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Cited by 471Marine animal studies overviewMarine and coastal ecosystemsAnimal Ecology and Behavior Studies

Global nutrient transport in a world of giants

Open access
Doughty, Christopher E., Roman, Joe, Faurby, Søren, Wolf, Adam, Haque, Alifa, Bakker, Elisabeth S., Malhi, Yadvinder, Dunning, John B. +1 more·2016·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.1502549112PMC PMC4743783
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Abstract

Significance: Animals play an important role in the transport of nutrients, but this role has diminished because many of the largest animals have gone extinct or experienced massive population declines. Here, we quantify the movement of nutrients by animals in the land, sea, rivers, and air both now and prior to their widespread reductions. The capacity to move nutrients away from hotspots decreased to 6% of past values across land and ocean. The vertical movement of phosphorus (P) by marine mammals was reduced by 77% and movement of P from sea to land by seabirds and anadromous fish was reduced by 96%, effectively disrupting an efficient nutrient distribution pump that once existed from the deep sea to the continental interiors.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1502549112

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 50 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data
    § Results · p. 3

    Current marine mammal vertical phosphorus movement is about 75 million kg P/yr, with a range of 54 to 110 million.

    “they now move ∼ 75 million (54 -110 million; SI Appendix , Table 2) kg of P per year”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Global nutrient transport in a world of giants · p. 2

    Ocean nutrient distribution capacity by great whales is currently about 5% of historic values.

    “We estimate that the capacity of animals to move nutrients away from concentration patches has decreased to about 8% of the preextinction value on land and about 5% of historic values in oceans.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · p. 4 · plain
      “Current mean, km 2 · y - 1 | 1.6e4 | 3.2e4 | 6.67e4 | 467 | 1.13e4 | 0.42e4 | 0.17e4 | 0.22e5 |”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Global nutrient transport in a world of giants · p. 2

    Past marine mammal vertical phosphorus movement was about 340 million kg P/yr, with a range of 260 to 430 million.

    “For phosphorus (P), a key nutrient, upward movement in the ocean by marine mammals is about 23% of its former capacity (previously about 340 million kg of P per year).”
    • Also stated in: § Results · p. 3 · plain
      “they moved a global total of ∼ 340 million (260 -430 million; SI Appendix , Table 2) kg of P per year from the depth to the surface waters before widespread hunting”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Results · p. 3

    Current global mean terrestrial nutrient distribution capacity is 16,000 km2/yr.

    “currently 16,000 km 2 · y -1”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data
    § Global nutrient transport in a world of giants · p. 2

    Marine mammal vertical phosphorus movement is now about 23% of its former capacity.

    “For phosphorus (P), a key nutrient, upward movement in the ocean by marine mammals is about 23% of its former capacity (previously about 340 million kg of P per year).”
    • Also stated in: § Results · p. 3 · plain
      “representing a decrease to 23% of original capacity (Fig. 2 D -F and Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 26
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 5

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Global nutrient transport in a world of giants · p. 2

    Global mean terrestrial nutrient distribution capacity is currently about 8% of its pre-extinction value, with a past mean of 180,000 km2/yr and a current mean of 16,000 km2/yr.

    “We estimate that the capacity of animals to move nutrients away from concentration patches has decreased to about 8% of the preextinction value on land and about 5% of historic values in oceans.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · p. 3 · hedged
      “We estimate that the global mean nutrient distribution capacity before the late-Quaternary extinctions averaged 180,000 km 2 · y -1 on the land surface and that it is currently 16,000 km 2 · y -1 , ∼ 8% of its former value (Table 1; detailed methodology is provided in Methods and SI Appendix ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results · p. 4

    Global average sea-to-land phosphorus movement in coastal regions is 0.19 ± 0.15 kg P km^-2 y^-1, varying by an order of magnitude across the planet with peaks in the Southern Hemisphere.

    “Therefore global averaged sea-to-land movement of P is 0.19 ± 0.15 kg of P km -2 · y -1 in coastal regions, but varies by an order of magnitude throughout the planet, with peaks in the Southern Hemisphere (Fig. 3 and Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results · p. 4

    Current anadromous fish phosphorus flux has decreased to about 4% or less of historic values, corresponding to 5.6 million km^2 y^-1.

