Social Role Theory
Abstract
What causes sex differences and similarities in behavior? At the core of our account are societal stereotypes about gender. These stereotypes, or gender role beliefs, form as people observe male and female behavior and infer that the sexes possess corresponding dispositions. For example, in industrialized ...
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The findings regarding perceived intelligence suggest that there exists a stronger gender bias than the attractiveness halo effect.
“The findings regarding perceived intelligence suggest that there exists a stronger gender bias than the attractiveness halo effect [87,88] and underscores deeper cultural attitudes and stereotypes surrounding gender roles and expectations [89].”
From What is beautiful is still good: the attractiveness halo effect in the era of beauty filters (2024) · cites this paper as [89]
According to role theory, occupying the role of an editor implicitly sets expectations about the behaviours the role entails.
“According to role theory47,48, occupying the role of an editor will also implicitly set expectations about the behaviours the role entails.”
From Establishing the importance of co-creation and self-efficacy in creative collaboration with artificial intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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Eagly, A. H., Nater, C., Miller, D. I., Kaufmann, M., & Sczesny, S. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000494 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
Self-citationHaar, J. M., Russo, M., Torrents, A. S., & Ollier‐Malaterre, A. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.010 · Cited by 970 · see citing works
Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2012) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394281-4.00002-7 · Cited by 770 · see citing works
Self-citationKoenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037215 · Cited by 744 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review.
Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Yan, T. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038231 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Gender and perceptions of leadership effectiveness: A meta-analysis of contextual moderators.
Paustian‐Underdahl, S. C., Walker, L. S., & Woehr, D. J. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036751 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
“This division of labor has traditionally associated men with breadwinner positions and women with homemaker positions (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundThe Times They Are a-Changing … or Are They Not? A Comparison of Gender Stereotypes, 1983–2014
Haines, E. L., Deaux, K., & Lofaro, N. (2016) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684316634081 · Cited by 607 · see citing works
“Social Role Theory (SRT; Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2012; Eagly, Wood, & Diekman, 2000) provides a theoretical basis for predicting that changes in stereotypes would follow from the changes that have occurred in social role distribution.”
BackgroundMiller, D. I., Nolla, K. M., Eagly, A. H., & Uttal, D. H. (2018) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13039 · Cited by 530 · see citing works
“Theories from developmental psychology (e.g., Bigler & Liben, 2007; Cvencek & Meltzoff, 2015; Martin & Ruble, 2004) and social psychology (e.g., Eagly & Wood, 2012; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002; Wood & Eagly, 2012) provide a framework for understanding how gender-science stereotypes develop.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMakarova, E., Aeschlimann, B., & Herzog, W. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00060 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Miller, D. I., Eagly, A. H., & Linn, M. C. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000005 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
“These diverse observations can then influence stereotypes, as predicted by social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Wood & Eagly, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrescoll, V. L. (2016) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.02.005 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
“Women in general are more likely to occupy domestic, care-taking roles (Eagly & Wood, 2012) that also tend to require a certain degree of emotional expressiveness.”
Donation Behavior toward In-Groups and Out-Groups: The Role of Gender and Moral Identity
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“This is also supported by social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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Diekman, A. B., Steinberg, M., Brown, E. R., Belanger, A. L., & Clark, E. K. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316642141 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
“The social role perspective has elaborated the consequences of occupying certain social roles for perceived and actual group differences (Diekman & Eagly, 2008; Eagly & Wood, 2011; Eagly, Wood, & Diekman, 2000).”
BackgroundSex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.
Balliet, D., Li, N. P., Macfarlan, S. J., & Van Vugt, M. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025354 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“As we describe below, each perspective provides unique insights into the origins and manifestation of sex differences in social dilemmas.”
InfluentialTwo Traditions of Research on Gender Identity
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2015) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0480-2 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“In the social role theory analysis (Eagly and Wood 2012; Wood and Eagly 2010), these stereotypes reflect the division of labor between women and men in society (Koenig and Eagly 2014) and in turn foster gender-typical self-concepts, which, along with gender norms, guide individuals’ decision making and behavior.”
BackgroundSelf-citationA meta-analysis on gender differences in negotiation outcomes and their moderators.
Mazei, J., Hüffmeier, J., Freund, P. A., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Bilke, L., & Hertel, G. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038184 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“According to social role theory (Eagly, 1987), gender roles are composed of consensual beliefs about behavioral expectations related to men’s and women’s roles (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundGender and leadership emergence: A meta-analysis and explanatory model
Badura, K. L., Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Yan, T. T., & Jeon, G. (2018) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12266 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
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The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics
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“For example, gender bias and the effects of sex stereotypes in the workplace are addressed by the authors of References [10–13], unequal growth opportunities in Reference [14], and the impact of social role models in Reference [15].”
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Diekman, A. B., Weisgram, E. S., & Belanger, A. L. (2015) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12010 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Social role theory suggests that this gender difference originates from the distribution of women and men into social roles (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2011; Eagly, Wood, & Diekman, 2000).”
