The quantum needle of the avian magnetic compass
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Billions of birds fly thousands of kilometers every year between their breeding and wintering grounds, helped by an extraordinary ability to detect the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field. The biophysical sensory mechanism at the heart of this compass is thought to rely on magnetically sensitive, light-dependent chemical reactions in cryptochrome proteins in the eye. Thus far, no theoretical model has been able to account for the <5° precision with which migratory birds are able to detect the geomagnetic field vector. Here, using computer simulations, we show that genuinely quantum mechanical, long-lived spin coherences in realistic models of cryptochrome can provide the necessary precision. The crucial structural and dynamical molecular properties are identified.
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It has been suggested that the incredible accuracy of the compass is the result of avoided crossings of the spin energy levels of radicals formed in cryptochromes, a process that is genuinely quantum mechanical.
“In response to this it has been suggested that the incredible accuracy of the compass is the result of avoided crossings of the spin energy levels of radicals formed in cryptochromes, a process that is genuinely quantum mechanical [99].”
From The future of quantum biology (2018) · cites this paper as [99]
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Weingarten, C. P., Doraiswamy, P. M., & Fisher, M. P. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00541 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“…for understanding some biological phenomena (Lambert et al., 2013), such as energy transfer in photosynthesis (Fassioli et al., 2014), navigation by birds using the earth’s magnetic field (Hiscock et al., 2016), and electron and hydrogen tunneling in biochemical reactions (Klinman and Kohen, 2013).”
BackgroundSite-selective measurement of coupled spin pairs in an organic semiconductor
Bayliss, S. L., Weiss, L. R., Mitioglu, A., Gal̷kowski, K., Yang, Z. L., Yunusova, K. M., Surrente, A., Thorley, K. J., Behrends, J., Bittl, R., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1718868115 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“In spin-1/2 pairs, analogous spectrally resolved level crossings should help to clarify the spin and electronic structure of the emissive species central to thermally activated delayed fluorescence in next-generation organic light-emitting diode materials, and extracting optical signatures from level-crossings observe…”
BackgroundA light-dependent magnetoreception mechanism insensitive to light intensity and polarization
Worster, S. B., Mouritsen, H., & Hore, P. J. (2017) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2017.0405 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSpin-selective electron transfer reactions of radical pairs: Beyond the Haberkorn master equation
Fay, T. P., Lindoy, L. P., & Manolopoulos, D. E. (2018) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5041520 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationBolte, P., Einwich, A., Seth, P. K., Chetverikova, R., Heyers, D., Wojahn, I., Janssen‐Bienhold, U., Feederle, R., Hore, P. J., Dedek, K., et al. (2021) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/03949370.2020.1870571 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“They have been found in birds’ retinae where they can be photoexcited to form radical pairs (Ritz et al. 2000; Liedvogel et al. 2007; Biskup et al. 2009; Liedvogel & Mouritsen 2009; Rodgers & Hore 2009; Maeda et al. 2012; Lee et al. 2014; Hiscock et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow quantum is radical pair magnetoreception?
Fay, T. P., Lindoy, L. P., Manolopoulos, D. E., & Hore, P. J. (2020) · Faraday Discussions · doi:10.1039/c9fd00049f · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationKobylkov, D., Wynn, J., Michael Winklhofer, A., Chetverikova, R., Xu, J., Hiscock, H. G., Hore, P. J., & Mouritsen, H. (2019) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0716 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“The longer the coherence lasts, the weaker is the field to which the radical pair is sensitive [13,38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchwarze, S., Steenken, F., Thiele, N., Kobylkov, D., Lefeldt, N., Dreyer, D., Schneider, N.-L., & Mouritsen, H. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep33805 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationUpper bound on the biological effects of 50/60 Hz magnetic fields mediated by radical pairs
Hore, P. J. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.44179 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“The slight irregularities in FT, visible in some of the traces in Figure 2(a), arise from avoided energy-level crossings (Timmel et al., 2001; Hiscock et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChetverikova, R., Dautaj, G., Schwigon, L., Dedek, K., & Mouritsen, H. (2022) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2021.0877 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Furthermore, correlated responses based on multiple aligned receptors would improve the signal-tonoise ratio [57,58].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBacteria-Activated Janus Particles Driven by Chemotaxis
Huang, Z., Chen, P., Zhu, G., Yang, Y., Xu, Z., & Yan, L. (2018) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b01842 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bulte, M., Heyers, D., Mouritsen, H., & Bairlein, F. (2017) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1111/jav.01285 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationMendive‐Tapia, D., Mangaud, É., Firmino, T. D. R., de la Lande, A., Desouter-Lecomte, M., Meyer, H., & Gatti, F. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10412 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chernetsov, N. (2017) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-016-1140-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Second, the sensory basis of compass magnetoreception in birds is far from being fully understood, but is probably based on non-trivial physics (Ritz et al. 2000; Hore and Mouritsen 2016) and belongs in the emerging field of quantum biology (Hiscock et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialBabcock, N. S., & Kattnig, D. R. (2021) · JACS Au · doi:10.1021/jacsau.1c00332 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular dynamics simulations disclose early stages of the photo-activation of cryptochrome 4
