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Cited by 2,101Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

Open access
Fox, Michael D., Corbetta, Maurizio, Snyder, Abraham Z., Vincent, Justin L., Raichle, Marcus E.·2006·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.0604187103
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Abstract

On the basis of task-related imaging studies in normal human subjects, it has been suggested that two attention systems exist in the human brain: a bilateral dorsal attention system involved in top-down orienting of attention and a right-lateralized ventral attention system involved in reorienting attention in response to salient sensory stimuli. An important question is whether this functional organization emerges only in response to external attentional demands or is represented more fundamentally in the internal dynamics of brain activity. To address this question, we examine correlations in spontaneous fluctuations of the functional MRI blood oxygen level-dependent signal in the absence of task, stimuli, or explicit attentional demands. We identify a bilateral dorsal attention system and a right-lateralized ventral attention system solely on the basis of spontaneous activity. Further, we observe regions in the prefrontal cortex correlated with both systems, a potential mechanism for mediating the functional interaction between systems. These findings demonstrate that the neuroanatomical substrates of human attention persist in the absence of external events, reflected in the correlation structure of spontaneous activity.

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Spontaneous BOLD fluctuations in resting-state fMRI are sufficient to recover the dorsal and ventral human attention systems, with the dorsal system bilateral and the ventral system right-lateralized. The two systems are largely segregated, with prefrontal overlap suggesting a possible interaction site.

Key findings

  • Four attention seed regions—IPS and FEF (dorsal), TPJ and VFC (ventral)—partition into two systems on the basis of spontaneous activity: IPS/FEF and TPJ/VFC correlations were significantly stronger than any other region pair (all region pairs not equally correlated, F(5,45)=23.70, P<0.0001; pairwise P<0.005).
  • Correlation-map similarity and overlap also separated the systems: spatial correlation across maps differed significantly (F(5,45)=15.54, P<0.0001), as did fractional overlap (F(5,45)=17.04, P<0.0001), with IPS/FEF and TPJ/VFC pairs most similar/overlapping.
  • Dorsal maps were bilateral, whereas ventral maps were right-lateralized: laterality differed by spatial correlation (F(3,27)=28.28, P<0.0001) and fractional overlap (F(3,27)=39.79, P<0.0001); IPS/FEF maps were significantly more bilateral than VFC/TPJ maps (spatial correlation P<0.05; overlap P<0.006).
  • Intrinsically defined dorsal and ventral systems were largely segregated; overlap regions were found in right middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex, with the prefrontal regions suggested as possible interaction sites after controlling for nonneuronal factors.

Methods

  • Functional MRI data were acquired in 10 normal subjects during three resting conditions: visual fixation on a crosshair, eyes open during low-level illumination, and eyes closed; these data had been used previously in a study of anticorrelated functional networks.
  • Seed regions for IPS, FEF, TPJ, and VFC were defined from a meta-analysis of previous task-based attention studies, and seed-based correlation analyses were performed on preprocessed resting-state data.
  • Main analyses used temporal correlation, spatial correlation, and fractional overlap, with random-effects analysis across the population and a significance threshold of P<0.01; systems were defined by conjunction across all three resting-state conditions.

Limitations

  • Stated: the exact nature of spontaneous BOLD fluctuations is unknown, and unconstrained behavior/cognition during rest cannot be ruled out as a source of some spontaneous BOLD activity, although the paper argues it is unlikely to be the predominant source.
  • Stated: the inferior parietal overlap region may be attributable to nonneuronal factors such as averaging, spatial resolution, or locally coherent noise, unlike the prefrontal overlap regions.
  • Evident: the sample is small (10 subjects), the seed regions are derived from prior task-based studies, and the resting-state correlation design cannot establish directionality or causality between systems or link spontaneous fluctuations directly to attentional performance.

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Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.0604187103

Cites

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Statistics

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 78 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous activity.

    The intrinsically defined dorsal system, ventral system, and their overlap are consistent across the three resting-state conditions.

    “We performed this analysis and found that the intrinsically defined dorsal system, ventral system, and overlap are consistent across resting-state conditions (Fig. 11, which is published as supporting information on the PNAS web site).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Quantification of the Lateralization of Resting State Correlation Maps.

