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Profiling the effects of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations on the cellular metabolome
Open accessAbstract
Point mutations of the NADP + -dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDH1 and IDH2) occur early in the pathogenesis of gliomas. When mutated, IDH1 and IDH2 gain the ability to produce the metabolite ( R )-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), but the downstream effects of mutant IDH1 and IDH2 proteins or of 2HG on cellular metabolism are unknown. We profiled >200 metabolites in human oligodendroglioma (HOG) cells to determine the effects of expression of IDH1 and IDH2 mutants. Levels of amino acids, glutathione metabolites, choline derivatives, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates were altered in mutant IDH1- and IDH2-expressing cells. These changes were similar to those identified after treatment of the cells with 2HG. Remarkably, N -acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), a common dipeptide in brain, was 50-fold reduced in cells expressing IDH1 mutants and 8.3-fold reduced in cells expressing IDH2 mutants. NAAG also was significantly lower in human glioma tissues containing IDH mutations than in gliomas without such mutations. These metabolic changes provide clues to the pathogenesis of tumors associated with IDH gene mutations.
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“a portion of the succinate that accumulates during ischemia and inflammation is released from the cell into the extracellular environment through poorly defined processes. This occurs following IR injury158,159, inflammation10, or cold exposure160.”
From Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer (2018) · cites this paper as [159]
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Self-citation( R )-2-Hydroxyglutarate Is Sufficient to Promote Leukemogenesis and Its Effects Are Reversible
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“Cells harboring mutant IDH1 have altered levels of metabolites in addition to 2-HG (Grassian et al., 2014; Metallo et al., 2012; Reitman et al., 2014; Reitman et al., 2011; Seltzer et al., 2010; Zhao et al., 2009).”
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“Moreover, existing data indicate that 2HG and Glu might be inversely proportional: a slight decrease of Glu together with a large increase of 2HG in IDH1R132H (9) compared with a slight increase of Glu (20) with virtually undetectable 2HG (7) in wild-type IDH1 gliomas.”
BackgroundInfluentialOncometabolites: linking altered metabolism with cancer
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“Our findings help explain why IDH1mutant gliomas convert 2OG to glutamate more slowly than IDH1 wild-type tumors and have low glutamate and glutathione content (Bisdas et al., 2016; Chaumeil et al., 2014; Choi et al., 2012; Izquierdo-Garcia et al., 2015; Jalbert et al., 2017; Pope et al., 2012; Reitman et al., 2011).”
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“High-throughput sequencing previously revealed that the metabolic enzymes, IDH1 and IDH2, are frequently mutated in a majority of several types of malignant gliomas [4, 5].”
InfluentialRole of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer progression
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“2-Hydroxyglutarate inhibits the enzymatic activity of Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) and Complex V (ATP synthase)(114,115) and alters the gene expression of TCA cycle enzymes in cancer cells.(116) These findings suggest that the accumulation of 2-hydroxyglutarate contributes to the alterations in energy metabolism…”
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Self-citationIsocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations in cholangiocarcinoma
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“However more recently, widespread changes in central metabolism were reported by profiling steadystate levels of a wide range of metabolites, although the authors indicated that stable isotope labeling studies are essential to define fully the metabolic consequences of the mutations (Reitman et al., 2011).”
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“In particular, expression of IDH1-R132H or IDH2-R172K mutants resulted in reduction of the TCA metabolites citrate, cis-aconitate, α-KG, malate, and fumarate, accompanied by an accumulation of biosynthetic precursors, which suggests that IDH mutation can result in TCA cycle downregulation (46).”
Oginuma, M., Moncuquet, P., Xiong, F., Karoly, E. D., Chal, J., Guevorkian, K., & Pourquié, O. (2017) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.001 · Cited by 202
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An in vivo patient-derived model of endogenous IDH1-mutant glioma
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“ation events [2-6].”
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A heterozygous IDH1R132H/WT mutation induces genome-wide alterations in DNA methylationPreprint
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“Human oligodendroglioma (HOG) cell lines expressing mutant IDH1 or empty vector were generated as described previously (Reitman et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationElevated CO2 Levels Cause Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Impair Cell Proliferation
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“Evidence is mounting that high levels of D-2HG alter the biology of tumor cells toward malignancy by influencing the activity of enzymes critical for regulating the metabolic (14) and epigenetic state of cells (6, 7, 16–18).”
