Cold dark matter: Controversies on small scales
Open accessAbstract
The cold dark matter (CDM) cosmological model has been remarkably successful in explaining cosmic structure over an enormous span of redshift, but it has faced persistent challenges from observations that probe the innermost regions of dark matter halos and the properties of the Milky Way’s dwarf galaxy satellites. We review the current observational and theoretical status of these “small-scale controversies.” Cosmological simulations that incorporate only gravity and collisionless CDM predict halos with abundant substructure and central densities that are too high to match constraints from galaxy dynamics. The solution could lie in baryonic physics: Recent numerical simulations and analytical models suggest that gravitational potential fluctuations tied to efficient supernova feedback can flatten the central cusps of halos in massive galaxies, and a combination of feedback and low star formation efficiency could explain why most of the dark matter subhalos orbiting the Milky Way do not host visible galaxies. However, it is not clear that this solution can work in the lowest mass galaxies, where discrepancies are observed. Alternatively, the small-scale conflicts could be evidence of more complex physics in the dark sector itself. For example, elastic scattering from strong dark matter self-interactions can alter predicted halo mass profiles, leading to good agreement with observations across a wide range of galaxy mass. Gravitational lensing and dynamical perturbations of tidal streams in the stellar halo provide evidence for an abundant population of low-mass subhalos in accord with CDM predictions. These observational approaches will get more powerful over the next few years.
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Despite its success on scales larger than 10 kpc, it is not clear yet if the cosmological CDM model is consistent with observations at smaller distances; the tension arises from cuspy halo cores and an abundance of satellite galaxies predicted by numerical simulations but incompatible with observations.
“Despite its success on scales larger than 10kpc, the scale of stellar distributions in typical galaxies, it is not clear yet if the cosmological CDM model is consistent with observations at smaller distances (Weinberg et al., 2015).The tension arises from the cuspy halo cores and an abundance of satellite galaxies predicted by numerical simulations but incompatible with observations.”
From Euclidean Wormholes, Baby Universes, and Their Impact on Particle Physics and Cosmology (2018) · cites this paper as Weinberg et al., 2015
A major challenge in extragalactic cosmology today concerns the formation of structure on subgalactic scales, where baryon physics becomes important and the nature of dark matter may manifest in observable ways.
“A major challenge in extragalactic cosmology today concerns the formation of structure on subgalactic scales, where baryon physics becomes important, and the nature of dark matter may manifest itself in observable ways ( e.g., Weinberg et al. 2015 ) .”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Weinberg et al. 2015
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Carlberg, R. G., & Grillmair, C. J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/768/2/171 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Quantifying dwarf satellites through gravitational imaging: the case of SDSS J120602.09+514229.5
Vegetti, S., Czoske, O., & Koopmans, L. V. E. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16952.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Dark-matter decays and self-gravitating halos
Peter, A. H. G., Moody, C. E., & Kamionkowski, M. (2010) · Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields · doi:10.1103/physrevd.81.103501 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationSubstructure in the lens HE 0435−1223
Fadely, R., & Keeton, C. R. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19729.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The baryons in the Milky Way satellites
Parry, O. H., Eke, V. R., Frenk, C. S., & Okamoto, T. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19971.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Finite source effects in strong lensing: implications for the substructure mass scale
Dobler, G., & Keeton, C. R. (2005) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09809.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The galactic halo in mixed dark matter cosmologies
Anderhalden, D., Diemand, J., Bertone, G., et al. (2012) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2012/10/047 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
DWARF GALAXY FORMATION WITH H2-REGULATED STAR FORMATION. II. GAS-RICH DARK GALAXIES AT REDSHIFT 2.5
Kuhlen, M., Madau, P., & Krumholz, M. R. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/776/1/34 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The galactic halo in mixed dark matter cosmologies
Anderhalden, D., Diemand, J., Bertone, G., et al. (2012) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-70093 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Small-scale structures of dark matter and flux anomalies in quasar gravitational lenses
Metcalf, R. B., & Amara, A. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19982.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
On the stark difference in satellite distributions around the Milky Way and Andromeda
Yniguez, B., Garrison-Kimmel, S., Boylan-Kolchin, M., & Bullock, J. S. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2058 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationThe baryons in the Milky Way satellitesPreprint
Parry, O. H., Eke, V. R., Frenk, C. S., et al. (2012) · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cosmological Simulations of Multicomponent Cold Dark Matter
Medvedev, M. V. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.071303 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
NEAR-INFRAREDKANDL′ FLUX RATIOS IN SIX LENSED QUASARS
Fadely, R., & Keeton, C. R. (2011) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/3/101 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
DARK MATTER AND DARK RADIATION
Ackerman, L., Buckley, M. R., Carroll, S. M., et al. (2009) · doi:10.1142/9789814293792_0021 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Biermann, P. L., de Vega, H. J., & Sanchez, N. G. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1305.7452 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., Abel, B., Acosta, E., Allsman, R., Alonso, D., AlSayyad, Y., Anderson, S. F., Andrew, J., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c · Cited by 4,357 · see citing works
Self-citationEuclidean Wormholes, Baby Universes, and Their Impact on Particle Physics and Cosmology
Hebecker, A., Mikhail, T., & Soler, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2018.00035 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Despite its success on scales larger than 10kpc, the scale of stellar distributions in typical galaxies, it is not clear yet if the cosmological ΛCDM model is consistent with observations at smaller distances [153].”
Result
- Authors
- Weinberg, D. H., Bullock, J. S., Governato, F., Kuzio de Naray, R., & Peter, A. H. G.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-02-02
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 40
- Pages
- 12249-12255
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4603506
- OpenAlex
- W2072195835
- Cited by
- 491
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 31.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Keywords
- cold dark matter, small-scale structure, dark matter halos, dark matter subhalos, dwarf satellite galaxies, Milky Way satellites, supernova feedback, baryonic feedback, dark matter self-interaction, halo mass profiles, tidal currents, stellar halo, gravitational lensing, galaxy dynamics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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