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Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals
Open accessAbstract
Sharing others’ emotional states may facilitate understanding their intentions and actions. Here we show that networks of brain areas “tick together” in participants who are viewing similar emotional events in a movie. Participants’ brain activity was measured with functional MRI while they watched movies depicting unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant emotions. After scanning, participants watched the movies again and continuously rated their experience of pleasantness–unpleasantness (i.e., valence) and of arousal–calmness. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to derive multisubject voxelwise similarity measures [intersubject correlations (ISCs)] of functional MRI data. Valence and arousal time series were used to predict the moment-to-moment ISCs computed using a 17-s moving average. During movie viewing, participants' brain activity was synchronized in lower- and higher-order sensory areas and in corticolimbic emotion circuits. Negative valence was associated with increased ISC in the emotion-processing network (thalamus, ventral striatum, insula) and in the default-mode network (precuneus, temporoparietal junction, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior superior temporal sulcus). High arousal was associated with increased ISC in the somatosensory cortices and visual and dorsal attention networks comprising the visual cortex, bilateral intraparietal sulci, and frontal eye fields. Seed-voxel–based correlation analysis confirmed that these sets of regions constitute dissociable, functional networks. We propose that negative valence synchronizes individuals’ brain areas supporting emotional sensations and understanding of another’s actions, whereas high arousal directs individuals’ attention to similar features of the environment. By enhancing the synchrony of brain activity across individuals, emotions may promote social interaction and facilitate interpersonal understanding.
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25 Not checked yet · 23 Own interpretation · 20 Own result · 7 Own method · 1 Sources not found
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“Seed-voxel-based correlation analysis confirmed that these sets of regions constitute dissociable, functional networks.”
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In the paper
“However, statistically significant ISCs also were observed in numerous limbic regions implicated in affective processing, such as the amygdala, anterior insula, and thalamus, as well as in somatosensory cortices.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
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In the paper
“During movie viewing, participants' brain activity was synchronized in lower-and higher-order sensory areas and in corticolimbic emotion circuits.”
- Also stated in: § Results · boosted
“During movie viewing, the brain activity was highly time-locked across subjects in several brain regions”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“statistically significant ISCs also were observed in numerous limbic regions implicated in affective processing, such as the amygdala, anterior insula, and thalamus, as well as in somatosensory cortices.”
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In the paper
“Behavioral ratings (Fig. S1) confirmed that the movie stimuli elicited strong and time-variable emotional reactions, with mean valence ranging from 1.3 to 8.3 and mean arousal ranging from 2.6 to 8.0.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For arousal, the corresponding effect was much smaller and was restricted to temporal/hippocampal regions.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Negative valence was associated with increased ISC in the emotion-processing network (thalamus, ventral striatum, insula) and in the default-mode network (precuneus, temporoparietal junction, medial prefrontal cortex, posterior superior temporal sulcus).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“As valence decreased from positive to negative, ISC increased in regions involved in emotional processing (thalamus, ventral striatum, and medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex) as well as in default-mode function [temporoparietal junction (TPJ), precuneus, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC)]”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“valence was negatively associated with ISC in regions involved in emotional processing, such as midbrain, thalamus, ventral striatum, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (22,23) and also in the defaultmode network constituting of the TPJ, precuneus, superior temporal sulcus (STS), and VMPFC (29,30).”