    “but this estimated value has decreased to ∼ 4% (5.6 million km 2 · y -1 ) of the original value.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · p. 5 · hedged
      “However, they have also experienced drastic population losses (25 -27), and we estimate that the current nutrient flux is less than 4% of historic values, before overfishing and habitat modification, such as damming of rivers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [25] Gresh T, Lichatowich J, Schoonmaker P (2000) An estimation of historic and current levels of salmon production in the Northeast Pacific ecosystem: Evidence of a nutrient deficit in the freshwater systems of the Pacific Northwest. Fisheries (Bethesda, Md) 25(1):15 -21.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] de Groot SJ (2002) A review of the past and present status of anadromous fish species in the Netherlands: Is restocking the Rhine feasible? Ecological restoration of aquatic and semi-aquatic ecosystems in the Netherlands (NW Europe). Developments in Hydrobiology 166:205 -218. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Limburg KE, Waldman JR (2009) Dramatic declines in North Atlantic diadromous fishes. Bioscience 59(11):955 -965. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results · p. 3

    Before the extinctions, nutrient distribution capacity was more evenly spread than currently, with most current capacity only in Africa.

    “Before the extinctions, nutrient distribution capacity was much more evenly spread than it is currently, with most of the current capacity only in Africa, where extensive megafauna remain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results · p. 4

    The global flux of phosphorus from sea to land by seabirds is 6.3 million (1.5-16 million) kg km^-2 y^-1, with almost half moving onto the Eurasian landmass.

    “We calculate a global flux of 6.3 million (1.5 -16 million; SI Appendix , Table 2) kg km -2 · y -1 of P from sea to land by the seabirds, with almost half moving onto the Eurasian landmass (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results · p. 3

    In parts of Africa such as Kruger National Park, nutrient distribution capacity remains close to 100% of Late Pleistocene values, while southern South America is below 0.01% of previous values.

    “in parts of Africa, such as Kruger National Park in South Africa, capacity is still close to 100% of what it once was in the Late Pleistocene, whereas other regions, such as southern South America, are at less than 0.01% of previous values”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Results · p. 4

    When averaged by coastal continental area, phosphorus movement is highest in Oceania at 0.31 ± 0.23 kg P km^-2 y^-1 and lower in North America at 0.16 ± 0.12 kg P km^-2 y^-1.

    “When averaged by coastal continental area, we find a maximum in Oceania, with 0.31 ± 0.23 kg of P km -2 · y -1 , and lower values in North America, with 0.16 ± 0.12 kg of P km 2 · y -1 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 4

    South America once had the largest nutrient distribution capacity, but after the Late-Pleistocene extinctions it experienced the largest drop, to about 1% of its original continent-wide capacity.

    “For instance, South America once had the largest nutrient distribution capacity, but following the Late-Pleistocene extinctions, it experienced the largest drop, to ∼ 1% of its original continent-wide capacity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Significance · p. 3

    27% of all seabirds are classified as threatened, and up to 75% of albatross species are considered threatened or endangered.

    “27% of all seabirds are classified as threatened (critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable), and the largest of all seabirds, the albatross, is the most endangered, with up to 75% of albatross species considered threatened or endangered (22 -24)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [22] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] source

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    • cites [24] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Significance · p. 3

    Anadromous fish populations have declined to less than 10% of their historical numbers in the Pacific Northwest and in both the northeastern and northwestern Atlantic.

    “populations of anadromous fish have declined to less than 10% of their historical numbers in the Pacific Northwest (25) and both the northeastern and northwestern Atlantic (26, 27).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [25] Gresh T, Lichatowich J, Schoonmaker P (2000) An estimation of historic and current levels of salmon production in the Northeast Pacific ecosystem: Evidence of a nutrient deficit in the freshwater systems of the Pacific Northwest. Fisheries (Bethesda, Md) 25(1):15 -21.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] de Groot SJ (2002) A review of the past and present status of anadromous fish species in the Netherlands: Is restocking the Rhine feasible? Ecological restoration of aquatic and semi-aquatic ecosystems in the Netherlands (NW Europe). Developments in Hydrobiology 166:205 -218. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Limburg KE, Waldman JR (2009) Dramatic declines in North Atlantic diadromous fishes. Bioscience 59(11):955 -965. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § Discussion · p. 5

    In the past, scavenging birds such as condors may also have acted as vectors of nutrients from the sea to land.

