

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Triheptanoin Alleviates Ventricular Hypertrophy and Improves Myocardial Glucose Oxidation in Rats With Pressure Overload

Nguyễn, T. D., Shingu, Y., Amorim, P., Schwarzer, M., & Doenst, T. (2015) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.07.009 · Cited by 14

Autophagy inhibition by biotin elicits endoplasmic reticulum stress to differentially regulate adipocyte lipid and protein synthesis

Selvam, S., Santhaseela, A. R., Ganesan, D., Rajasekaran, S., & Jayavelu, T. (2019) · Cell Stress and Chaperones · doi:10.1007/s12192-018-00967-9 · Cited by 14

A mechanistic modeling framework reveals the key principles underlying tumor metabolism

Tripathi, S., Park, J. H., Pudakalakatti, S., Bhattacharya, P. K., Kaipparettu, B. A., & Levine, H. (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009841 · Cited by 12

Targeting cellular adaptive responses to glutaminolysis perturbation for cancer therapy

Kim, M., Hwang, S., & Jeong, S. M. (2024) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/j.mocell.2024.100096 · Cited by 12

YY1 promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by enhancing mitochondrial respiration

Li, B., Wang, J., Liao, J., Wu, M., Yuan, X., Fang, H., Shen, L., & Jiang, M. (2022) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-022-02712-w · Cited by 12

Metabolic Regulation of Copper Toxicity during Marine Mussel Embryogenesis

Young, T., Gale, S. L., Ragg, N. L. C., Sander, S. G., Burritt, D. J., Benedict, B., Le, D. V., Villas-Bôas, S. G., & Alfaro, A. C. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13070838 · Cited by 11

Aspirin reprogrammes colorectal cancer cell metabolism and sensitises to glutaminase inhibition

Holt, A. K., Najumudeen, A. K., Collard, T. J., Li, H., Millett, L. M., Hoskin, A. J., Legge, D., Mortensson, E., Flanagan, D. J., Jones, N., et al. (2023) · Cancer & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/s40170-023-00318-y · Cited by 11

Azo-based hypoxic-activated 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) prodrug combined with vascular disrupting agent nanoparticles for tumor-selective glutamine metabolism blockade

Xu, H., Zheng, M., Yang, C., Wang, K., Lv, Z., Liu, Z., Tang, Z., & Chen, X. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.148281 · Cited by 12

Glycolytic enzymes in non-glycolytic web: functional analysis of the key players

Malla, A., Gupta, S., & Sur, R. (2024) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-023-01213-5 · Cited by 12

Deciphering the landscape of allosteric glutaminase 1 inhibitors as anticancer agents

Vagaggini, C., D’Ursi, P., Poggialini, F., Fossa, P., Francesconi, V., Trombetti, G., Orro, A., Dreassi, E., Schenone, S., Tonelli, M., et al. (2025) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2025.108523 · Cited by 12

Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism and glutaminolysis toggle steady-state and emergency myelopoiesis

Pizzato, H. A., Wang, Y. A., Wolfgang, M. J., Finck, B. N., Patti, G. J., & Bhattacharya, D. (2023) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20221373 · Cited by 12

Investigating metabolism by mass spectrometry: From steady state to dynamic view

Audano, M., Pedretti, S., Ligorio, S., Giavarini, F., Caruso, D., & Mitro, N. (2020) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/jms.4658 · Cited by 11

Canceromics Studies Unravel Tumor’s Glutamine Addiction After Metabolic Reprogramming

Márquez, J., Matés, J. M., Alonso, F. J., Martín‐Rufián, M., Lobo, C., & Campos-Sandoval, J. A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1824-5_12 · Cited by 11

QM/MM Study of the Reaction Mechanism of the Carboxyl Transferase Domain of Pyruvate Carboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus

Sheng, X., & Liu, Y. (2014) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi500020r · Cited by 11

PRDM16 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration via Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Directly Targeting Pyruvate Carboxylase in Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Liu, W., Guan, Q., Wen, D., Ma, B., Xu, W., Hu, J., Wei, W., Li, D.-S., Wang, Y., Xiang, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.723777 · Cited by 10

CRISPR Cas9-mediated ablation of pyruvate carboxylase gene in colon cancer cell line HT-29 inhibits growth and migration, induces apoptosis and increases sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil and glutaminase inhibitor

