Cited by 511Education Discipline and InequalityBehavioral and Psychological StudiesEarly Childhood Education and Development

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Brief intervention to encourage empathic discipline cuts suspension rates in half among adolescents

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Okonofua, Jason A., Paunesku, David, Walton, Gregory M.·2016·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1523698113PMC PMC4868443

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Abstract

Significance: There is increasing concern about rising discipline citations in K–12 schooling and a lack of means to reduce them. Predominant theories characterize this problem as the result of punitive discipline policies (e.g., zero-tolerance policies), teachers’ lack of interpersonal skills, or students’ lack of self-control or social–emotional skills. By contrast, the present research examined teachers’ mindsets about discipline. A brief intervention aimed at encouraging an empathic mindset about discipline halved student suspension rates over an academic year. This intervention, an online exercise, can be delivered at near-zero marginal cost to large samples of teachers and students. These findings could mark a paradigm shift in society’s understanding of the origins of and remedies for discipline problems.

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Authors: Okonofua, J. A., Paunesku, D., & Walton, G. M.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Okonofua, Jason A.
ORCID: Okonofua, Jason A.
Paunesku, David
Walton, Gregory M.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2016-04-25
Volume: 113
Issue: 19
Pages: 5221-5226
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523698113
PMC: PMC4868443
OpenAlex: W2343153788
Cited by: 510
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 89 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 8
FWCI: 112.44
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Education › Education Discipline and Inequality
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
Keywords: school suspension, student discipline, teacher mindset, teacher-student relationship, student misbehavior, online intervention, junior high school students, student respect, at-risk students, brief intervention
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Empathy, Extraversion, Psychological, Faculty, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Juvenile Delinquency, Male, Personality, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Social Support, Students, United States, Self Efficacy

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Brief intervention to encourage empathic discipline cuts suspension rates in half among adolescents

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