    “In the past, scavenging birds, such as condors, may also have acted as vectors of nutrients from the sea to the land.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data
    § Results · p. 4

    Each calculated value has many uncertainties, which are explored in a sensitivity study.

    “Each value has many uncertainties involved in its calculation, which we explore in a sensitivity study ( SI Appendix , Tables 1 and 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 5

    Once nutrients drop below the photic zone into deep ocean sediments, they are generally considered lost to surface biota, and only tectonic movements and limited upwelling recycle them.

    “This ability to spread nutrients vertically may be especially important, because once nutrients drop below the photic zone and into the deep ocean sediments, they are generally considered to be lost to the surface biota, and only tectonic movements and limited regions where water is uplifted, will further recycle them (16).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 5

    Such population decreases reduced lateral distribution capacity and perhaps reduced vertical distribution, allowing more nutrients to drop below the photic zone.

    “Such population decreases reduced the lateral distribution capacity and perhaps reduced the vertical distribution, allowing more nutrients to drop below the photic zone.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 4

    Southern South America once had the largest number of megaherbivores over 1,000 kg (n = 15), all of which went extinct.

    “For instance, southern South America once had the largest number of megaherbivores ( > 1,000 kg, n = 15), all of which went extinct (32).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Owen-Smith N (2013) Contrasts in the large herbivore faunas of the southern continents in the late Pleistocene and the ecological implications for human origins. J Biogeogr 40(7):1215 -1224. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Discussion · p. 5

    This flux has certainly greatly decreased as both marine mammals and large scavengers have seen their numbers drop substantially.

    “This flux has certainly greatly decreased as both marine mammals and large scavengers have seen their numbers drop substantially (38).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Tyrberg T (2008) The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction -An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos 7:249 -269.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 5

    Nutrients transported by whales, or as a consequence of whale activity, should be assimilated more rapidly and contribute to system productivity more directly than on land.

    “The nutrients transported by whales, or as a consequence of whale activity, should be assimilated more rapidly, and contribute to system productivity more directly than on land.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation
    § Results · p. 4

    These estimates are based on theoretical population densities and are probably closer to theoretical historical values than to actual values today.

    “These estimates are calculated based on theoretical population densities (30), and it is probably closer to theoretical historical values than to actual values today.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] Juanes F (1986) Population-density and body size in birds. Am Nat 128(6):921 -929. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Discussion · p. 6

    Redistribution of phosphorus from areas of excess to phosphorus-poor soils may simultaneously boost global crop production and reduce eutrophication.

    “Therefore, a redistribution of P from areas where it is currently found in excess to areas where the soil is naturally P-poor may simultaneously boost global crop production and reduce eutrophication (47).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Steffen W, et al. (2015) Sustainability. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347(6223):1259855. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 6

    Although the fluxes can be calculated separately, the net increase in global productivity is likely more than the sum of the four systems together.

    “Given these and many other connections, it is clear that although we can calculate each of these fluxes (marine mammals, seabirds, anadromous fish, and megafauna) separately, the net increase in global productivity is likely more than the sum that we have calculated of the four systems together.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 6

    Restoration of whale populations could increase productivity by transferring nutrients to oligotrophic areas and enhancing Fe and N at the ocean surface.

    “The restoration of whale populations could increase productivity by transferring nutrients to oligotrophic areas and enhancing Fe and N at the ocean surface.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Methods · p. 7

    Lateral nutrient distribution capacity was mathematically formulated and found to be strongly size-dependent in two previous papers, and this framework is reformulated in the SI Appendix.

    “Lateral nutrient distribution capacity was mathematically formulated and found to be strongly size-dependent in two previous papers (20, 21), and this mathematical framework is reformulated in SI Appendix .”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § Discussion · p. 6

    Phosphorus is not well distributed, causes eutrophication in some areas, and deficits affect almost 30% of global cropland area.