Ngamkham, J., Siritutsoontorn, S., Saisomboon, S., Vaeteewoottacharn, K., & Jitrapakdee, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.966089 · Cited by 12

Alterations in the amino acid profile in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma with and without Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Hellmann, A. R., Turyn, J., Zwara, A., Korczyńska, J., Taciak, A., & Mika, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1199291 · Cited by 10

Pyruvate carboxylase as a sensitive protein biomarker for exogenous steroid chemicals

Liang, X., Martyniuk, C. J., Cheng, G., Zha, J., & Wang, Z. (2014) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.006 · Cited by 10

Hollow fibre membrane bioreactor functionalized with GO‐cryogel 3D matrix promotes liver cell anchoring and their functional maintenance

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Metabolic Vulnerabilities in Brain Cancer

Morrow, D., Minami, J. K., & Nathanson, D. A. (2021) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2020.12.006 · Cited by 12

Combining metabolic and process engineering strategies to improve recombinant glycoprotein production and quality

Karengera, E., Durocher, Y., Crescenzo, G. D., & Henry, O. (2017) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8513-0 · Cited by 10

Cytochrome c oxidase dependent respiration is essential for T cell activation, proliferation and memory formation

Tarasenko, T. N., Warren, E. B., Singh, B., Fuchs, A. L., Franco, J. L. M., Szibor, M., King, C., & McGuire, P. J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-65910-w · Cited by 9

High-throughput in situ perturbation of metabolite levels in the tumor micro-environment reveals favorable metabolic condition for increased fitness of infiltrated T-cells

Valvo, V., Parietti, E., Deans, K., Ahn, S. W., Park, N. R., Ferland, B., Thompson, D., Dominas, C. A., Bhagavatula, S. K., Davidson, S. M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.1032360 · Cited by 9

Overexpression of malic enzyme is involved in breast cancer growth and is correlated with poor prognosis

Hu, W., Yang, Y., Cheng, C., Tu, Y., Chang, H., & Tsai, K. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.18163 · Cited by 8

Disease stage-specific role of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier suppresses differentiation in temozolomide and radiation-treated glioblastoma

Martell, E., Kuzmychova, H., Senthil, H., Chawla, U., Kaul, E., Grewal, A., Banerji, V., Anderson, C. M., Venugopal, C., Miller, D. W., et al. (2025) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/noaf008 · Cited by 8

Citrate clearance is a major function of aconitase 2 in the canonical TCA cycle

Xie, A., Brunner, J. S., Chakraborty, S., Montero, A. M., Bridgeman, A. E., Paras, K. I., Cui, R., Fagoaga-Eugui, M., Komza, M., Arnold, P. K., et al. (2026) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2026.01.028 · Cited by 12

Mechanisms of Inhibition of Rhizobium etli Pyruvate Carboxylase by l -Aspartate

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Effect of glutaminase inhibition on cancer-induced bone pain

Fazzari, J., & Singh, G. (2019) · Breast Cancer Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/bctt.s215655 · Cited by 8

Protective effects of all-trans retinoic acid against gastric premalignant lesions by repressing exosomal LncHOXA10–pyruvate carboxylase axis

Wang, C., Zhao, D., Shu, X., Wang, K., Wang, T., Lin, X., Zhang, D., Xia, T., Qian, S., Tang, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-021-03820-2 · Cited by 8

NDRG2 inhibits pyruvate carboxylase-mediated anaplerosis and combines with glutamine blockade to inhibit the proliferation of glioma cells.

Wang, J., Sun, X. Y., Wang, J., Zhang, K., Yuan, Y., Guo, Y. H., Yao, L., Li, X., & Shen, L. (2022) · PubMed Central · Cited by 8

Metabolic Fluxes in Cancer Metabolism

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A high-throughput screening assay for pyruvate carboxylase

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Overexpression of Holocarboxylase Synthetase Predicts Lymph Node Metastasis and Unfavorable Prognosis in Breast Cancer

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“Mitochondrial Toolbox” – A Review of Online Resources to Explore Mitochondrial Genomics

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Long non‐coding RNAs and their targets as potential biomarkers in breast cancer

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NDRG2 Inhibits Pyruvate Carboxylase-Mediated Anaplerosis and Combines with Glutamine Blockade To Inhibit The Growth of GliomaPreprint

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