Cited by 251Emotions and Moral BehaviorCultural Differences and ValuesDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

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Shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation by others, even across cultures

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Sznycer, Daniel, Tooby, John, Cosmides, Leda, Porat, Roni, Shalvi, Shaul, Halperin, Eran·2016·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1514699113PMC PMC4790975

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Abstract

We test the theory that shame evolved as a defense against being devalued by others. By hypothesis, shame is a neurocomputational program tailored by selection to orchestrate cognition, motivation, physiology, and behavior in the service of: (i) deterring the individual from making choices where the prospective costs of devaluation exceed the benefits, (ii) preventing negative information about the self from reaching others, and (iii) minimizing the adverse effects of devaluation when it occurs. Because the unnecessary activation of a defense is costly, the shame system should estimate the magnitude of the devaluative threat and use those estimates to cost-effectively calibrate its activation: Traits or actions that elicit more negative evaluations from others should elicit more shame. As predicted, shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation in the United States (r = .69), India (r = .79), and Israel (r = .67). Moreover, shame in each country strongly tracks devaluation in the others, suggesting that shame and devaluation are informed by a common species-wide logic of social valuation. The shame-devaluation link is also specific: Sadness and anxiety-emotions that coactivate with shame-fail to track devaluation. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first empirical demonstration of a close, specific match between shame and devaluation within and across cultures.

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Authors: Sznycer, D., Tooby, J., Cosmides, L., Porat, R., Shalvi, S., & Halperin, E.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
Reichman University (IL)
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
Corresponding author: Sznycer, Daniel
ORCID: Sznycer, Daniel
Tooby, John
Cosmides, Leda
Porat, Roni
Shalvi, Shaul
Halperin, Eran
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2016-02-22
Volume: 113
Issue: 10
Pages: 2625-2630
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514699113
PMC: PMC4790975
OpenAlex: W2283224842
Cited by: 251
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 5
FWCI: 36.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.pnas.org/preview_site/misc/userlicense.xhtml (vor, 182 d)
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: NIH Director's Pioneer Award (NIH Director's Pioneer Award)
John Templeton Foundation (John Templeton Foundation)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords: shame, social devaluation, evolutionary psychology, evolution of emotions, social evaluation, cross-cultural comparison, emotion regulation, sadness, anxiety, emotion specificity
MeSH terms: Cognition, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Emotions, Humans, India, Israel, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Self Concept, Shame, Social Perception, Stress, Psychological, United States, Self Psychology

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Shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation by others, even across cultures

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