    “P is not well distributed, and it causes eutrophication in some areas, whereas P deficits still affect almost 30% of the global cropland area (46, 47).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [46] MacDonald GK, Bennett EM, Potter PA, Ramankutty N (2011) Agronomic phosphorus imbalances across the world ' s croplands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(7):3086 -3091. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [47] Steffen W, et al. (2015) Sustainability. Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet. Science 347(6223):1259855. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § Discussion · p. 5

    The loss of nutrients to these ecosystems from historic highs may have affected the entire ecosystem, including the fish themselves, and contributed to the downward spiral of salmonid abundance and diversity.

    “This loss of nutrients to these ecosystems from historic highs may have affected the entire ecosystem, including the fish themselves, and ' contributed to the downward spiral of salmonid abundance and diversity in general ' (25).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Gresh T, Lichatowich J, Schoonmaker P (2000) An estimation of historic and current levels of salmon production in the Northeast Pacific ecosystem: Evidence of a nutrient deficit in the freshwater systems of the Pacific Northwest. Fisheries (Bethesda, Md) 25(1):15 -21.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 6

    Although the biomass of domestic animals is now much greater than the total biomass of extinct large terrestrial animals, it is unlikely that domestic animals distribute nutrients in the manner that existed in the world of giant megafauna.

    “Although the biomass of domestic animals is now much greater than the total biomass of the extinct large terrestrial animals (42), there are two reasons why it is unlikely that they distribute nutrients in the manner that we believe existed in the world of giant megafauna.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Barnosky AD (2008) Colloquium paper: Megafauna biomass tradeoff as a driver of Quaternary and future extinctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(Suppl 1):11543 -11548. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Most domestic animals in the industrialized world are fenced in or indoors, and fences constrain movement.
    • Rests on an assumption: Most pastures contain only a single animal type, such as cattle.
    • Rests on an assumption: A single species is more likely to have consistent behavior, eating in one place and defecating in another, concentrating nutrients rather than dispersing them.
    • Rests on an assumption: Multiple species have different eating and defecating patterns and are more likely to diffuse nutrients across gradients.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 5

    It is uncertain what quantity of nutrients transported inland by fish arrives onto land, but it is clearly a function of river size, distance transported inland, and consumption by scavengers and predators.

    “It is uncertain what quantity of nutrients transported inland by the fish arrives onto terra firma , but it is clearly a function of river size, distance transported inland, and consumption of the fish by scavengers and predators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Discussion · p. 6

    Increased surface productivity increased available food for seabirds and anadromous fish, potentially increasing the flux of nutrients from sea to land.

    “This increased surface productivity increased available food for seabirds and anadromous fish, potentially increasing the flux of nutrients from sea to land.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
27 of 27

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    No previous study has attempted a global-scale estimate of how nutrient distribution changed from before human-caused extinctions and exploitation to today across oceans, air, rivers, and land.

    “There have been many individual site-level studies showing the importance of animals in distributing nutrients, but as far as we are aware, no previous study has attempted to estimate at a global scale how this distribution has changed from the time before humancaused extinctions and exploitation up to today in the oceans, air, rivers, and land.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Phosphorus serves as a proxy for other limiting elements such as nitrogen and iron.

    “We calculate nutrient fluxes caused by animals in terms of the frequently limiting nutrient, P, which serves as a proxy for other limiting elements, such as N and Fe.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    20% of seabird guano produced reaches coastal land, with a range of 5% to 35%.

    “assume 20% (5 to 35%) of guano reaches land”
    “We assume that 20% (ranging between 5% and 35%) of seabird guano produced arrives on coastal land.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Seabird population calculations are representative of past, not current, populations because they are based on theoretical population densities.

    “We assume our calculations for seabird populations are representative of past, not current, populations because they are based on theoretical population densities (43).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Guano is generally deposited on steep cliffs or offshore islands that are largely inaccessible to most terrestrial animals.

    “Guano is generally deposited on steep cliffs or offshore islands generally inaccessible to most terrestrial animals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most seabird islands are on continental shelves that become connected to continents during interglacial periods.

