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Cited by 114Tactile and Sensory InteractionsNeural dynamics and brain functionMotor Control and Adaptation

Four-dimensional maps of the human somatosensory system

Open access
Avanzini, Pietro, Abdollahi, Rouhollah O., Sartori, Ivana, Caruana, Fausto, Pelliccia, Veronica, Casaceli, Giuseppe, Mai, Roberto, Lo Russo, Giorgio +2 more·2016·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.1601889113PMC PMC4822602
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Abstract

Significance: Here, we show how anatomical and functional data recorded from patients undergoing stereo-EEG can be combined to generate highly resolved four-dimensional maps of human cortical processing. We used this technique, which provides spatial maps of the active cortical nodes at a millisecond scale, to depict the somatosensory processing following electrical stimulation of the median nerve in nearly 100 patients. The results showed that human somatosensory system encompasses a widespread cortical network including a phasic component, centered on primary somatosensory cortex and neighboring motor, premotor, and inferior parietal regions, as well as a tonic component, centered on the opercular and insular areas, lasting more than 200 ms.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.1601889113

Cites

82 of 82 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 19 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    High proportions of responsive leads were observed in the motor system, including primary motor area, large sectors of dorsal and ventral premotor cortex, and SMA.

    “High proportions of responsive leads were observed in the motor system, including the primary motor area (maximum values around 85%), large sectors of dorsal and ventral premotor cortex, and SMA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.
  • Findingown data

    The prolonged cluster was restricted to a small sector of dorsal premotor area bilaterally, area 4 on the right, and SMA on the left.

    “The prolonged cluster (green palette) was restricted to a small sector of dorsal premotor area bilaterally (both reaching 33%), area 4 in the right hemisphere and SMA in the left hemisphere.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.
  • Findingown data

    The strong phasic cluster covered the middle strip of primary somatosensory areas, primary motor area, and anterior inferior parietal cortex corresponding to caudal PF, PFt, and PFm.

    “As shown in Fig. 3 A-C, the strong phasic cluster (see red palette) covered the middle strip of primary somatosensory areas (peaks of 81% in left 3b and 70% in right 3a), primary motor area and anterior part of inferior parietal cortex, corresponding to the caudal sectors of PF, PFt, and PFm (24,25).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.
  • Findingown data

    Half of the leads recorded in this sEEG study were localized in sulci, including major somatosensory sulci such as the sylvian and rolandic fissures.

    “It is worth noting that half of the leads recorded in the present study by sEEG were localized in sulci, including major sulci for somatosensory processing like the sylvian and the rolandic fissures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.
  • Findingown data

    The tonic cluster was highly specific for secondary somatosensory areas OP1 and OP2 and for the long gyri of insular cortex.

    “The tonic cluster (see blue palette) was highly specific for secondary somatosensory areas (OP1 and OP2) and long gyri of insular cortex (peaks around 80% and 90%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.
  • May combine two claims. 35
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 4
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The highest proportions of responsive leads were bilaterally in SI areas 3a and 3b, while areas 1 and 2 had lower proportions.

    “In particular, the highest proportion of responsive leads was present bilaterally in areas 3a (left 81%, right 94%) and 3b (left 95%, right 87%).Lower values characterized areas 1 (left 60%, right 60%) and 2 (left 55%, right 64%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Activity in human PR, ventral premotor cortex bilaterally, and the right MT cluster exhibited a tonic time course.

    “Also, activity in human PR, ventral premotor cortex (bilaterally), and MT cluster (right hemisphere) exhibited a tonic time course.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Peri-sylvian areas showed different activation patterns: OP1 had the strongest phasic component followed by a tonic pattern, while OP2, OP3, and OP4 exhibited mainly tonic activity.

    “Interestingly, our findings distinguished different patterns of activation in peri-sylvian areas, with OP1 presenting the strongest phasic component followed by a tonic pattern, and OP2, OP3, and OP4 exhibiting mainly tonic activity (Fig. 4C).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the subthreshold dataset, the motor ROI-by-time interaction remained significant, and post hoc analysis confirmed prolonged activation in motor and premotor areas relative to phAIP in the 50-70 ms window.