Predicting IDH mutation status in grade II gliomas using amide proton transfer‐weighted (APTw) MRI
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“Because IDH geneencoded enzymes are closely involved in the energyproducing Krebs cycle as catalytic isozymes, mutations in IDH genes may cause widespread disturbances of cellular metabolism, including alteration of amino acid concentrations and enzymatic activity (7,8), and raise global DNA hypermethylation and globa…”
BackgroundCancer Metabolism and Drug Resistance
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“IDH1 derived 2-HG has also been shown to increase CpG island methylation [28,83].”
BackgroundThe Metabolomic Signature of Malignant Glioma Reflects Accelerated Anabolic Metabolism
Chinnaiyan, P., Kensicki, E., Bloom, G. C., Prabhu, A. H., Sarcar, B., Kahali, S., Eschrich, S. A., Qu, X., Forsyth, P. A., & Gillies, R. J. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1572-t · Cited by 172
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InfluentialPTEN deficiency reprogrammes human neural stem cells towards a glioblastoma stem cell-like phenotype
Duan, S., Yuan, G., Liu, X., Ren, R., Li, J., Zhang, W., Wu, J., Xu, X., Fu, L., Li, Y., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10068 · Cited by 172
Self-citationWhat do we know about IDH1/2 mutations so far, and how do we use it?
Horbinski, C. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1106-9 · Cited by 169
“Some have used a 2-HG octyl ester to increase cell permeability [30, 108, 184], but others have shown effects by exogenous 2-HG even without esterification [140].”
InfluentialChumpitazi, B. P., Hollister, E. B., Oezguen, N., Tsai, C. M., McMeans, A. R., Luna, R. A., Savidge, T. C., Versalovic, J., & Shulman, R. J. (2014) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.27923 · Cited by 156
“Samples were processed as described previously.(46,47) For quality assurance (QA)/QC, additional samples were included with each day’s analysis.”
MethodDysregulation of fatty acid synthesis and glycolysis in non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Bhatt, A. P., Jacobs, S. R., Freemerman, A. J., Makowski, L., Rathmell, J. C., Dittmer, D. P., & Damania, B. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1205995109 · Cited by 163
“Metabolic profiling, peak identification, and curationwas performed by Metabolon using described methods (35).”
MethodLeonardi, R., Subramanian, C., Jackowski, S., & Rock, C. O. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c112.353946 · Cited by 171
“In addition, the KG carbon destined for citrate is instead converted to 2HG, which reduces KG levels (29).”
BackgroundTCA Cycle Defects and Cancer: When Metabolism Tunes Redox State
Cardaci, S., & Ciriolo, M. R. (2012) · International Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1155/2012/161837 · Cited by 169
“As IDH1/2 mutant cells are characterized by lower levels of glutamate with respect to their wt matching parts [62], it is possible that oncogenic defects in IDH result in impaired GSH synthesis due to a lower glutamate availability, thus phenocopying the prooxidant conditions observed in glutaminase deficient cells [6…”
BackgroundOncogene-induced senescence results in marked metabolic and bioenergetic alterations
Quijano, C., Cao, L., Fergusson, M. M., Romero, H., Liu, J., Gutkind, S., Rovira, I. I., Mohney, R. P., Karoly, E. D., & Finkel, T. (2012) · Cell Cycle · doi:10.4161/cc.19800 · Cited by 155
Self-citationLandscape of the mitochondrial Hsp90 metabolome in tumours
Chae, Y. C., Angelin, A., Lisanti, S., Kossenkov, A. V., Speicher, K. D., Wang, H., Powers, J. F., Tischler, A. S., Pacák, K., Fliedner, S. M. J., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3139 · Cited by 162
Self-citationMetabolic consequences of oncogenic IDH mutations
Parker, S. J., & Metallo, C. M. (2015) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.003 · Cited by 162
“An in vivo knock-in model of IDH1-R132H exhibited increased NADP+/NADPH ratio, decreased GSH, and decreased ascorbate in whole brains, consistent with a decrease in NADPH production and redox control capacity (Sasaki et al., 2012a).”