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- Also stated in: § Results · plain
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In the paper
“High arousal was associated with increased ISC in the somatosensory cortices and visual and dorsal attention networks comprising the visual cortex, bilateral intraparietal sulci, and frontal eye fields.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“the level of emotional arousal was associated positively with ISC in visual and somatosensory cortices and in regions involved in top-down attention control [bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and frontal eye field].”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Whereas arousal was most prominently positively associated with ISC in the visual and dorsal attention networks (28)”
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In the paper
“Correlations between ISC and valence versus ISC and arousal were statistically significantly different in all the aforementioned regions (Z > 5.38, P < 0.001, Fisher's test).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“Similar results were observed when partial correlations were used to control for effects of valence on ISC by arousal or vice versa (Table S2).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Representational similarity analysis (RSA) revealed that pairwise similarity in valence ratings predicted similarity in brain activation time series, most notably in frontal components of the emotion circuit, namely, in the orbital and medial frontal cortex and anterior cingulum (Fig. S2 and Table S3).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 27
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
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In the paper
“Valence and arousal were negatively correlated (r = -0.22,P < 0.001).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Neither valence nor arousal correlated significantly with the whole-volume average ISC (P > 0.05)”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When the mean ISC time courses of all statistically significant voxels in each of the six intrinsic networks were correlated with valence and arousal time series, a similar pattern of results emerged: Arousal, but not valence, correlated positively with mean ISC in the visual and dorsal attention network, whereas valence, but not arousal, correlated negatively with ISC in the default-mode network.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Valence modulates ISC in the default-mode network (yellow) and arousal in the visual network (violet) and dorsal attention network (green).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > RSA of Emotional Feelings and ISC.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“during movie viewing a nonselective ISC component (spanning to the insular cortex) is associated with emotional events in the movies (14).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] 14. Hasson U, Nir Y, Levy I, Fuhrmann G, Malach R (2004) Intersubject synchronization of cortical activity during natural vision. Science 303:1634-1640. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Lesions of the somatosensory cortices dampen subjective emotional feelings (36)”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] 36. Johnsen EL, Tranel D, Lutgendorf S, Adolphs R (2009) A neuroanatomical dissociation for emotion induced by music. Int J Psychophysiol 72:24-33. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, numerous independent studies have established that highly arousing events catch both the covert and overt attention (34,35).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] 34. Nummenmaa L, Hyönä J, Calvo MG (2006) Eye movement assessment of selective attentional capture by emotional pictures. Emotion 6:257-268. source
- Not checked yetcites [35] 35. Brosch T, Sander D, Scherer KR (2007) That baby caught my eye. . . attention capture by infant faces. Emotion 7:685-689. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Accordingly, during moments of high arousal, different individuals would focus their attention on similar emotional features in the environment, and this focus would be reflected in the enhanced timelocking of brain activity in the dorsal attention network.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Recent models have proposed further that the somatosensory cortices might have a more general (i.e., non-emotion-specific) role in understanding actions (11).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 11. Keysers C, Kaas JH, Gazzola V (2010) Somatosensation in social perception. Nat Rev Neurosci 11:417-428. source
hedged- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Our data suggest that the attention-related mechanism is arousal-contingent, whereas the mapping mechanism is valence-contingent.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our findings suggest that temporally synchronized somatosensory codes across individuals might be a critical mechanism supporting mutual understanding of actions and that highly arousing events would be particularly effective in triggering this kind of somatosensory resonance across individuals.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The activity of the default-mode network typically is suppressed during external stimulation (29)”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] 29. Raichle ME, et al. (2001) A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 676-682. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Recruitment of the attention-controlling systems upon perception of emotional events allows rapid adaptation to potential dangers or beneficial events in the environment (23).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] 23. Vuilleumier P (2005) How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends Cogn Sci 9:585-594. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this synchronization of neural time courses across brains may be the critical mechanism that enables mental simulation of other's emotional states and, ultimately, prediction of their intentions and actions.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Such processes might be suppressed during free exploration of the environment but may be engaged rapidly in a similar manner across individuals when highly relevant social or emotional events are detected.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The key mechanisms that may support similar emotional processing across individuals are automatic and spatially similar focusing of attention toward emotion-laden stimuli (23) and the subsequent mapping of others' emotional states in the body and brain (9).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] 23. Vuilleumier P (2005) How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends Cogn Sci 9:585-594. source
- Not checked yetcites [9] 9. Hatfield E, Cacioppo J, Rapson RL (1994) Emotional Contagion (Cambridge Univ Press, New York).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These opposite effects on ISC fit with the proposed distinction between valence and arousal representations in the brain (31,32) and they also highlight the neurobehavioral functions that emotional arousal and valence may have in human social interaction.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] 31. Anderson AK, et al. (2003) Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction. Nat Neurosci 6:196-202. source
- Not checked yetcites [32] 32. Posner J, Russell JA, Peterson BS (2005) The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 17:715-734. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results thus demonstrate that valence and arousal have distinct roles in synchronizing brain activity-and possibly also behavior-across individuals.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“although catching the emotions someone (here the movie character) expresses is thought to involve replication of observed emotions in one's own mind and body (9)”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] 9. Hatfield E, Cacioppo J, Rapson RL (1994) Emotional Contagion (Cambridge Univ Press, New York).