    There was a significant difference in laterality of correlation maps by both spatial correlation coefficient [F(3,27)=28.28; P<0.0001] and fractional overlap [F(3,27)=39.79; P<0.0001] measures.

    “There was a significant difference in laterality by using both the spatial correlation coefficient [F(3,27) ϭ 28.28; P Ͻ 0.0001] and the fractional overlap [F(3,27) ϭ 39.79; P Ͻ 0.0001] measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Discussion

    The intrinsically defined dorsal and ventral attention systems are largely segregated in their spatial topography, with only small regions of overlap in the prefrontal cortex.

    “These systems appear to be largely segregated in their spatial topography, with only small regions of overlap in the prefrontal cortex.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    The functional organization of the dorsal and ventral attention systems is represented in the correlation structure of spontaneous activity.

    “The main finding in the current study is that the functional organization of the dorsal and ventral attention systems is represented in the correlation structure of spontaneous activity.”
    • Also stated in: § Why Task-Related Activity Patterns Might be Reflected in Spontane- · boosted
      “The current study demonstrates that the dorsal͞ ventral attention model defined on the basis of externally imposed tasks with specific attentional demands is reflected in the correlation structure of ongoing spontaneous activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    Spontaneous activity is more correlated between regions within the dorsal or ventral system than between systems.

    “First, we showed that spontaneous activity is more correlated between regions within the dorsal or ventral system than between systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 31
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    The four attentional seed regions (IPS, FEF, TPJ, VFC) are partitioned into two distinct systems on the basis of spontaneous BOLD fluctuations: a bilateral dorsal system (IPS/FEF) and a right-lateralized ventral system (TPJ/VFC).

    “We identify a bilateral dorsal attention system and a right-lateralized ventral attention system solely on the basis of spontaneous activity.”
    • Also stated in: § Quantitative Partitioning of Regions on the Basis of Spontaneous · boosted
      “Taken together, these analyses demonstrate that the four attention regions are not equally related in their spontaneous BOLD fluctuations but rather should be partitioned into two distinct systems consisting of the IPS͞FEF and the TPJ͞VFC.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
      “Using this approach, we have shown that attentional regions can be partitioned into a bilateral dorsal attention system and a rightlateralized ventral attention system solely on the basis of spontaneous activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Resting-State Correlation Maps Associated with Attentional Seed

    Correlations with the IPS and FEF seed regions are largely bilateral, whereas correlations with the TPJ and VFC seed regions are much more unilateral and largely limited to the right hemisphere.

    “The second observation is that correlations with the IPS and FEF are largely bilateral, whereas correlations with the TPJ and VFC are much more unilateral and largely limited to the right hemisphere.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Quantitative Partitioning of Regions on the Basis of Spontaneous

    All pairs of resting-state correlation maps were not equally correlated (F(5,45)=15.54; P<0.0001), with the IPS/FEF and TPJ/VFC correlation maps being the most similar.

    “All map pairs were not equally correlated (F(5,45) ϭ 15.54; P Ͻ 0.0001), with the IPS͞FEF and the TPJ͞VFC correlation maps being the most similar.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Quantitative Partitioning of Regions on the Basis of Spontaneous

    All region pairs were not correlated equally (F(5,45)=23.70; P<0.0001), with the IPS/FEF correlation and the TPJ/VFC correlation being significantly stronger than the correlation between any other region pair (P<0.005).

    “All region pairs were not correlated equally (F(5,45) ϭ 23.70; P Ͻ 0.0001), with the IPS͞FEF correlation and TPJ͞VFC correlation being significantly stronger than the correlation between any other region pair (P Ͻ 0.005, paired t test).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Resting-State Correlation Maps Associated with Attentional Seed

    In resting-state correlation maps, the IPS and FEF correlation maps appear similar to each other, the TPJ and VFC correlation maps appear similar to each other, and the IPS/FEF maps appear distinct from the TPJ/VFC maps.

    “First, the IPS and FEF correlation maps appear similar and the TPJ and VFC correlation maps appear similar, but the IPS͞FEF correlation maps appear quite distinct from the TPJ͞VFC correlation maps.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    The largest region of overlap between the dorsal and ventral attention systems was in the right middle frontal gyrus, with additional regions in the inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal cortex.