BackgroundInfluentialGamble, L. D., Purgato, S., Murray, J. E., Xiao, L., Yu, D. M. T., Hanssen, K. M., Giorgi, F. M., Carter, D. R., Gifford, A. J., Valli, E., et al. (2019) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aau1099 · Cited by 155
The Roles of 2-Hydroxyglutarate
Du, X., & Hu, H. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.651317 · Cited by 160
Andronesi, O. C., Loebel, F., Bogner, W., Marjańska, M., Heiden, M. G. V., Iafrate, A. J., Dietrich, J., Batchelor, T. T., Gerstner, E. R., Kaelin, W. G., et al. (2015) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0656 · Cited by 153
“Lower glutamate and glutamine levels have been measured in mutant versus wild-type IDH cell cultures (45), while results from animal models have yielded a more complex fate of glutamate and glutamine (46, 47).”
Teicher, B. A., Linehan, W. M., & Helman, L. J. (2012) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2587 · Cited by 152
Stockhammer, F., Misch, M., Helms, H., Lengler, U., Prall, F., von Deimling, A., & Hartmann, C. J. (2012) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2011.12.007 · Cited by 147
“scarcity of TCA metabolites, by withdrawal due to 2HG accumulation.(8,26) There are numerous reports on seizures in patients or animal models when the TCA is impaired by inherited disease or toxic interference.”
BackgroundFack, F., Tardito, S., Hochart, G., Oudin, A., Zheng, L., Fritah, S., Golebiewska, A., Nazarov, P. V., Bernard, A., Hau, A., et al. (2017) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201707729 · Cited by 148
“In line with earlier data (Reitman et al , 2011), NAAG levels were heterogeneous in IDHm gliomas, suggesting differential activation of metabolic pathways.”
Oncometabolites: tailoring our genes
Nowicki, S., & Gottlieb, E. (2015) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.13295 · Cited by 148
Inhaled ozone (O3)-induces changes in serum metabolomic and liver transcriptomic profiles in rats
Miller, D. B., Karoly, E. D., Jones, J. C., Ward, W. O., Vallanat, B., Andrews, D. L., Schladweiler, M. C. J., Snow, S. J., Bass, V. L., Richards, J. H., et al. (2015) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.025 · Cited by 144
Self-citationOncogenic Activities of IDH1/2 Mutations: From Epigenetics to Cellular Signaling
Gagné, L. M., Boulay, K., Topisirović, I., Huot, M., & Mallette, F. A. (2017) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2017.06.002 · Cited by 143
Fessel, J. P., Hamid, R., Wittmann, B. M., Robinson, L. J., Blackwell, T., Tada, Y., Tanabe, N., Tatsumi, K., Hemnes, A. R., & West, J. D. (2012) · Pulmonary Circulation · doi:10.4103/2045-8932.97606 · Cited by 141
Schuler, K., Rambally, B. S., DiFurio, M. J., Sampey, B. P., Gehrig, P. A., Makowski, L., & Bae-Jump, V. L. (2014) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.353 · Cited by 137
Sun, Y., Daemen, A., Hatzivassiliou, G., Arnott, D. P., WILSON, C. A., Zhuang, G., Gao, M., Liu, P. J., Boudreau, A., Johnson, L., et al. (2014) · Cancer & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/2049-3002-2-20 · Cited by 134
“The cell pellets were snap-frozen and submitted to Metabolon Inc for global metabolomic analysis [12].”
MethodYoussef, G., & Miller, J. J. (2020) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-020-01040-8 · Cited by 144
Biological insights through nontargeted metabolomics
Sévin, D. C., Kuehne, A., Zamboni, N., & Sauer, U. (2014) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.001 · Cited by 141
IDH1/2 mutations target a key hallmark of cancer by deregulating cellular metabolism in glioma
Zhang, C., Moore, L. M., Li, X., Yung, W. K. A., & Zhang, W. (2013) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/not087 · Cited by 136
“On the other hand, the genetic alterations observed in tumors may lead to deregulation of cellular metabolism.(57) Aberrant cellular metabolism and aberrant gene expression affect each other and together drive cancer pathogenesis.”