Kattnig, D. R., Nielsen, C., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2018) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aad70f · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationA novel isoform of cryptochrome 4 (Cry4b) is expressed in the retina of a night-migratory songbird
Einwich, A., Dedek, K., Seth, P. K., Laubinger, S., & Mouritsen, H. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72579-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationMultiscale description of avian migration: from chemical compass to behaviour modeling
Pedersen, J. B., Nielsen, C., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep36709 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Magnetosensitivity in Dipolarly Coupled Three-Spin Systems
Keens, R. H., Bedkihal, S., & Kattnig, D. R. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.121.096001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationYukawa, H., Kono, H., Ishiwata, H., Igarashi, R., Takakusagi, Y., Arai, S., Hirano, Y., Suhara, T., & Baba, Y. (2025) · Chemical Society Reviews · doi:10.1039/d4cs00650j · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Magnetoreception in birds and its use for long-distance migration
Mouritsen, H. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819770-7.00040-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationGrüning, G., Wong, S. Y., Gerhards, L., Schuhmann, F., Kattnig, D. R., Hore, P. J., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2022) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.2c06233 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationMouritsen, H. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-407160-5.00008-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the magnetosensitivity of lipid peroxidation: two- versus three-radical dynamics
Sampson, C., Keens, R. H., & Kattnig, D. R. (2019) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c9cp01746a · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationMolSpin—Flexible and extensible general spin dynamics software
Nielsen, C., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2019) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5125043 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Quantum Information Science Challenge for Chemistry
Scholes, G. D., Olaya-Castro, A., Mukamel, S., Kirrander, A., Ni, K.-K., Hedley, G. J., & Frank, N. L. (2025) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c02955 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Magnetic field effect in natural cryptochrome explored with model compound
Paul, S., Kiryutin, A. S., Guo, J., Ivanov, K. L., Matysik, J., Yurkovskaya, A. V., & Wang, X. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10356-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hiscock, H. G., Hiscock, T. W., Kattnig, D. R., Scrivener, T., Lewis, A. M., Manolopoulos, D. E., & Hore, P. J. (2019) · Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics · doi:10.1017/s0033583519000076 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Additional, and equally speculative, sources of large sensitivity gains include abnormally slow electron spin relaxation (≳10 μs) (Hiscock et al., 2016), greatly extended signalaveraging times (≳1 h), and spin-selective radical scavenging reactions which, at least theoretically, could significantly enhance the magneti…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRadical triads, not pairs, may explain effects of hypomagnetic fields on neurogenesis
Ramsay, J., & Kattnig, D. R. (2022) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010519 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“1 % or less are typical [54, 55]), but smaller than the effects observed by Zhang et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPophof, B., Henschenmacher, B., Kattnig, D. R., Kühne, J., Vian, A., & Ziegelberger, G. (2022) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/hp.0000000000001624 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationHermsmeier, R., Kłos, J. A., Kotochigova, S., & Tscherbul, T. V. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.127.103402 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“The prospect of using magnetic fields as a tool to control chemical reactivity is central to ultracold chemistry [1, 2] and a very important one in chemical kinetics [17] and biological magnetoreception [18], where radical pair reactions in cryptochrome proteins are thought to play a key role in magnetic-field-guided…”
BackgroundCryptochrome and quantum biology: unraveling the mysteries of plant magnetoreception
Thoradit, T., Thongyoo, K., Kamoltheptawin, K., Tunprasert, L., El-Esawi, M. A., Aguida, B., Jourdan, N., Buddhachat, K., & Pooam, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1266357 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Quantum yield refers to the ef fi ciency of generating radicals through a photochemical process, with higher values indicating greater ef fi ciency (Hiscock et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAn efficient quantum mechanical method for radical pair recombination reactions
Lewis, A. M., Fay, T. P., & Manolopoulos, D. E. (2016) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4972277 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular Insights into Variable Electron Transfer in Amphibian Cryptochrome
Sjulstok, E., Lüdemann, G., Kubař, T., Elstner, M., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2018) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2018.04.014 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Weak Radiofrequency Field Effects on Biological Systems Mediated through the Radical Pair Mechanism
Gerhards, L., Deser, A., Kattnig, D. R., Matysik, J., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2025) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00178 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationModeling spin relaxation in complex radical systems using MolSpin
Gerhards, L., Nielsen, C., Kattnig, D. R., Hore, P. J., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2023) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.27120 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationHypomagnetic field effects as a potential avenue for testing the radical pair mechanism in biology
Zadeh-Haghighi, H., Rishabh, R., & Simon, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2023.1026460 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“There are several pieces of evidence that radical pairs or triads may be involved in the response of biological systems to weak magnetic fields [32, 52].”