    “The ROI-by-time interaction again reached significance [F(4,236) = 1.294;P < 0.005] with subthreshold stimulation.Post hoc analysis, comparing mean gamma power across ROIs in the 50-to 70-ms time window confirmed the prolonged activation in motor and premotor areas relative to phAIP (Fig. S6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Responsive regions included mainly OP1, OP2, and the long gyri of insular cortex, with both long gyri active on the right and the posterior long gyrus active on the left.

    “Responsive regions included mainly OP1, OP2, and the long gyri of insular cortex (LgI), with both LgI active in the right hemisphere and the posterior LgI active in the left hemisphere.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Motor-system ROI analysis showed significant time and ROI effects and a significant ROI-by-time interaction, with post hoc differences across three time intervals.

    “The same analysis conducted on areas of the motor system (Fig. 4B) showed significant main effects for both time and ROIs, and a significant ROI-by-time interaction [F(4,236) = 6.545;P < 0.0001].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Two additional regions responded to median nerve stimulation: human PR in both hemispheres and pMSTv in the right hemisphere.

    “In addition, two additional regions were identified as responding to median nerve stimulation.The first is located in both hemispheres in the same sector of parieto-ventral region that has been called human PR (19).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ROI analysis confirmed that all four primary somatosensory areas have a strong-phasic time course, with areas 3a, 3b, and 1 similar in peak amplitude.

    “The region of interest (ROI) analysis confirmed that all four primary somatosensory areas are characterized by a strong-phasic time course, with areas 3a, 3b, and 1 similar in terms of peak amplitude (Fig. 4A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Opercular and insular regions were active in both hemispheres, with responsiveness peaking at 50% in OP1.

    “Opercular (OP) and insular regions were active in both hemispheres, peaking at 50% in OP1 (17).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A tonic cluster lasted more than 200 ms and had a peak that was consistently lower and later than all other clusters.

    “A completely different pattern was shown by a tonic cluster (blue line) lasting more than 200 ms, whose peak was consistently lower and later than all other clusters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cluster centroids showed three synchronous phasic patterns, strong, middle, and weak, each with a steep rise after stimulation, a peak in the 20-30 ms bin, and a return to baseline within 50 ms.

    “The centroids obtained for each cluster (Fig. 3B) depicted three synchronous patterns (strong-, middle-, and weak-phasic), characterized by a steep rise after stimulus delivery, a peak in the third time bin (20-30 ms) and a return to baseline level within 50 ms from stimulation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Figure 4 shows average time courses of leads in somatosensory, motor, and opercular/insular areas; black marks indicate significant post hoc comparisons (P < 0.002); the numbers of responsive leads were 34 in area 1, 54 in area 2, 21 in area 3a, 50 in area 3b, 68 in area 4, 157 in PMd, 45 in medial premotor areas, 42 in PMv, 28 in phAIP, 133 in OP1, 54 in other OPs, and 38 in LgI.

    “Average (±SE) time course of leads in somatosensory areas (A), motor regions (B), and opercular/insular areas (C).Areas are listed (Insets).Black marks under the curves indicate significant post hoc comparisons (P < 0.002).Number of responsive leads for each graph: 34 in area 1, 54 in area 2, 21 in area 3a, 50 in area 3b (A); 68 in area 4, 157 in PMd, 45 in medial premotor areas, 42 in PMv, and 28”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Figure 3 shows time courses (centroid ± SD) of five clusters and relative responsiveness maps for strong-phasic, delayed-phasic, and tonic clusters; only nodes with values exceeding 20% are shown.

    “Time courses (centroid ± SD) of the five clusters, as indicated (Inset).(Left and Right) Relative responsiveness (leads belonging to one cluster as a percentage of total number of responsive leads per disk) maps of left (L) and right (R) hemispheres (middle portion) for strong-phasic (yellow red), delayed-phasic (green), and tonic (blue) clusters.Only nodes with values exceeding 20% are shown.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Figure 2 shows overall responsiveness maps for the left and right hemispheres; only surface nodes with values exceeding 10% were shown.