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Lyness, K. S., & Judiesch, M. K. (2013) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12011 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
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“Therefore, men often perform pro-social behaviors that are tied to formal rewards and status (Gabriel and Gardner, 1999; Gardner and Gabriel, 2004; Eagly and Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodCharlesworth, T. E. S., Yang, V., Mann, T. C., Kurdi, B., & Banaji, M. R. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620963619 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“Indeed, the strength of gender– occupation stereotypes was significantly correlated with real-world gender distribution of occupations, suggesting a coupling between language and direct experience of the real world (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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Connor, R. A., Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316161579.013 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
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“…emphasis (e.g., West & Zimmerman, 1987), others capture the interactions of situational and individual causes (e.g., Deaux & Major, 1987), and still others blend situational, personality, and biological causes (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Hyde et al., 2008; for review, see Wood & Eagly, 2010).”
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Morgenroth, T., Kirby, T. A., Ryan, M. K., & Sudkämper, A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000234 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Research shows that women are seen as being more likely to possess communal traits, such as being cooperative and caring, whereas men are seen as more likely to possess agentic traits such as being assertive and independent (e.g., Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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“We argue that, this view, consistent with insights from social psychology on gender differences and social roles, (Wood & Eagly, 2012) may provide better understanding of gender disparity on corporate boards.”
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Charlesworth, T. E. S., & Banaji, M. R. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550620988425 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“That gender stereotypes have indeed changed aligns with perspectives, such as social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Koenig & Eagly, 2014), that suggest the slow but steady changes in women’s (and, to a lesser extent, men’s) roles over the past several decades will eventually manifest in changes…”
BackgroundWang, X., Lin, X., & Spencer, M. K. (2018) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.010 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“In contrast, women consistently view social commerce as a people-oriented platform where they can interact with others and help each other’s purchase decisions (Eagly & Wood, 1991; Eagly & Wood, 2011).”
BackgroundEffects of gendered behavior on testosterone in women and men
van Anders, S. M., Steiger, J., & Goldey, K. L. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1509591112 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
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“Women remain disconcertingly underrepresented in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and math; National Science Foundation [NSF] 2015), in part due to differential gender roles (Eagly and Wood 2012; Eccles 1987), life goals (Ceci and Williams 2011; Diekman et al.”
McGuire, J., De Cremer, D., & Van de Cruys, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69423-2 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“According to role theory 47,48 , occupying the role of an editor will also implicitly set expectations about the behaviours the role entails.”
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Gruber, J., Mendle, J., Lindquist, K. A., Schmader, T., Clark, L. A., Bliss‐Moreau, E., Akinola, M., Atlas, L. Y., Barch, D. M., Barrett, L. F., et al. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620952789 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“The pervasive stereotypes (i.e., that men are agentic and self-promotional and women are less agentic and communal) can lead people to seek out careers and positions that conform to these cultural stereotypes (e.g., Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Steffen, 1984; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
Gender differences in the initiation of negotiations: A meta-analysis.
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Gender Stereotypes Influence How People Explain Gender Disparities in the Workplace
Cundiff, J. L., & Vescio, T. K. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0593-2 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“For example, the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions and in science, math, technology and engineering (STEM) domains leads people to form stereotype-based explanations that men possess and women lack the skills and traits necessary for success in those domains (Eagly and Steffen 1984; Eagly and Wood 2…”
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van der Toorn, J., Pliskin, R., & Morgenroth, T. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.03.001 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
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“Similarly, social role theory represents a biosocial approach to gender differences in affect, cognition, and behavior (e.g., Eagly, 2009; Eagly & Wood, 2012; Wood & Eagly, 2013).”
BackgroundAttah‐Boakye, R., Adams, K., Kimani, D., & Ullah, S. (2020) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120247 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
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“In turn, such stereotypical expectations lead new generations of women to internalize communal values more than do men (Eagly, 1987; Ridgeway and Correll, 2004; Abele, 2003; Eagly and Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundGendered STEM career choices: Altruistic values, beliefs, and identity
Wegemer, C. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.020 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Breadwinner Bonus and Caregiver Penalty in Workplace Rewards for Men and Women
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“gender stereotypes, motherhood penalty, fatherhood bonus Conventional gender roles cast men as breadwinners, a family’s main financial provider, and women as caregivers, a family’s main caretaker (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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Self-citationChanges in Gender Stereotypes Over Time: A Computational Analysis
Bhatia, N. M., & Bhatia, S. (2020) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684320977178 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“An especially influential account of the origin of gender stereotypes is social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Koenig & Eagly, 2014), which posits that gender stereotypes are the product of people’s observations of women and men in their social roles.”