BackgroundGlobal Profiling Strategies for Mapping Dysregulated Metabolic Pathways in Cancer
Benjamin, D. I., Cravatt, B. F., & Nomura, D. K. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.09.013 · Cited by 131
“Carbon atoms arising from CO 2 are labeled as black dots. amino acids NAA and NAAG (most commonly found as dipeptides in the brain) were significantly lowered in cells containing a mutated IDH1 (Reitman et al., 2011).”
Odagiri, H., Kadomatsu, T., Endo, M., Masuda, T., Morioka, M. S., Fukuhara, S., Miyamoto, T. K., Kobayashi, E., Miyata, K., Aoi, J., et al. (2014) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2004612 · Cited by 130
“Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family proteins contribute to DNA demethylation by converting 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to the demethylation intermediate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in an a-ketoglutarate– dependent manner (10–12). a-Ketoglutarate is produced primarily by isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) (11, 13).”
BackgroundInfluentialDisruption of Wild-Type IDH1 Suppresses D-2-Hydroxyglutarate Production in IDH1-Mutated Gliomas
Jin, G., Reitman, Z. J., Duncan, C. G., Spasojević, I., Gooden, D. M., Rasheed, B. A., Yang, R. R., Lopez, G. Y., He, Y., McLendon, R. E., et al. (2012) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2852 · Cited by 130
“IDH1 or IDH1 was ectopically expressed using lentivirus constructs described previously (16) after 1-month selectionwith 0.”
Self-citationShiroto, T., Romero, N., Sugiyama, T., Sartoretto, J. L., Kalwa, H., Yan, Z., Shimokawa, H., & Michel, T. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087871 · Cited by 125
“All cell treatments, metabolite analysis, sample preparation, quality assurance procedures, spectroscopy, and statistical analysis was performed as previously described[21].”
MethodIDH1 Mutation Induces Reprogramming of Pyruvate Metabolism
Izquierdo-Garcia, J. L., Viswanath, P., Eriksson, P., Cai, L., Radoul, M., Chaumeil, M. M., Blough, M., Luchman, H. A., Weiss, S., Cairncross, J. G., et al. (2015) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0840 · Cited by 123
“To confirm that increased HIF1a and PDK3 levels and reduced PDH activity were associated with mutant IDH1-induced 2-HG production, we measured PDH activity in NHAIDHwt and U87IDHwt cells treated with exogenous 2-HG, previously shown to model the effect of the IDH1 mutation (10, 34, 35).”
BackgroundMethodQuantitative metabolome analysis profiles activation of glutaminolysis in glioma with IDH1 mutation
Ohka, F., Ito, M., Ranjit, M., Senga, T., Motomura, A., Motomura, K., Saito, K., Kato, K., Kato, Y., Wakabayashi, T., et al. (2014) · Tumor Biology · doi:10.1007/s13277-014-1784-5 · Cited by 124
“suggested that Nacetyltransferase may be downregulated or that destruction/ consumption of N-acetylated amino acids may be associated with IDH mutation [24].”
BackgroundDesideri, E., Vegliante, R., & Ciriolo, M. R. (2014) · Cancer Letters · doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.023 · Cited by 116
“for the biosynthesis of glutathione, the most abundant cellular antioxidant [57] that is involved in the regulation of many cellular”
BackgroundProfiling metabolic networks to study cancer metabolism
Hiller, K., & Metallo, C. M. (2012) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.11.001 · Cited by 113
Kaminska, B., Czapski, B., Guzik, R., Król, S. K., & Gielniewski, B. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24050968 · Cited by 114
“A similar reduction of NAAG was detected in IDH‐mut glioma tissues [21].”
BackgroundInfluentialSalamanca-Cardona, L., Shah, H., Poot, A. J., Correa, F. M., Di Gialleonardo, V., Lui, H., Miloushev, V. Z., Granlund, K. L., Tee, S. S., Cross, J. R., et al. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.10.001 · Cited by 106
“These findings suggest a fundamental difference in the metabolic rewiring of each type of mutant cell, which has also been suggested in previous reports using isogenic mutants (Reitman et al., 2011; Wen et al., 2015).”
ResultGlobal Profiling of Metabolic Adaptation to Hypoxic Stress in Human Glioblastoma Cells
Kucharzewska, P., Christianson, H. C., & Belting, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116740 · Cited by 107
“Comprehensive metabolomics approaches that simultaneously detect changes in a variety of metabolites in cells from different oxygenation conditions should be critical for the identification of potential metabolic ‘Achilles’ heels’ of cancer cells [10].”