    “For instance, most seabird islands are on the continental shelves, which become connected to the continent during interglacial periods, thus exposing the nutrient hotspots to terrestrial animals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most domestic animals in the industrialized world are fenced in or indoors, and fences constrain movement.

    “First, most domestic animals in the industrialized world are fenced in (or indoors), and fences constrain movement, thus stopping the diffusion of nutrients (fences are less common in the nonindustrialized world, although the animals may be fenced in at night).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most pastures contain only a single animal type, such as cattle.

    “Second, most pastures have only a single animal type, such as cattle.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A single species is more likely to have consistent behavior, eating in one place and defecating in another, concentrating nutrients rather than dispersing them.

    “A single species is more likely to have consistent behavior, eating in one place, defecating in another, and concentrating nutrients instead of dispersing them across gradients.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Multiple species have different eating and defecating patterns and are more likely to diffuse nutrients across gradients.

    “By contrast, multiple species have different eating and defecating patterns and are more likely to diffuse nutrients across gradients.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Aquatic algae conduct most of the ocean's photosynthesis and have a much faster turnover time than land plants due to their often single-cellular nature.

    “Aquatic algae, which conduct most of the ocean ' s photosynthesis, have a much faster turnover time than land plants due to their often single-cellular nature”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Twenty percent of guano arrives on land.

    “assuming 20% of the guano arrives on land”
12 of 12

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The loss of large migrations of terrestrial vertebrates is associated with a loss in ecosystem functions they maintained.

    “with an associated loss in ecosystem functions they maintained (1,41)”

    From Annual mass drownings of the Serengeti wildebeest migration influence nutrient cycling and storage in the Mara River (2017) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Discussion (p. 4) links the loss of terrestrial megafauna to a substantial reduction in animals’ capacity to distribute nutrients, an ecosystem function. The paper does not specifically establish that large migrations of terrestrial vertebrates were lost; it assesses extinctions and declines in large animals and the resulting loss of nutrient transport capacity. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Africa's reported percentage does not match the table values

    Minor

    Table 1 gives Africa a current capacity of 6.67e4 and a past capacity of 1.28e5. Dividing current by past gives 52.1%, not the reported 46%.

    Reported 46 · recomputed 52.109375

  • South America was not the highest-capacity continent in the table

    Minor

    The discussion says South America had the largest past nutrient distribution capacity, but Table 1 lists 1.53e5 for South America and a higher value, 2.77e5, for Eurasia.

  • The fish phosphorus flux is given diffusivity units

    Minor

    The results attach km2 per year to the historical 140-million phosphorus flux from anadromous fish. Table 1 gives that same quantity in kg P per year.

  • The seabird total is assigned a per-area unit

    Minor

    The results describe the 6.3-million seabird flux in kg per square kilometer per year, whereas Table 1 presents the same figure as a total in kg P per year.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199735693.001.0001 · DOI · Paper page
  2. T Tyrberg, The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction—An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos 7, 249–269 (2008).

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Authors
Doughty, C. E., Roman, J., Faurby, S., Wolf, A., Haque, A., Bakker, E. S., Malhi, Y., Dunning, J. B., & Svenning, J.-C.
Affiliations
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • University of Vermont (US)
  • Aarhus University (DK)
  • Princeton University (US)
  • Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NL)
  • Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2015-10-26
Volume
113
Issue
4
Pages
868-873
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.1502549112
PMC
PMC4743783
OpenAlex
W1826044145
Semantic Scholar
73ec212cf94b82ed41724cc153e72b1e98c69f2b
Cited by
470
References
82
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 3
FWCI
23.57
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine animal studies overview
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
Keywords
nutrient cycling, megafaunal extinction, marine mammals, whales, seabirds, anadromous fish, phosphorus, nutrient transport, nutrient hotspots, large animals
MeSH terms
Animals, Behavior, Animal, Birds, Diffusion, Feeding Behavior, Fishes, Food, Food Supply, Homing Behavior, Mammals, Oceans and Seas, Population Density, Ecosystem, Body Size, History, Ancient, Extinction, Biological, Aquatic Organisms, Animal Distribution

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