BackgroundEmployee voice at work: the role of employees’ gender, self-efficacy beliefs, and leadership
Eibl, B., Lang, F. R., & Niessen, C. (2020) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2020.1733979 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Why husbands matter: Review of spousal influence on women entrepreneurship in sub-Saharan Africa
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“As suggested by social role theory, social structures shape gender role beliefs in that male and female characteristics are inferred from the tasks men and women typically perform (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Wood & Eagly, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialEditorial: Gender Roles in the Future? Theoretical Foundations and Future Research Directions
Eagly, A. H., & Sczesny, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01965 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationEmbracing Complexity: A Review of Negotiation Research
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When women emerge as leaders: Effects of extraversion and gender composition in groups
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“Indeed, attending after- work social activities is often perceived as a counter- stereotypical action that violates gender expectations and provokes negative reactions (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Rudman & Fairchild, 2004).”
BackgroundWarm, but Maybe Not So Competent?—Contemporary Implicit Stereotypes of Women and Men in Germany
Ebert, I. D., Steffens, M. C., & Kroth, A. (2014) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-014-0369-5 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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“According to several studies, people identify certain occupations as masculine or feminine (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Tay et al., 2014).”
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“Typical gender roles for the workplace are rooted in historically established social divisions of labor between women and men in society (Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
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Bosak, J., Eagly, A. H., Diekman, A. B., & Sczesny, S. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117738750 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“According to social role theory (Eagly, 1987; Eagly & Wood, 2012; Wood & Eagly, 2012), perceivers infer men’s and women’s traits as corresponding to their observed behaviors (Gilbert, 1998).”
Self-citationSweet-Cushman, J. (2021) · Political Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11109-021-09721-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
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“Consequently, communality is perceived as a typically female attribute, while agency is commonly perceived as being a male attribute (Eagly and Wood 1999, 2012; Koenig et al.”
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“Men as the breadwinners tend to engage in marketable activities, whereas women tend to play a social role as a homemaker by engaging in domestic and supportive behaviors such as childcare, cooking, and sewing [33].”
BackgroundGeschlechtsstereotype: wie sie entstehen und sich auswirken
Hannover, B., & Wolter, I. (2019) · Geschlecht & Gesellschaft · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-12496-0_16 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
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“…norms and personal identities that reflect gender roles enable the normative and self-regulatory processes that underlie phenomena such as conformity, stereotype threat, and backlash against female agency, which in turn can affect success as a scientist (Eagly & Wood, 2012; Wood & Eagly, 2012).”
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Using Video to Increase Gender Bias Literacy Toward Women in Science
Pietri, E. S., Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Guha, D., Roussos, G., Brescoll, V. L., & Handelsman, J. (2016) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684316674721 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“According to social role theory (Eagly & Wood, 2012), because historically men have engaged in paid employment, while women have engaged in more domestic work (Shelton, 1992), people perceive men as being agentic (e.g., assertive, ambitious, and competitive) and women as being communal (e.g., warm,…”
BackgroundMethodWork-life boundary management styles of women entrepreneurs in Ethiopia – “choice” or imposition?
Gudeta, K. H., & Engen, M. L. V. (2017) · Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development · doi:10.1108/jsbed-02-2017-0073 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta‐analysis
Рафиковна, А. Е., Lovakov, A. V., Balezina, M., & Gulevich, O. A. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2855 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
French, K. A., Allen, T. D., Miller, M. H., Kim, E., & Centeno, G. (2020) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103443 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zentner, M. R., & Eagly, A. H. (2015) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2015.1111599 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Consistent with the assumptions of social role theory (e.g., Eagly & Wood, 2012; Wood & Eagly, 2012), this variability emerges through the mediation of active, constructive processes by which people react to the contingencies that they perceive in their current and anticipated future environments.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDurodoye, R., Gumpertz, M. L., Wilson, A. G., Griffith, E. H., & Ahmad, S. (2019) · Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s11162-019-09573-9 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Moradbakhti, L., Schreibelmayr, S., & Mara, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.855091 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Gender stereotypes are popular overgeneralized beliefs regarding supposedly typical traits of each gender (Eagly and Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundDost, G. (2024) · International Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.1186/s40594-024-00472-9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Alterations in societal perspectives on traditional gender roles over a considerable period of time are associated with changes in gender role stereotypes (Bus-sey, 2011; Eagly & Wood, 2012).”
BackgroundExploring the Sex Difference in Affective Motivation to Lead
Elprana, G., Felfe, J., Stiehl, S., & Gatzka, M. (2015) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000137 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Gender differences in faculty attrition in the USA
Deutsch, F. M., & Yao, B. (2014) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2014.885880 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Zhu, Q., & Ding, Z. (2020) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/joms.12556 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Gender and firm performance around the world: The roles of finance, technology and labor
Lee, A., Liu, Y., Murtinu, S., & Wei, Z. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113322 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
- Authors
- Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications Ltd
- Published
- 2012-10-11
- Pages
- 458-476
- OpenAlex
- W2421935140
- Cited by
- 1,853
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 387 · 2025: 386 · 2024: 248 · 2023: 219 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 93.43
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- social role theory, sex differences in behavior, gender stereotypes, gender role beliefs, gender socialization, gender roles, industrial society
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