The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The butterfly plant arms-race escalated by gene and genome duplications
Open accessAbstract
Significance: This research uncovers the mechanisms of an ancient arms race between butterflies and plants, seen today in countless gardens as caterpillars of cabbage butterflies that devour cabbage crop varieties. Nearly 90 million years ago, the ancestors of Brassica (mustards, cabbage) and related plants developed a chemical defense called glucosinolates. While very toxic to most insects, humans experience glucosinolates as the sharp taste in wasabi, horseradish and mustard. Here we report that this triggered a chemical arms race that escalated in complexity over time. By investigating the evolutionary histories of these plants and insects, we found that major increases in chemical defense complexity were followed by butterflies evolving countertactics to allow them to continue to attack and feed on the plants.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana
Initiative, T. A. G. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35048692 · Cited by 9,301
Ohno, S. (1970) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86659-3 · Cited by 7,833
BUTTERFLIES AND PLANTS: A STUDY IN COEVOLUTION
Ehrlich, P. R., & Raven, P. H. (1964) · Evolution · doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1964.tb01674.x · Cited by 4,495
The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants
Fahey, J. W., Zalcmann, A. T., & Talalay, P. (2001) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00316-2 · Cited by 2,964
BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF GLUCOSINOLATES
Halkier, B. A., & Gershenzon, J. (2006) · Annual Review of Plant Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105228 · Cited by 2,271
Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response
Selsted, M. E., & Ouellette, A. J. (2005) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1206 · Cited by 1,203
The Origins of Genomic Duplications in Arabidopsis
Vision, T. J., Brown, D. G., & Tanksley, S. D. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5499.2114 · Cited by 1,038
Biosynthesis of glucosinolates – gene discovery and beyond
Sønderby, I. E., Geu-Flores, F., & Halkier, B. A. (2010) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2010.02.005 · Cited by 956
Macroevolution and the biological diversity of plants and herbivores
Futuyma, D. J., & Agrawal, A. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0904106106 · Cited by 632
Successful herbivore attack due to metabolic diversion of a plant chemical defense
Wittstock, U., Agerbirk, N., Stauber, E. J., Olsen, C. E., Hippler, M., Mitchell-Olds, T., Gershenzon, J., & Vogel, H. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0308007101 · Cited by 516
Self-citation
Cited by
Evolution of Gene Duplication in Plants
Panchy, N., Lehti-Shiu, M., & Shiu, S.-H. (2016) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.16.00523 · Cited by 1,757
Polyploidy: an evolutionary and ecological force in stressful times
Van de Peer, Y., Ashman, T.-L., Soltis, P. S., & Soltis, D. E. (2021) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1093/plcell/koaa015 · Cited by 732
On the relative abundance of autopolyploids and allopolyploids
Barker, M. S., Arrigo, N., Baniaga, A. E., Li, Z., & Levin, D. A. (2016) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.13698 · Cited by 393
Self-citationImpact of whole‐genome duplication events on diversification rates in angiosperms
Landis, J. B., Soltis, D. E., Li, Z., Marx, H. E., Barker, M. S., Tank, D. C., & Soltis, P. S. (2018) · American Journal of Botany · doi:10.1002/ajb2.1060 · Cited by 359
Self-citationHuang, C.-H., Sun, R., Hu, Y., Zeng, L., Zhang, N., Cai, L., Zhang, Q., Koch, M. A., Al-Shehbaz, I., Edger, P. P., et al. (2016) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msv226 · Cited by 331
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Edger, P. P., Heidel-Fischer, H. M., Bekaert, M., Rota, J., Glöckner, G., Platts, A. E., Heckel, D. G., Der, J. P., Wafula, E. K., Tang, M., Hofberger, J. A., Smithson, A., Hall, J. C., Blanchette, M., Bureau, T. E., Wright, S. I., dePamphilis, C. W., Eric Schranz, M., Barker, M. S., Conant, G. C., Wahlberg, N., Vogel, H., Pires, J. C., & Wheat, C. W.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-06-22
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- 8362-8366
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W1875727809
- Cited by
- 527
- References
- 27
- FWCI
- 58.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The butterfly plant arms-race escalated by gene and genome duplications. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.1503926112
- The paper
- Edger, P. P., Heidel-Fischer, H. M., Bekaert, M., Rota, J., Glöckner, G., Platts, A. E., Heckel, D. G., Der, J. P., Wafula, E. K., Tang, M., Hofberger, J. A., Smithson, A., Hall, J. C., Blanchette, M., Bureau, T. E., Wright, S. I., dePamphilis, C. W., Eric Schranz, M., Barker, M. S., . . . Wheat, C. W. (2015). The butterfly plant arms-race escalated by gene and genome duplications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503926112
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.