BackgroundMolecular pathology in adult high‐grade gliomas: from molecular diagnostics to target therapies
Masui, K., Cloughesy, T. F., & Mischel, P. S. (2011) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01238.x · Cited by 113
“However, heterozygous IDH1/2 mutations may be consistent with a gain of function, and the mutant enzyme was reported to increase the formation of 2-hydroxyglutarate, which might be tumorigenic [46,47].”
BackgroundThe Role of Mitochondrial NADPH-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in Cancer Cells
Smolková, K., & Ježek, P. (2012) · International Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1155/2012/273947 · Cited by 114
“Interestingly, IDH2 mutations also lead to increases in amino acid levels [35] as would be expected for ongoing glutaminolysis.”
BackgroundMolecular Distinction of Chondrosarcoma From Chondroblastic Osteosarcoma Through IDH1/2 Mutations
Kerr, D. A., Lopez, H. U., Deshpande, V., Hornicek, F. J., Duan, Z., Zhang, Y., Rosenberg, A. E., Borger, D. R., & Nielsen, G. P. (2013) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e31827ab703 · Cited by 105
GC/MS-based metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from glioma patients
Nakamizo, S., Sasayama, T., Shinohara, M., Irino, Y., Nishiumi, S., Nishihara, M., Tanaka, H., Tanaka, K., Mizukawa, K., Itoh, T., et al. (2013) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-013-1090-x · Cited by 101
“[44] reported that amino acid, choline lipid, and TCA cycle metabolite levels were altered in cells expressing IDH mutants.”
BackgroundPerrone, C. E., Mattocks, D. A. L., Plummer, J. D., Chittur, S. V., Mohney, R. P., Vignola, K. S., Orentreich, D. S., & Orentreich∥, N. (2012) · Lifestyle Genomics · doi:10.1159/000339347 · Cited by 100
Applications of metabolomics in cancer research
Styczynski, M. P., & Vermeersch, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Carcinogenesis · doi:10.4103/1477-3163.113622 · Cited by 107
“[44] The effects of IDH1/2 mutations on the metabolome were very similar to the changes caused by treating normal cells with 2HG, showing that it is the production of the oncometabolite 2HG and not the loss of IDH1/2’s normal operation that causes these changes.[44]”
BackgroundTateishi, K., Higuchi, F., Miller, J. J., Koerner, M. V. A., Lelic, N., Shankar, G. M., Tanaka, S., Fisher, D. E., Batchelor, T. T., Iafrate, A. J., et al. (2017) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2263 · Cited by 100
“dehydrogenase(21), as well as altered citric acid cycle flux(22), and depleted steady-state pools of several canonical metabolites including glutathione(23) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)(24).”
Biochemical alterations associated with ALS
Lawton, K. A., Cudkowicz, M., Brown, M. V., Alexander, D. C., Caffrey, R., Wulff, J. E., Bowser, R. P., Lawson, R. J., Jaffa, M., Milburn, M. V., et al. (2011) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis · doi:10.3109/17482968.2011.619197 · Cited by 92
Carrillo, J. A., He, Y., Li, Y., Liu, J., Erdman, R. A., Sonstegard, T. S., & Song, J. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25948 · Cited by 99
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Reitman, Z. J., Jin, G., Karoly, E. D., Spasojevic, I., Yang, J., Kinzler, K. W., He, Y., Bigner, D. D., Vogelstein, B., & Yan, H.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Metabolon (United States) (US)
- Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center,
- The Ludwig Center and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2011-02-02
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 3270-3275
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3044380
- OpenAlex
- W2171026968
- Cited by
- 449
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 24.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- American Association for Cancer Research
- Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation
- Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (CA43460, 5P30-CA-014236-36, R37CA043460, R01CA140316, P30CA014236)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolomics and Mass Spectrometry Studies
- Keywords
- isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH1 mutation, IDH2 mutation, 2-hydroxyglutarate, glioma, oligodendroglioma, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, glutathione metabolism, choline derivatives, TCA cycle intermediates, amino acids, cancer metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Dipeptides, Glioma, Glutarates, Humans, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase, Mutation, Oligodendroglioma, Cell Line, Tumor, Metabolome
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