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“However, it is likely that frontocortical synchronization may be triggered both by external events (such as emotions) eliciting prototypical neural and behavioral patterns across individuals and by the similarity of endogenously maintained, shared cognitive task sets across individuals.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When positive emotions are triggered, frontal cortex may not synchronize across individuals, because the positive emotions trigger planning of novel, exploratory thoughts and actions that are bound to vary significantly across individuals.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This hypothesis accords with the proposals that perceived emotional states in others are constantly mapped into corresponding somatic and sensory representations in the observers' brain (10,11).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Conclusions
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Through this kind of mind-simulation, we may estimate others' goals and needs more accurately and tune our own behavior accordingly, thus supporting social interaction and coherence.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Gaussian filtering, on the contrary, accounts for both the HRF delay and autocorrelation of the ISC time series without making any assumptions about the shape of the filter.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Behavioral Measurements.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our data show that the restricted processing brought about by negative emotions is reflected in the intersubject similarity in time courses of brain activity: The more negative emotions individuals feel, the more similar is their brain activation in the emotion circuit as well as in the default-mode network, whereas when the subjects experience positive emotions promoting free exploration, their b”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The data were analyzed using an ISC toolbox developed by Kauppi et al. (13).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Behavioral Measurements.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Kauppi J-P, Jääskeläinen IP, Sams M, Tohka J (2010) Inter-subject correlation of brain hemodynamic responses during watching a movie: Localization in space and fre- quency. Front Neuroinform 4:5.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose that high arousal serves to direct individuals' attention similarly to features of the environment, whereas negative valence synchronizes brain circuitries, supporting emotional sensations across individuals.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the contrary, negative emotions may trigger specific biologically determined fight-or-flight responses for immediate survival, and this narrowing of behavioral repertoires would result in more similar frontal time courses across individuals.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, it is possible that the empathy-contingent ISC in the MTG/STS region might reflect this kind of simulation and prediction without feeling.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants were native Finnish speakers, and to reduce the potential confounds associated with the English speech in the movies, the movie clips were presented without sound.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Materials and Methods
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Most stimuli were selected on the basis of a validation study for the emotional qualities of silent clips edited from several feature films (47).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Materials and Methods
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [47] 47. Hewig J, et al. (2005) A revised film set for the induction of basic emotions. Cogn Emotion 19:1095-1109.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“empathy also might be related to mental simulation and prediction of others' feelings without actually sharing them in one's own mind and body (46).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] 46. Preston SD, de Waal FBM (2002) Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behav Brain Sci, 25:1-20, discussion 20-71. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To test the statistical significance of the ISC maps, we performed a fully nonparametric voxelwise permutation test for the r statistic (13).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Behavioral Measurements.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Kauppi J-P, Jääskeläinen IP, Sams M, Tohka J (2010) Inter-subject correlation of brain hemodynamic responses during watching a movie: Localization in space and fre- quency. Front Neuroinform 4:5.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“that has been proposed to encode the intentions of an agent's actions (42,43) and also to be associated more broadly with empathy, mentalizing, and theory of mind (44,45).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] 42. Nummenmaa L, Calder AJ (2009) Neural mechanisms of social attention. Trends Cogn Sci 13:135-143. source
- Not checked yetcites [43] 43. Pelphrey KA, Viola RJ, McCarthy G (2004) When strangers pass: Processing of mutual and averted social gaze in the superior temporal sulcus. Psychol Sci 15:598-603. source
- Not checked yetcites [44] 44. Gallagher HL, Frith CD (2003) Functional imaging of 'theory of mind'. Trends Cogn Sci 7:77-83. source
- Not checked yetcites [45] 45. Frith U, Frith CD (2003) Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358:459-473. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This information could be forwarded to the attention circuits to modulate sensory sampling of the environment as well as to emotion circuits to support transforming the observed agent's actions and intentions into a corresponding somatosensory and behavioral code in the observer.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Ratings were conducted separately rather than during scanning, because a reporting task influences neural responses to visual emotional stimulation (48,49), but repeated viewing of emotional stimuli has only a negligible effect on self-reported emotional feelings.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Behavioral Measurements.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] 48. Hutcherson CA, et al. (2005) Attention and emotion: Does rating emotion alter neural responses to amusing and sad films? Neuroimage 27:656-668. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] 49. Lieberman MD, et al. (2007) Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychol Sci 18:421-428. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Seeing emotional stimuli again has only a minimal impact on people's reported emotional experiences.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This way we could account for temporal autocorrelations present in the BOLD data.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Behavioral Measurements.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, we conducted permutation testing with circular sampling on the surrogate ratings to determine the statistical significance level at P < 0.01 (FDR corrected).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > RSA of Emotional Feelings and ISC.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The FDR-based multiple comparisons correction relies on the P values being independent or positively dependent.