    “The largest region of overlap was in the right middle frontal gyrus with additional regions in the inferior frontal gyrus and inferior parietal cortex.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    Nonneuronal factors such as averaging, spatial resolution, or locally coherent noise appear to contribute to the overlap region in the inferior parietal cortex but not to the overlap regions in the middle and inferior frontal gyrus.

    “These factors appear to contribute to the overlap region in the inferior parietal cortex but not the other two, suggesting that the prefrontal cortex (middle and inferior frontal gyrus) may be an important locus of functional interaction between dorsal and ventral attention systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    The intrinsically defined dorsal attention system extends beyond IPS and FEF and includes a midline SMA/pre-SMA region and MT+.

    “However, in contrast to the model, the intrinsically defined dorsal attention system extends beyond IPS and FEF and includes a midline supplementary motor area (SMA)͞pre-SMA region and MTϩ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    Correlations in the dorsal system are bilateral, whereas those in the ventral system are lateralized to the right hemisphere.

    “Second, we demonstrated that correlations in the dorsal system are bilateral, whereas those in the ventral system are lateralized to the right hemisphere.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    The intrinsically defined dorsal system includes IPS and FEF and is largely bilateral, consistent with the task-based model.

    “Our intrinsically defined dorsal system is consistent with the task-based model in that it includes IPS and FEF and is largely bilateral.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    The intrinsically defined ventral attention system is largely right-lateralized and includes TPJ and VFC as well as other right frontal areas.

    “It is largely right-lateralized and includes TPJ and VFC as well as other right frontal areas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    The ventral attention system is right-lateralized and composed of the right temporal-parietal junction (TPJ) and the right ventral frontal cortex (VFC).

    “The ventral system is rightlateralized and composed of the right temporal-parietal junction (TPJ) and the right ventral frontal cortex (VFC).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    A model has been proposed that different attentional operations during sensory orienting are carried out by two separate frontoparietal systems, a dorsal attention system and a ventral attention system.

    “On the basis of behavioral, neuroimaging, lesion, and electrophysiological studies, a model has been proposed that suggests that different attentional operations during sensory orienting are carried out by two separate frontoparietal systems, a dorsal attention system and a ventral attention system (for review, see ref. 4).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    Two attention systems exist in the human brain: a bilateral dorsal attention system involved in top-down orienting of attention and a right-lateralized ventral attention system involved in reorienting attention in response to salient sensory stimuli.

    “On the basis of task-related imaging studies in normal human subjects, it has been suggested that two attention systems exist in the human brain: a bilateral dorsal attention system involved in top-down orienting of attention and a right-lateralized ventral attention system involved in reorienting attention in response to salient sensory stimuli.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    Activity increases are also observed in the ventral attention system after abrupt changes in sensory stimuli, at the onset and offset of task blocks, and at the end of a completed trial.

    “Activity increases also are observed in the ventral system after abrupt changes in sensory stimuli (15), at the onset and offset of task blocks (16), and at the end of a completed trial (17).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    The dorsal attention system is involved in voluntary (top-down) orienting and shows activity increases after presentation of cues indicating where, when, or to what subjects should direct their attention.

    “It is involved in voluntary (top-down) orienting and shows activity increases after presentation of cues indicating where, when, or to what subjects should direct their attention (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    The dorsal attention system is bilateral and composed of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the junction of the precentral and superior frontal sulcus (frontal eye field, FEF) in each hemisphere.

    “The dorsal system is bilateral and composed of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the junction of the precentral and superior frontal sulcus (frontal eye field, FEF) in each hemisphere.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    A functional interaction between the dorsal and ventral attention systems has been proposed such that task-relevant signals from the dorsal system filter stimulus-driven signals in the ventral system, whereas stimulus-driven circuit-breaking signals from the ventral system provide an interrupt to the dorsal system, reorienting it toward salient stimuli.

    “A functional interaction between the dorsal and ventral system has been proposed such that task-relevant signals from the dorsal system ''filter'' stimulus-driven signals in the ventral system, whereas stimulus-driven ''circuit-breaking'' signals from the ventral system provide an interrupt to the dorsal system, reorienting it toward salient stimuli (4,21).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    Negative or anticorrelations have been noted between regions routinely modulated in opposite directions by attention demanding tasks.