BackgroundRapid Oxidation Following Photoreduction in the Avian Cryptochrome4 Photocycle
Otsuka, H., Mitsui, H., Miura, K., Okano, K., Imamoto, Y., & Okano, T. (2020) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00495 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Spin Dynamics of Flavoproteins
Matysik, J., Gerhards, L., Theiss, T., Timmermann, L., Kurle-Tucholski, P., Musabirova, G., Qin, R., Ortmann, F., Solov’yov, I. A., & Gulder, T. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098218 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
On the optimal relative orientation of radicals in the cryptochrome magnetic compass
Atkins, C., Bajpai, K., Rumball, J., & Kattnig, D. R. (2019) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5115445 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For this system, realistic, large-scale model calculations have only been made available for selected relative orientations of the radicals, i.e. those found for WC in DmCry [38, 39] and AtCry [37].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSteady-state Fano coherences in a V-type system driven by polarized incoherent light
Koyu, S., Dodin, A., Brumer, P. W., & Tscherbul, T. V. (2021) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.3.013295 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Localisation of cryptochrome 2 in the avian retina
Einwich, A., Seth, P. K., Bartölke, R., Bolte, P., Feederle, R., Dedek, K., & Mouritsen, H. (2021) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-021-01506-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationKumar, J., Malik, S., Bhardwaj, S. K., & Rani, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.751072 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
OLEDs as models for bird magnetoception: detecting electron spin resonance in geomagnetic fields
Grünbaum, T., Milster, S., Kraus, H., Ratzke, W., Kurrmann, S., Zeller, V., Bange, S., Boehme, C., & Lupton, J. M. (2019) · Faraday Discussions · doi:10.1039/c9fd00047j · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Navigation of migratory songbirds: a quantum magnetic compass sensor
Wong, S. Y., Frederiksen, A., Hanić, M., Schuhmann, F., Grüning, G., Hore, P. J., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2021) · e-Neuroforum · doi:10.1515/nf-2021-0005 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationDeviers, J., Cailliez, F., de la Lande, A., & Kattnig, D. R. (2021) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0078115 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationChronobiology Meets Quantum Biology: A New Paradigm Overlooking the Horizon?
Mazzoccoli, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.892582 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A structural decryption of cryptochromes
DeOliveira, C. C., & Crane, B. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2024.1436322 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…bind FAD and may participate in the sensing of the earth ’ s magnetic fi eld for navigation during migratory behavior (Xu, J. J., et al., 2021), as do Type I CRYs in invertebrates (Gegear, et al., 2008; Maeda, et al., 2008; Hiscock, et al., 2016; Agliassa, et al., 2018; Zoltowski, et al., 2019).”
BackgroundBojarinova, J., Kavokin, K. V., Pakhomov, A. Y., Cherbunin, R. V., Анашина, А., Erokhina, M., Ershova, M., & Chernetsov, N. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60383-x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Spin Dynamics of Radical Pairs Using the Stochastic Schrödinger Equation in MolSpin
Pažėra, G. J., Fay, T. P., Solov’yov, I. A., Hore, P. J., & Gerhards, L. (2024) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00361 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBringing quantum mechanics to life: from Schrödinger’s cat to Schrödinger’s microbe
Yin, Z., & Li, T. (2017) · Contemporary Physics · doi:10.1080/00107514.2016.1261860 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“studied a modified RP model that involved multinuclear radical pairs [73].”
BackgroundGao, Y., Wen, P., Cardé, R. T., Xu, H., & Huang, Q. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02661-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A thermodynamic approach to the problem of consciousness
Beshkar, M. (2018) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2018.02.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Quantum Biology: Does quantum physics hold the key to revolutionizing medicine?