    “Overall responsiveness (responsive leads as a percentage of total explored leads per disk) maps for the left (A) and right (B) hemispheres.Only surface nodes with values exceeding 10% were shown.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Figure 1C shows an average time-frequency plot (100 trials) in response to median nerve stimulation in one lead of one patient, and the time course of average gamma power (50-150 Hz) for the same channel as z scores; black asterisks indicate time bins with gamma power significantly exceeding baseline (P < 0.001).

    “Average time frequency plot (100 trials) in response to median nerve stimulation in one lead of one patient.(C, Lower) Time course of the average gamma power (50-150 Hz) for the same channel, reported as z scores based on the prestimulus interval.Black asterisks indicate time bins with gamma power significantly exceeding baseline (P < 0.001).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In 87 patients, the regions of interest had no ictal epileptic discharges; in the remaining 12 patients, sparse ictal discharges occurred during the stimulation protocol.

    “In 87 patients, the ROIs were devoid of any IED.In the remaining 12 patients, sparse IEDs were recorded during the stimulation protocol.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Figure 5 shows four weighted amplitude maps of the left hemisphere at indicated time bins; activity peaks in primary sensory areas in the first frame, spreads to dorsal premotor area in the second frame, remains active longer in the third frame, and residual activity after 100 ms is recorded mostly from parietal operculum (OP1) and long gyri of insula.

    “Four weighted amplitude maps of the left hemisphere at time bins indicated.The color range is dynamically adjusted from frame to frame.Note how the activity peaks in primary sensory areas in first frame, spreads to dorsal premotor area (second frame), remains active longer (third frame), whereas residual activity after 100 ms is recorded mostly from parietal operculum (OP1) and long gyri of insula”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Insular cortex was consistently activated by median nerve stimulation and showed a markedly tonic time course, limited to the posterior insula corresponding to the long gyri.

    “Finally, our data showed that insular cortex was consistently activated by median nerve stimulation and presented a markedly tonic time course (Fig. 3).This activation was limited to the posterior part of insula, anatomically corresponding to the insular long gyri.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Disbrow et al. reported that human PR responded to passive tactile stimulation in only 60% of tested participants.

    “Disbrow et al. (18) reported that human PR responded to passive tactile stimulation, although in only 60% of tested participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Disbrow et al. (18)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Human PR appears to be the counterpart of monkey PR, which is connected to IPL, area 4, and premotor cortex.

    “This area appears to be the counterpart of monkey PR, which is connected to IPL, area 4, and premotor cortex (19,43).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [43] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OP1 and OP4 correspond to areas S2 and PV as defined by Disbrow et al. and are the main parts of classically defined SII.

    “OP1 and OP4 [corresponding to areas S2 (secondary somatosensory area) and PV (parietal ventral area), as defined by Disbrow et al. (18)] are the main parts of classically defined SII.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Disbrow et al. (18)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hinkley et al. concluded that both S2 and PR contribute to somatomotor integration for manual exploration and object discrimination, with S2 activity preceding PR.

    “Investigating the temporal relationship between areas S2 and PR using MEG, Hinkley et al. (44) concluded that both S2 and PR contribute to the somatomotor integration needed for manual exploration and object discrimination, with S2 activity preceding that of PR.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hinkley et al. (44)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The phasic component in OP1 coincided in time with phasic activity in SI, favoring parallel propagation of sensory information to SI and SII.

    “In the present study, the phasic component in OP1 coincided in time with the phasic activity in SI, thus favoring the view of a parallel propagation of sensory information to the two areas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Somatosensory information reaches pMSTv, suggesting possible integration between tactile and visual information.

    “Given the high sensitivity of intracranial recordings, we were able to show that indeed somatosensory information reaches pMSTv, suggesting a possible integration between tactile and visual information (47).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High-frequency broadband gamma activity from 50 to 150 Hz is spatially and functionally more specific than other frequency bands and presumably reflects population spiking activity.