    “In addition to these positive correlations, negative or anticorrelations have been noted between regions routinely modulated in opposite directions by attention demanding tasks (28,35).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    The brain is active even in the absence of task, primarily driven by internal dynamics, with external events modulating rather than determining the activity of the system.

    “This alternative perspective suggests that the brain is active even in the absence of task, primarily driven by internal dynamics, with external events modulating rather than determining the activity of the system (24)(25)(26)(27)(28).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    Correlations have been noted between regions commonly modulated together by task paradigms, including somatomotor, visual, auditory, language, task-negative/default, and task-positive regions including the IPS and FEF.

    “Correlations have been noted between regions commonly modulated together by task paradigms such as so-matomotor, visual, auditory, language, task-negative͞default, and task-positive regions including the IPS and FEF (28,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems

    The ventral attention system reacts more strongly to task-relevant than irrelevant distracters and exhibits activity decreases when subjects search for a difficult target.

    “Correspondingly, the ventral system reacts more strongly to task-relevant than irrelevant distracters (20) and exhibits activity decreases when subjects search for a difficult target (6).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Interpreting Spontaneous Activity.

    Coherent spontaneous activity may relate to the trial-to-trial variability commonly observed in human behavior.

    “For example, coherent spontaneous activity appears to be an important source of trial-to-trial variability in measured brain responses (42,43) and may relate to the trialto-trial variability commonly observed in human behavior (44).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Interpreting Spontaneous Activity.

    Task-evoked activity due to a specific behavior is distinct from and superimposed on top of underlying spontaneous activity.

    “Third, task-evoked activity due to a specific behavior seems to be distinct from and superimposed on top of underlying spontaneous activity (40,42).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Interpreting Spontaneous Activity.

    Coherent spontaneous activity appears to be an important source of trial-to-trial variability in measured brain responses.

    “For example, coherent spontaneous activity appears to be an important source of trial-to-trial variability in measured brain responses (42,43) and may relate to the trialto-trial variability commonly observed in human behavior (44).”
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    Premisereasoning
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    SMA/pre-SMA and MT+ typically have not been considered part of the dorsal attention system.

    “However, SMA͞pre-SMA and MTϩ typically have not been considered part of the dorsal attention system for various reasons.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    The extended dorsal system is consistent with previous resting-state correlation studies and has been dubbed the task-positive network.

    “This extended system is consistent with previous resting-state correlation studies (28,45) and has been dubbed by us the task-positive network (28).”
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    Interpretationown data
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    The fact that IPS and FEF seem to share some functionality not present in the more extended network may relate to the stronger intrinsic correlation between these two regions.

    “The fact that IPS and FEF seem to share some functionality not present in the more extended network may relate to the stronger intrinsic correlation between these two regions (see Fig. 1).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    Previous task-based studies have reported right lateralization of the ventral attention network.

    “Although previous task-based studies have reported right lateralization of this network (4, 15, 16, 47), we directly test and quantify this laterality on the basis of spontaneous activity.”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    An inability of the ventral system to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli could cause increased distractibility, and an inability of the dorsal system to receive reorienting signals could cause an increase in perseveration.

    “Specifically, an inability of the ventral system to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli could cause increased distractibility, and an inability of the dorsal system to receive reorienting signals could cause an increase in perseveration.”
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    Premisereasoning
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    The original model and task-related findings suggest that there must be some mechanism of information exchange between the dorsal and ventral attention systems.

    “Although the intrinsically defined dorsal and ventral attention systems are largely segregated in their spatial topography, the original model and task-related findings suggest that there must be some mechanism of information exchange between them.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    Both distractibility and perseveration are hallmarks of prefrontal cortex damage.

    “Both distractibility and perseveration are hallmarks of prefrontal cortex damage (50).”
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    Premisenone given
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    The ventral system responds more strongly to task-relevant distracters than irrelevant ones (contingent reorienting), and the dorsal system exhibits an activity increase in addition to the ventral system when a reorientation of attention is needed.

