Cited by 144Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorSexual Differentiation and DisordersNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

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Effects of gendered behavior on testosterone in women and men

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van Anders, Sari M., Steiger, Jeffrey, Goldey, Katherine L.·2015·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1509591112PMC PMC4653185

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Abstract

Significance: Human biology is typically studied within the framework of sex (evolved, innate factors) rather than gender (sociocultural factors), despite some attention to nature/nurture interactions. Testosterone is an exemplar of biology studied as natural difference: men’s higher testosterone is typically seen as an innate “sex” difference. However, our experiment demonstrates that gender-related social factors also matter, even for biological measures. Gender socialization may affect testosterone by encouraging men but not women toward behaviors that increase testosterone. This shows that research on human sex biology needs to account for gender socialization and that nurture, as well as nature, is salient to hormone physiology. Our paper provides a demonstration of a novel gender→testosterone pathway, opening up new avenues for studying gender biology.

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Authors: van Anders, S. M., Steiger, J., & Goldey, K. L.
Affiliations: Departments of Psychology and Women’s Studies, Program in Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Science, Technology, and Society Programs, and Biosocial Methods Collaborative, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
George Washington University (US)
University of Michigan (US)
ORCID: Goldey, Katherine L.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2015-10-26
Volume: 112
Issue: 45
Pages: 13805-13810
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1509591112
PMC: PMC4653185
OpenAlex: W1831614167
Cited by: 144
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10
FWCI: 15.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: testosterone, gender norms, gendered behavior, competition, masculinity, sex differences, gender socialization, nature-nurture interaction, gender stereotypes
MeSH terms: Adult, Competitive Behavior, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Male, Michigan, Radioimmunoassay, Saliva, Sex Characteristics, Testosterone

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