    “High-frequency broadband gamma activity (50-150 Hz) was extracted from sEEG as an index of cortical activity, being spatially and functionally more specific than other frequency bands and presumably reflecting population spiking activity (36,37), and thus allowing networks to be investigated at millisecond time-scales (33).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [36] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ECoG recordings are useful near gyral crowns but are blind to neuronal activity from deep regions.

    “However, although useful for investigating activity from areas near the crowns of gyri, such recordings are blind to neuronal activity from deep regions (7).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Adding six surrounding nodes to each single-lead representation ensured that all leads from individual surfaces were retained on the template surface.

    “In this step, single-lead representations were enhanced by arbitrarily adding six nodes (on the hexagonal mesh) surrounding the original single nodes on the native surfaces, to ensure that all leads in the individual surfaces were maintained on the template surface.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Responsive leads were identified by comparing gamma power in each poststimulus bin with baseline using a t test, with Bonferroni correction for 50 comparisons (P = 0.001), and only leads with significant gamma increases in at least three time bins were designated responsive.

    “To identify the leads responsive to median nerve stimulation, the gamma band power in each poststimulus bin was compared with baseline using a t test.Significance was Bonferroni corrected for 50 comparisons (P = 0.001), and to decrease the false-positive ratio, only leads with significant gamma increases in at least three time bins were designated as responsive.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Only patients with no anatomical alterations or with small abnormalities outside sensorimotor areas were included.

    “Only patients presenting with no anatomical alterations (n = 78) or with small abnormalities outside of the sensorimotor areas (n = 21), as evident on MR, were included.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Nineteen clustering runs with increasing cluster numbers (3-20) were performed, silhouette values were computed to assess clustering validity, the optimal clustering was defined by the maximal average silhouette value, and leads with negative silhouette values were excluded from the optimal clustering evaluation.

    “Nineteen clustering procedures were performed imposing increasing numbers of clusters (3-20) and computing silhouette values (75) to evaluate clustering validity.The optimal clustering was defined by the maximal average silhouette value, and leads with negative silhouette values were not considered in the evaluation of the optimal clustering using a repeated-measurement ANOVA with time and cluster”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    No seizure occurred, no sleep-wake cycle alterations were observed, and no additional pharmacological treatments were applied during the 24 hours before the experimental recording.

    “No seizure occurred, no alterations in the sleep/wake cycle were observed, and no additional pharmacological treatments were applied during the 24 h before the experimental recording.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    False-positive responses are very unlikely because no patient showed reflex ictal discharges, so discharges were not synchronized to the stimulus; this absence was confirmed by visual inspection of the averaged data.

    “In these cases, however, false-positive responses are very unlikely because none of the patients included showed reflex IEDs, and thus IEDs were not synchronized to the stimulus.This absence was confirmed by visual inspection of the quality of the data averaged.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Overall responsiveness provides an overall picture of cortical responsiveness, ranging from 0% to 100%, and is directly comparable to neuroimaging studies.

    “This time-independent variable provides an overall picture of the cortical responsiveness, ranging from 0% to 100%, directly comparable to neuroimaging studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Overall responsiveness, defined as responsive nodes as a percent of explored nodes within a disk, is equivalent to the number of responsive leads as a percent of explored leads within a disk because each lead is represented by a fixed number of seven nodes.

    “Given the fixed number of nodes representing a lead ( 7), this variable is equivalent to the number of responsive leads as a percent of the number of explored leads within a disk.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The intracranial reference was chosen by clinicians using anatomical and functional criteria and computed as the average of two adjacent white matter leads that showed no response to standard somatosensory, visual, or acoustic stimulation and no evoked sensory or motor behavior.

    “The reference was computed as the average of two adjacent leads both exploring white matter.These leads were selected time-by-time because they did not present any response to standard clinical stimulations, including somatosensory (median, tibial, and trigeminal nerves), visual (flash), and acoustical (click) stimulations.Nor did the leads' electrical stimulation evoke any sensory and/or motor”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Neurological examination was unremarkable in all patients, with no motor or sensory deficit found.

    “Neurological examination was unremarkable in all cases; in particular, no motor or sensory deficit was found in any patient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Two local indices, deformation and distortion, were computed to quantify how well the native meshes fit the template.