Goh, B. H., Tong, E. S., & Pusparajah, P. (2020) · Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science · doi:10.36877/pddbs.a0000130 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sjulstok, E., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2020) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00625 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Tran, Q. V., Ahn, H., & Anderson, B. D. O. (2018) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc.2018.8619850 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The idea of using the earth’s magnetic field direction is motivated by the empirical observation that birds are able to sense the magnetic field to navigate in a homing direction [14], [15].”
BackgroundSemantic parsing of the life process by quantum biology
Feng, J., Song, B., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Packmor, F., Kishkinev, D., Zechmeister, T. C., Mouritsen, H., & Holland, R. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.1363 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEnhancement of Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity via Circularly Polarized Light
Liu, W., Chen, J., & Dou, W. (2025) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5c02365 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Floquet theory of radical pairs in radiofrequency magnetic fields
Hiscock, H. G., Kattnig, D. R., Manolopoulos, D. E., & Hore, P. J. (2016) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4963793 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationMagnetoreception of Photoactivated Cryptochrome 1 in Electrochemistry and Electron Transfer
Zeng, Z., Wei, J., Liu, Y., Zhang, W., & Mabe, T. L. (2018) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.8b00645 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“To get a sufficient amount of free radicals, the spin coherence of radical pairs should persist for at least the Larmor period (700 ns for a 50 μT field, the strength for earth’s magnetic field).(36) While the oscillations in the spin state of a radical pair are crucial for sensing the existence of an external magneti…”
BackgroundThe reference-probe model for a robust and optimal radical-pair-based magnetic compass sensor
Procopio, M., & Ritz, T. (2020) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.5128128 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
On the anisotropic weak magnetic field effect in radical-pair reactions
Luo, J. (2023) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/5.0149644 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effect of Spin Relaxation on Magnetic Compass Sensitivity in ErCry4a
Grüning, G., Gerhards, L., Wong, S. Y., Kattnig, D. R., & Solov’yov, I. A. (2024) · ChemPhysChem · doi:10.1002/cphc.202400129 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationKüblböck, M., Will, J., & Fattahi, H. (2024) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0209355 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Steady bipartite coherence induced by non-equilibrium environment
Huangfu, Y., & Jing, J. (2017) · Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s11433-017-9115-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Magnetosensitivity of Model Flavin–Tryptophan Radical Pairs in a Dynamic Protein Environment
Benjamin, P., Gerhards, L., Solov’yov, I. A., & Hore, P. J. (2025) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry B · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.5c01187 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationEinstein, von Frisch and the honeybee: a historical letter comes to light
Dyer, A. G., Greentree, A. D., García, J. E., Dyer, E. L., Howard, S. R., & Barth, F. G. (2021) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-021-01490-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, radical formation by cryptochrome proteins in avian retinas are potentially an important component of the ability to sense magnetic fields in various vertebrate and invertebrate species (Ritz et al. 2002; Hiscock et al. 2016), but the precise physics principles underpinning such an animal perception is s…”
BackgroundA systematic approach to brain dynamics: cognitive evolution theory of consciousness
Yurchenko, S. B. (2022) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-022-09863-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…if Alice’s conscious states (coupled with corresponding actions) were indeed NFVMtriggered in her brainstem in the same way as, for instance, quantum effects can participate in bird navigation based on the interaction of electron spin with the geomagnetic field (Ritz 2011; Hiscock et al. 2016).”
BackgroundObservations about utilitarian coherence in the avian compass
Smith, L. D., Deviers, J., & Kattnig, D. R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09901-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation(2025) · doi:10.1021/acschembio.4c00576 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationApproaching the Quantum Limit of Energy Resolution in Animal Magnetoreception
Kominis, I. K., & Gkoudinakis, E. (2025) · PRX Life · doi:10.1103/prxlife.3.013004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hiscock, H. G., Worster, S., Kattnig, D. R., Steers, C., Jin, Y., Manolopoulos, D. E., Mouritsen, H., & Hore, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-04-04
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 4634-4639
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4855607
- OpenAlex
- W2338302371
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 14.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- EC | European Research Council (FP7/2007-2013/ERC grant agreement no. 340451)
- DOD | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-14-1-0095)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (GRK 1885)
- Volkswagen Foundation (Lichtenberg Professur)
- EMF Biological Research Trust (BRT 15/50)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Electron Spin Resonance Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
- Keywords
- cryptochrome, migratory birds, spin coherence, coherent spin dynamics, quantum biology, electromagnetic noise
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Birds, Computer Simulation, Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation, Homing Behavior, Models, Biological, Models, Chemical, Quantum Theory, Radiation Dosage, Signal Transduction, Animal Migration, Cryptochromes, Magnetometry, Magnetic Fields
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