In the paper
“A participant's disposition for catching emotions from others was assessed by the Measure of Emotional Empathy questionnaire (50).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Behavioral Measurements.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] 50. Mehrabian A, Epstein N (1972) A measure of emotional empathy. J Pers 40:525-543. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prior studies have provided contradicting evidence on whether the activity in the frontal regions synchronizes across individuals during prolonged natural stimulation (14,15).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > †
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] 14. Hasson U, Nir Y, Levy I, Fuhrmann G, Malach R (2004) Intersubject synchronization of cortical activity during natural vision. Science 303:1634-1640. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Jääskeläinen IP, et al. (2008) Inter-subject synchronization of prefrontal cortex he- modynamic activity during natural viewing. Open Neuroimaging J 2:14-19. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that emotions enhance intersubject synchronization of brain activity and thus tune-in specific brain networks across individuals to support similar perception, experiencing, and prediction of the world.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A fully nonparametric voxelwise permutation test was applied to determine the final population-level statistical threshold (P < 0.01, FDR corrected) for the maps.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Seed-Voxel Correlation Analysis.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The FDR-based multiple comparisons correction relies on the P values being independent or positively dependent.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A Gaussian filter rather than an ideal hemodynamic response function (HRF) was used for alignment, because the ISC time series have a complex nonlinear relationship with the BOLD signal, rendering the canonical HRF inappropriate.”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Behavioral Measurements.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We corrected the resulting P values using FDR-based multiple comparisons correction with the assumption of independence (or positive dependence).”
§ Emotions promote social interaction by synchronizing brain activity across individuals > Behavioral Measurements.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The FDR-based multiple comparisons correction relies on the P values being independent or positively dependent.
The paper relies on this without support.
The post-scan valence and arousal ratings reflect participants' moment-to-moment emotional states during the initial fMRI viewing.
“After scanning, the participants viewed the movies again and evaluated online their subjective experiences of valence (pleasantnessunpleasantness) and arousal (calmness-activation).”
“These valence and arousal time series then were used in the general linear model (GLM) to predict moment-to-moment ISC of brain activity during movie viewing.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The emotional events in the movie clips resemble real-life social interactions closely enough that findings generalize to social interaction.
“Catching emotions that other humans express-here in dynamic scenes resembling everyday life-is associated with intersubject synchronization of brain circuitries related to emotional, attentional, and mentalizing processes.”
“By enhancing the synchrony of brain activity across individuals, emotions may promote social interaction and facilitate interpersonal understanding.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Seeing emotional stimuli again has only a minimal impact on people's reported emotional experiences.
“repeated viewing of emotional stimuli has only a negligible effect on self-reported emotional feelings.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The FDR-based multiple comparisons correction relies on the P values being independent or positively dependent.
“with the assumption of independence (or positive dependence).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Functional brain imaging has established that the primary somatosensory cortices are engaged during emotional perception and emotional contagion (25,26)”
From Bodily maps of emotions (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These results thus support models assuming that somatosensation (25,27) and embodiment (13,14) play critical roles in emotional processing.”
From Bodily maps of emotions (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz > 5.38reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“(Z > 5.38, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
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Cited by
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“These results thus support models assuming that somatosensation (25, 27) and embodiment (13, 14) play critical roles in emotional processing.”
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Naturalistic Stimuli in Neuroscience: Critically Acclaimed
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Metadata
- Authors
- Nummenmaa, L., Glerean, E., Viinikainen, M., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Hari, R., & Sams, M.
- Affiliations
- Turku PET Centre (FI)
- Aalto University (FI)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2012-05-23
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 9599-9604
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC3386135
- OpenAlex
- W2114016387
- Cited by
- 538
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 36.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Aalto-Yliopisto (138145, 131483)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (232946)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- inter-subject correlation, neuronal synchronization, emotion perception, emotional valence, emotional arousal, social interaction, default mode network, attentional networks, corticolimbic circuits, interpersonal understanding, shared emotions
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Emotions, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-30, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-30 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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