    “To quantify the goodness of fit between the native meshes and the template, we computed two local indices [i.e., deformation and distortion, evaluated for each node of the mesh (72)], indexing the shrinkage and translation of each node during the transformation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    For ROI analysis, leads were grouped by location into primary sensory, motor, and secondary somatosensory areas; ROIs were defined by cytoarchitectonic or functional criteria; a two-way repeated-measure ANOVA with time and area as factors was used, and significant interactions were explored with planned-comparisons t tests (P < 0.001).

    “Finally, to compare cortical areas, leads were grouped by their location in a ROI-based analysis to evaluate differences among primary sensory areas (3a, 3b, 1, and 2), motor areas (4, medial premotor area, PMd, PMv, and phAIP), and the secondary somatosensory areas (OP1, OP2, OP3, OP4, and LgI).These ROIs were defined either by cytoarchitectonical or functional criteria (see Continuous Maps).For”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    A circular mask based on geodesic distance (1 cm) with sigmoid weighting (logistic function, unitary amplitude, steepness 2, midpoint 7.5 mm) was used to compute continuous maps, with nodes within 5 mm maximally weighted and nodes 5-10 mm gradually reduced to avoid edge effects.

    “To provide a continuous view of the topographic pattern of active leads, we built a circular mask based on the geodesic distance between two cortical points (76) (i.e., the minimum pathway within the gray matter connecting the source and the target nodes).For each cortical node, we defined the nodes within a 1-cm geodesic distance from the original node and weighted the contribution of each node”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Relative responsiveness indexes the degree to which an area responds with a specific temporal pattern, information to which neuroimaging studies are completely blind.

    “This variable indexes the degree to which an area responds with a specific temporal pattern, information to which neuroimaging studies are completely blind.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
40 of 40

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cortical somatosensory organization observed in these patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy is representative of the healthy human somatosensory system.

    “Stereo-EEG data were collected from 99 patients (52 male, 47 female) suffering from drug-resistant focal epilepsy.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

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  • Human intracerebral (stereo-EEG) recordings led to identification of tonic activity patterns, i.e., prolonged low-amplitude gamma-band responses to sensory stimulation, likely corresponding to the intracranial correlate of previously reported late EEG components reflecting perceptual awareness.

    “Human intracerebral (stereo-EEG) recordings led to the identification of tonic activity patterns, 41 i.e., prolonged low-amplitude gamma-band responses to sensory stimulation, likely corresponding to the intracranial correlate of previously reported late EEG components reflecting perceptual awareness.42,43”

    From An integrative, multiscale view on neural theories of consciousness (2024) · cites this paper as [41]

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • The illustrated electrode is too short for the stated contact layout

    Minor

    Eighteen 2-mm contacts separated by seventeen 1.5-mm gaps would span 61.5 mm, exceeding the stated 50-mm total distance.

  • The cortical masks would overlap at the stated spacing

    Minor

    Each mask includes nodes within 1 cm of its center. Two such masks whose centers are 1.5 cm apart would share nodes, contrary to the claim that they are completely independent.

2 of 2

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Authors
Avanzini, P., Abdollahi, R. O., Sartori, I., Caruana, F., Pelliccia, V., Casaceli, G., Mai, R., Lo Russo, G., Rizzolatti, G., & Orban, G. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Parma (IT)
  • Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda (IT)
  • Italian Institute of Technology (IT)
  • Centro per la chirurgia dell’Epilessia “Claudio Munari,” Ospedale Ca’Granda-Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy;
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2016-03-14
Volume
113
Issue
13
Pages
E1936-43
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.1601889113
PMC
PMC4822602
OpenAlex
W2301449719
Cited by
114
References
82
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7
FWCI
7.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.pnas.org/preview_site/misc/userlicense.xhtml (vor)
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
EC | European Research Council (250013, 323606)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords
somatosensory system, primary somatosensory cortex, intracerebral recordings, insula, inferior parietal cortex, premotor cortex
MeSH terms
Drug Resistant Epilepsy, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Models, Biological, Somatosensory Cortex, Magnetoencephalography, Cluster Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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