    “As noted in the introduction, the ventral system responds more strongly to task-relevant distracters than irrelevant ones (termed contingent reorienting), and the dorsal system exhibits an activity increase in addition to the ventral system when a reorientation of attention is needed.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    Information exchange between dorsal and ventral systems has been hypothesized to occur between the right IPS and right TPJ.

    “This information exchange has been hypothesized to occur between the right IPS and right TPJ (4).”
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    Premisecitation
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    Recent lesion studies suggest that contingent reorienting remains intact and is even enhanced after IPS damage, suggesting that the IPS is not required for top-down information to reach the ventral attention system.

    “Consistent with this finding, recent lesion studies suggest that contingent reorienting remains intact and is even enhanced after IPS damage (S.Shomstein, personal communication), suggesting that the IPS is not required for top-down information to reach the ventral attention system.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    Regions routinely modulated together during task conditions tend to be strongly correlated in their spontaneous activity and regions modulated in opposite directions tend to be anticorrelated.

    “For example, regions routinely modulated together during task conditions tend to be strongly correlated in their spontaneous activity and regions modulated in opposite directions tend to be anticorrelated (28).”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    Although the region in the parietal lobe may be due to spatial blurring, the two regions in the prefrontal cortex are not, and therefore may represent important sites of functional interaction between the two systems.

    “Although the region in the parietal lobe may be due to spatial blurring, the two regions in the prefrontal cortex are not, and therefore may represent, important sites of functional interaction between the two systems.”
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    Premisecitation
    § Regions of Overlap Between the Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems.

    The currently identified prefrontal cortex regions have been implicated in sustained attention, vigilance, and both maintaining and updating of a task set.

    “This observation is not without precedent, because the currently identified prefrontal cortex regions have been implicated in sustained attention, vigilance, and both maintaining and updating of a task set (49)(50)(51).”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Why Task-Related Activity Patterns Might be Reflected in Spontane-

    The possibilities for why task-evoked and spontaneous activity patterns are similar are not mutually exclusive, and all may be relevant to understanding why systems defined on the basis of task-related activity patterns can be observed in patterns of spontaneous neuronal activity in the absence of task.

    “These possibilities are not mutually exclusive, and all may be relevant to understanding why systems defined on the basis of task-related activity patterns, such as the dorsal and ventral attention systems, can be observed in patterns of spontaneous neuronal activity in the absence of task.”
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    Interpretationreasoning
    § Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Defined on the Basis of Spontaneous Activity.

    The fact that the dorsal and ventral systems are largely segregated may be important for the flexibility observed in the task-response patterns of these two systems, allowing them to be modulated together, independently, or in opposite directions.

    “The fact that the dorsal and ventral systems are largely segregated may be important for the flexibility observed in the task-response patterns of these two systems, allowing them to be modulated together, independently, or in opposite directions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
40 of 40

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Coherent spontaneous fluctuations are present continuously across all brain regions.

    “Finally, coherent spontaneous fluctuations are present continuously across all brain regions.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. D. Cordes, V. M. Haughton, K. Arfanakis, G. J. Wendt, P. A. Turski, C. H. Moritz, M. A. Quigley, M. E. Meyerand Am. J. Neuroradiol. 21, 1636–1644 (2000).

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Fox, M. D., Corbetta, M., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., & Raichle, M. E.
Affiliations
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2006-06-27
Volume
103
Issue
26
Pages
10046-10051
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.0604187103
OpenAlex
W2045758998
Semantic Scholar
b38a6ee957f3ce59a88e21d93d8f3e82d6da7909
Cited by
2,101
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 54 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 122 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 190 · 2019: 132 · 2018: 132 · 2017: 116 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 129 · 2013: 122 · 2012: 116
FWCI
24.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Update notices
correction (2006-09-05)
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5f30ns054398-02, NS06833)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH 7192-06, R01MH071920)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F30 NS 054398-01, F30 NS-054398, NS 048013, R01NS048013, P50NS006833, NS 06833)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords
spontaneous neuronal activity, resting-state brain activity, top-down attention, prefrontal cortex, functional connectivity, hemispheric lateralization, attentional control
MeSH terms
Attention, Brain Mapping, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurons, Oxygen, Prefrontal Cortex

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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